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At each PSA Photo Gathering, we have a photo competition called the Instagram Contest. All photos submitted have to be taken during the PSA Photo Gathering. A panel of judges [...]

This paper describes incident characteristics and dynamics associated with six specific forms of image-based sexual exploitation and abuse of children (IBSEAC). Data were collected on a national sample of 2639 individuals aged 18-to-28 from a probability-based online panel. Respondents completed a self-administered survey questionnaire, providing detailed follow-up information on their experiences of image-based sexual victimization before the age of 18. A total of 607 incidents of IBSEAC were included in the analyses. Findings show substantial diversity in incident characteristics within and across the six forms of IBSEAC (nonconsensual sharing of sexual images, nonconsensual taking or making of images, forced image recruitment, threatened sharing, voluntary image sharing with an older adult, and commercial sexual exploitation involving images). Some notable patterns include frequent involvement of perpetrators who are other youth or young adults, who are known in-person to the victim, and who are intimate partners. The diversity and complexity of dynamics revealed in this study underscores the need for careful design and evaluation of prevention programs and the core messages directed at youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores a photographic practice that takes place in Jordan and Palestine. The practice consists of photographing sites on the other side of the borders. These photographs are shared through social media, and most of the pictures share a message either informative of the landscape and/or carries within it political and decolonial claims in its caption. This article seeks to understand how the borders and boundaries are conceived, represented, contested, and re-configured through this specific practice. I argue that this practice is produced by the borders but is committed at de-bordering, re-ordering, and de-othering a territory divided due to the colonial intervention and the Israeli occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the intersection between the Weird and Visionary modes, taking as its starting point China Miéville’s notion that the Weird is a tradition rooted in the language of religious epiphany. Whereas Miéville most commonly associates the Weird with a ‘visionary’ urge, I intend to demonstrate that the mode’s central concern with a noumenal other falls closer to a form of literary mysticism, where that which exists beyond perceived reality is deemed beyond language. I proceed to mark a core distinction between the mysticism-tinged ineffability of the Weird and the more descriptive Visionary mode according to their differing relationships to the noumenal, while also showcasing how certain writers have exploited this dialectic opposition to great destabilising effect. To this end, I use the work of Brian Catling as a primary case study, exploring how his depiction of pioneering photographer Eadweard Muybridge in The Vorrh (2012) can be framed as a point of intersection between the Weird and Visionary traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community capacity building is central to many sustainable development efforts around the globe. However, its effectiveness has been questioned. Part of the challenge lies in the fact that scholars and practitioners often struggle to define community capacity in a clear and accessible way, and communities themselves often lack a voice in the development of these understandings. In this ethnographic study, undertaken in Chennai, India, we address this challenge by using photography to explore and highlight existing community capacities in the region. Our analysis of the photographs revealed three concrete community capacities that allow community members to address their needs with resilience and adaptability: (1) synergistic collaboration, (2) responsible utilisation of animals, and (3) bricolage mentality. This research advances our understanding of community capacities by challenging the prevailing broad and rather abstract conceptualisations presented in the literature. It also introduces a fresh perspective on the sense of community as an integral aspect of community capacity. Furthermore, this study underscores photography’s potential to unveil implicit community capacities and its suitability for forming interpretations based on the images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Label noise is a common and important issue that would affect the model's performance in artificial intelligence. This study assessed the effectiveness and potential risks of automated label cleaning using an open-source framework, Cleanlab, in multi-category datasets of fundus photography and optical coherence tomography, with intentionally introduced label noise ranging from 0 to 70%. After six cycles of automatic cleaning, significant improvements are achieved in label accuracies (3.4–62.9%) and dataset quality scores (DQS, 5.1–74.4%). The majority (86.6 to 97.5%) of label errors were accurately modified, with minimal missed (0.5–2.8%) or misclassified (0.4–10.6%). The classification accuracy of RETFound significantly improved by 0.3–52.9% when trained with the datasets after cleaning. We also developed a DQS-guided cleaning strategy to mitigate over-cleaning. Furthermore, external validation on EyePACS and APTOS-2019 datasets boosted label accuracy by 1.3 and 1.8%, respectively. This approach automates label correction, enhances dataset reliability, and strengthens model performance efficiently and safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater fish community surveys are an important component of aquatic ecosystem management. However, the standard method for taxonomic identification currently used for these surveys, wherein fishes are manually identified in the field by a taxonomic expert, has several shortcomings. These include handling-related fish injury and mortality, the need for a fish-identification expert to be present during field sampling, and additional fish mortality due to physical voucher collection. These shortcomings may be overcome using new methods such as environmental DNA (eDNA) or image analyses. While eDNA can provide fish community data through metabarcoding, it is costly and provides little ecological information. A novel, image-based method for taxonomic identification ("batch-image identification"), which addresses the shortcomings of standard and eDNA methods, was tested in this study. Fishes were captured in the field and photographed in small groups ("batches") within fish viewers for subsequent identification by taxonomic experts. Comparing taxonomist-based identifications from batch images to specimen-based identification, batch-image identification yielded an overall species-level correct-identification rate (CIR) of 49.7%, and an overall genus-level CIR of 61.2%. CIR increased with taxonomist expertise, reaching 83% when identification was performed by expert taxonomists. Batch-image identification data also produced rarefaction curves and fish-length measurements comparable to those obtained through standard methods. Potential methodological improvements to batch-image identification, including procedural adjustments and alternative identification methods, provide direction for the continued testing and improvement of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the prevalent challenges of inefficiency and suboptimal quality in indoor 3D scene generation and rendering by proposing a parameter-tuning strategy for 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS). Through a systematic quantitative analysis of various performance indicators under differing resolution conditions, threshold settings for the average magnitude of spatial position gradients, and adjustments to the scaling learning rate, the optimal parameter configuration for the 3DGS model, specifically tailored for indoor modeling scenarios, is determined. Firstly, utilizing a self-collected dataset, a comprehensive comparison was conducted among COLLI-SION-MAPping (abbreviated as COLMAP (V3.7), an open-source software based on Structure from Motion and Multi-View Stereo (SFM-MVS)), Context Capture (V10.2) (abbreviated as CC, a software utilizing oblique photography algorithms), Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF), and the currently renowned 3DGS algorithm. The key dimensions of focus included the number of images, rendering time, and overall rendering effectiveness. Subsequently, based on this comparison, rigorous qualitative and quantitative evaluations are further conducted on the overall performance and detail processing capabilities of the 3DGS algorithm. Finally, to meet the specific requirements of indoor scene modeling and rendering, targeted parameter tuning is performed on the algorithm. The results demonstrate significant performance improvements in the optimized 3DGS algorithm: the PSNR metric increases by 4.3%, and the SSIM metric improves by 0.2%. The experimental results prove that the improved 3DGS algorithm exhibits superior expressive power and persuasiveness in indoor scene rendering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can comprehenders use unexpected incoming information to revise their existing predictions on the fly? A recent study in Mandarin Chinese found that, upon hearing a prediction-inconsistent nominal classifier, listeners were able to rapidly revise their predictions and redirect their eye gaze towards a previously unexpected object. In the present study, we extended this finding to English using measure phrases (e.g. "a pile of"). Unlike Mandarin classifiers, measure phrases are not obligatory for nouns in English, which allows us to test whether comprehenders can quickly revise their predictions even when the relevant cue is not routinely present in the language. We found that, upon encountering a measure phrase that contradicts their initial prediction, listeners quickly redirected their eye gaze from the originally expected object to an unexpected object that was compatible with the new information. We propose that comprehenders can rapidly revise predictions in response to unexpected bottom-up input across languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite several decades of research focused on improving early symbolic communication for individuals with multiple disabilities, relatively limited focus has been placed on individuals who also have visual impairments. To establish what is currently known about aided language adaptations for this population, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention approaches for individuals with multiple disabilities that include visual impairments. Method: Six relevant databases were systematically searched. Seven hundred eighty-nine articles were narrowed to eight intervention studies that met the design standards set for this review. Results: Of the eight intervention studies that met design standards, five used modified versions of the Picture Exchange Communication System and three used a combination of approaches such as communication partner instruction plus environmental arrangement. Most studies used low-tech AAC such as tangible symbols, photo cues, and communication books, and most focused on improving independent requesting. Overall, the studies indicated positive findings for increasing pragmatic language skills such as requesting, turn-taking, and student-to-peer interactions. However, the total number of participants across studies was extremely limited (i.e., 19 participants total). Clearly, much additional research is required to devise adequate accommodations for individuals with multiple disabilities, including visual impairments, and to expand communicative functions beyond simple requests. Conclusions: The use of visual impairment accommodations appeared largely effective for the included aided AAC interventions, although consultation with visual impairment specialists was not consistently reported across the included studies. More rigorous research must occur within this population to better inform clinical practice and future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mali national policy recommends that women take iron and folic acid supplements (IFA) from the time of the first antenatal care (ANC) visit, throughout pregnancy and during the first 3 months after delivery. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated their ANC guidelines to recommend the United Nations International Multiple Micronutrient Antenatal Preparation (UNIMMAP) formulation of multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) in the context of rigorous research, including implementation research. In Bamako, Mali, a codesign process was used to tailor antenatal care MMS packaging and counselling materials aimed at optimizing delivery and uptake of and adherence to MMS. This paper presents the codesign process along with the results of a post‐intervention qualitative assessment to evaluate the behaviour change intervention. At the conclusion of the intervention, we conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with 24 women who had received the intervention and six pharmacy managers from the six health centres participating in the study. We conducted two focus groups with midwives who had delivered the intervention and two group discussions with family members of women who had received the intervention. Respondent perspectives reveal an easy experience transitioning from previously used IFA. Women and providers concur that the intervention counselling materials and visual aids were instrumental in influencing the perceived benefit and uptake of MMS. Family members play an influential role in pregnant women's decision‐making regarding MMS uptake. MMS and the associated implementation strategies developed through the codesign process were found to be a highly acceptable intervention. Key messages: United Nations International Multiple Micronutrient Antenatal Preparation (UNIMMAP) multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) and the associated implementation strategies developed through the codesign process were found to be highly acceptable interventions.Any national transition from iron and folic acid supplements to MMS will need to include planning and budgeting for necessary resources, training on antenatal care MMS counselling and ongoing supportive supervision to antenatal care providers.Additional implementation strategies might focus on community‐based behaviour change strategies that support the uptake of and adherence to MMS as well as supply chain mechanisms to support a reliable and sustainable stock of UNIMMAP MMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on aged care services. In Portugal, social workers are key frontline professionals in aged care services. A photovoice program called "Eyes on the Pandemic" was carried out to capture the internal experiences of frontline social workers working in aged care services during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Photovoice is a qualitative, participatory action-research method in which participants share key experiences of their lives through photographs and narratives (voices) presented and discussed with others. Thirteen social workers between 24 and 41 years old participated. This article describes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of this project. The findings suggest that the social workers' experiences were defined by a reinvention of intervention, the maintenance of a balance between personal and professional life, the crucial importance of teamwork, management of the pandemic repercussions on older people's well-being, and encounters with the uncertain future. The results illuminate the lived experience of the COVID-19 pandemic inside aged care facilities and could inform practices and policies by consolidating lessons learned during this difficult period. The benefits of attending the program referred by the participants, lead to conclude that photovoice proved to be a good group intervention tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the intricate social and revolutionary dynamics within the Palestinian liberation movement through the lens of queer and decolonial feminist theory. By examining the visual and relational aspects of Cold War-era images of Palestinian fida’iyin, the article argues that these images are imbued with radical libidinal social relations that source the possibilities for revolutionary change and liberation. The analysis introduces how these images resist dominant, heteronormative and masculinist narratives imposed by imperialist and patriarchal forces, instead revealing deep intimacies and affective bonds among revolutionaries. The article also engages with broader discussions on the role of gender, sexuality, and the erotic in shaping revolutionary consciousness, asserting that these elements are crucial to understanding the historical and ongoing struggles for Palestinian liberation. Through this lens, the article challenges conventional readings of revolutionary imagery, offering a new interpretation that connects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1907, a Portuguese military expedition was sent to Angola to subdue the Kwamato. Two photographers accompanied the troops and photographed moments of rest, training, and combat. It was the first Portuguese photographic reportage of war. This article analyses a group of photographs of the Kwamato campaign as an example of photography of war. Using a methodology based on discourse analysis in journalism, this article illustrates how photography represented colonial warfare as part of a narrative of imperial dominance where modern technology was crucial, and how this representation was presented and normalised to the Portuguese mainland public in the illustrated press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of generative AI (artificial intelligence) on photography, examining how AI-generated images challenge traditional boundaries of the medium and blur the lines between photography and other forms of art. It explores the capacity of generative AIs to create diverse image types, from photorealistic pictures to woodcuts, and discusses the implications of this shift for the future of photography.

The article focuses on the conceptual debate surrounding AI (artificial intelligence) generated images and their place within the photographic discourse, questioning whether they should be considered photographs. It explores how such images challenge traditional notions of photographic indexicality, where the subject's existence is directly tied to the image.

The article focuses on the intersection of AI (artificial intelligence) generated images and photography, specifically questioning whether AI-produced images can be considered art and exploring the implications of such categorization. It examines the theoretical and historical context of photography within computer vision, addressing debates about representation, object recognition, and the shifting boundaries between traditional and AI-generated imagery.

The article focuses on the implications of AI (artificial intelligence) generated images, particularly those created by StyleGAN, on the field of photography. It explores how these synthetic images, despite their photorealism, disturb our understanding of what constitutes a photograph. It critiques the transformation of photography into a manipulable set of pixels, challenging traditional notions of identity, memory, and the role of photography in capturing reality.

The Czech-Brazilian philosopher Vilém Flusser was best known for his technical image trilogy, Towards a Philosophy of Photography (1983), Into the Universe of Technical Images (1985), and Does Writing Have a Future? (1987), which expanded photography theory into a radically inclusive philosophy of still and moving images for the digital age. However, he was also fascinated by concurrent developments in biology and biotechnology that were changing notions of nature, materialism, and humans. This essay will look at Flusser's writing around these ideas, particularly his para-biological fable Vampyroteuthis Infernalis (1987), his "Curie's Children" column for Artforum (1986–1992), and his collaborations and correspondences with artists impacted by his ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines whether AI (artificial intelligence) generated images that appear photorealistic can be classified as photographs. It critiques author, Amanda Wasielewski's approach, arguing that by emphasizing visual appearance and surface qualities, she oversimplifies the definition of photography and overlooks its material and historical context.

Memories for life events are thought to be organised based on their relationships with one another, affecting the order in which events are recalled such that similar events tend to be recalled together. However, less is known about how detailed recall for a given event is affected by its associations to other events. Here, we used a cued autobiographical memory recall task where participants verbally recalled events corresponding to personal photographs. Importantly, we characterised the temporal, spatial, and semantic associations between each event to assess how similarity between adjacently cued events affected detailed recall. We found that participants provided more non-episodic details for cued events when the preceding event was both semantically similar and either temporally or spatially dissimilar. However, similarity along time, space, or semantics between adjacent events did not affect the episodic details recalled. We interpret this by considering organisation at the level of a life narrative, rather than individual events. When recalling a stream of personal events, we may feel obligated to justify seeming discrepancies between adjacent events that are semantically similar, yet simultaneously temporally or spatially dissimilar – to do so, we provide additional supplementary detail to help maintain global coherence across the events in our lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most people experience positive involuntary mental imagery (IMI) frequently in daily life; however, evidence for the importance and effects of positive IMI is largely indirect. The current study adapted a paradigm to experimentally induce positive IMI in participants' daily lives. This could in turn provide a means to directly test positive IMI's effects. In a within-subjects design, participants (N = 41) generated positive mental images (imagery condition) and sentences (verbal condition) from photo cues, half of which participants provided from their own living environment. Participants then recorded involuntary memories of the previously generated images or sentences in a seven-day diary, before returning to the lab and completing some measures including an involuntary memory task. In the diary, participants reported more involuntary memories from the imagery condition than from the verbal condition, and more involuntary memories from their own photos compared to the other photos. A more mixed pattern of findings was found across other tasks in the lab. The study indicates that the paradigm can be used as a means to induce positive IMI and that using photos as the basis for generating positive imagery increases the amount of IMI in daily life. Theoretical and potential clinical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) is increasingly utilized in healthcare. Some rehabilitation professionals employ 3D printing for orthoses, prostheses, and assistive technologies (AT). However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many practitioners have reservations about adopting 3D printing into their practices, and empirical research in this area is limited. The aim of the study was to document my experience while learning 3D printing. In this autoethnographic study, journal entries and photos of the artifacts were collected during the process of learning 3D printing. These data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes were identified: Being motivated to learn 3D printing, Experiencing challenges and implementing possible solutions, and Achieving developmental milestones in learning 3D printing. These milestones offered practical insights and solutions for new learners by providing a roadmap for navigating the journey of learning 3D printing. This personal experience offered opportunities and posed challenges in the context of learning to use 3D printing in the rehabilitation field. It is hoped that this study will inspire others to explore 3D printing and potentially contribute to the development of 3D printing training programs for students and rehabilitation professionals. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The study contributes to understanding of 3D printers use for individuals with disabilities, whether in occupational therapy or non-occupational therapy contexts. By highlighting the issues and challenges documented in this study, individuals with no prior exposure to 3D printing can better manage their expectations when embarking on their own 3D printing journey. This experience can serve as an inspiration for occupational therapy students and other students in rehabilitation programs to share their own stories about their encounters with 3D printing, potentially sparking new approaches to practice. The knowledge and experience gained through 3D printing might help to develop a 3D printing training workshop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While structural racism has profound impacts on adolescent health, little is known about how youth synthesize racialized experiences and work to dismantle systems of oppression. This article provides an overview of a Youth Participatory Action Research study that used Photovoice and community mapping to explore how structural violence, like racism, impacts the sexual and reproductive health of historically excluded youth as they navigate unjust socio-political landscapes. Youth participants used photography and community maps to identify how the experience of bias, profiling, and tokenism impacted their ability to navigate complex social systems. With youth voices prioritized, participants explored ways to address structural racism in their lives. The importance of co-creating opportunities with and for youth in critical reflection of their lived experience is emphasized. Through an Arts and Cultural in Public Health framework, we provide an analysis of the ways structural racism functions as a gendered racial project and fundamental cause of adolescent sexual and reproductive health inequities, while identifying pathways toward liberation in pursuit of health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Western industrialised contexts, ecological problems such as climate change are sensed and come largely to be known through media representations. In this article, we consider aesthetic practices as a concept for understanding the ways in which the visual sensible world relating to climate change is continuously distributed. Furthermore, we study photography as a pedagogical means to redistribute the sensible. Our data are gathered from a photography course in which participants explored four alternative aesthetic practices: revealing connectedness, recognising agency, compromising the attractions of consumerism, and illuminating alternatives. Through their photographic explorations, participants were encouraged to intervene in two problematic consensual frameworks: human-centredness and consumption-centredness. We found that exploring aesthetic practices through photography helped redistribute the sensible in two significant ways: participants recognised visible traces of the consensual frameworks and shifted the emphasis of perception beyond their personal viewpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the author's exploration of various photographic techniques and their connection to scientific discovery. Topics include the use of pinhole photography and homemade cameras to capture the unseen aspects of light, the integration of artistic production with scientific research, and the creation of unique photographic hybrids through techniques like cyanotype and camera obscura.

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This photo essay is a journey across the Chennai-Bangalore Expressway and North Arcot socio-cultural landscape. As a visual research, it attempts to decipher the dismayed presence of Dr B. R. Ambedkar's roadside caged statues, monuments erected by local Dalit communities. Whereas these statues should evince the Dalit's assertiveness in the public space, the research suggests that the iron grille cage produces a reverse effect via a transposition of use and meaning, unveiling the community's social subjugation. It also indicates that the issue extends beyond endangered statues; in fact, what has been threatened is the very freedom of political expression in public spaces. Through the use of photography as a research tool, the embodiment of images finally discusses the aesthetical and political aspects of the public arena of the Chennai-Bangalore Expressway, one of the arterial highways of Southern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has established that children's experiences of language during in-person interactions (e.g. individual and cumulative experiences of structural choices) implicitly shape language learning. We investigated whether children also implicitly learn structural choices during online interactions, and whether this is affected by the visual co-presence of a partner. During an online conference call, three- and five-year-olds alternated describing pictures with an experimenter who produced active ("a cat chased the dog") and passive ("the dog was chased by a cat") prime descriptions; half the participants had video+audio calls, and half had audio-only. Children in both age groups produced more passives after passive than active primes, both immediately and with accumulating input across trials; neither effect was influenced by call format (video+audio vs audio-only). These results demonstrate that implicit grammar learning mechanisms, as evidenced by syntactic priming effects, operate during socially contingent online interactions. They also highlight the potential of online methodologies for developmental language production research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous computer vision algorithms have been developed to automate posture analysis and enhance the efficiency and accuracy of ergonomic evaluations. However, the most effective algorithm for conducting ergonomic assessments remains uncertain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the optimal camera position and monocular 3D pose model that would facilitate precise and efficient ergonomic evaluations. We evaluated and compared four currently available computer vision algorithms: Mediapipe BlazePose, VideoPose3D, 3D-pose-baseline, and PSTMO to determine the most suitable model for conducting ergonomic assessments. Based on the findings, the side camera position yielded the lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE) across static, dynamic, and combined tasks. This positioning proved to be the most reliable for ergonomic assessments. Additionally, VP3D_FB demonstrated superior performance among evaluated models. Practitioner Summary: This study aimed to determine the most effective computer vision algorithm and camera position for precise and efficient ergonomic evaluations. Evaluating four algorithms, we found that the side camera position with VideoPose3D yielded the lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE), ensuring precise and efficient evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report from the field presents a community-engaged, visual method for evaluating students’ perceptions of equity in Maker Club, an informal STEM (Science, Technology, Math, and Engineering) education program in Ohio. The purpose of the program is to increase access to and interest in STEM fields among underserved communities. A total of fifteen middle school-aged program participants from two cohorts that were hosted at two different after-school program sites engaged in participant-employed photography to document their views of the implementation of six design principles for equitable learning. The evaluation process unfolded in five phases: 1) recruitment of co-researchers, including explanation of guidelines; 2) teaching co-researchers how to use the camera, including testing out the camera; 3) co-researchers observing, and taking pictures of, students and staff engaged in the makerspace; 4) informal photo interviewing; 5) sharing with program staff via informal conversations and a formal meeting discussion. Takeaways include that co-researchers perceived students benefiting from social support, community partner presence, and local knowledge being recognized. Lessons learned entail keeping students on track, ensuring that there is enough staff support focused on the evaluation process, and being open to other potential, meaningful uses of co-researchers’ photos.