Search

Diabetes in humans a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia, it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, disruptions to metabolism and vascular functions. It is also linked to oxidative stress and its complications. Its role in vascular dysfunctions is generally reported without detailed impact on the molecular mechanisms. Potassium ion channel (K+ channels) are key regulators of vascular tone, and as membrane proteins, are modifiable by oxidant stress associated with diabetes. This review manuscript examined the impact of oxidant stress on vascular K+ channel functions in diabetes, its implication in vascular complications and metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes in humans a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia, it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, disruptions to metabolism and vascular functions. It is also linked to oxidative stress and its complications. Its role in vascular dysfunctions is generally reported without detailed impact on the molecular mechanisms. Potassium ion channel (K + channels) are key regulators of vascular tone, and as membrane proteins, are modifiable by oxidant stress associated with diabetes. This review manuscript examined the impact of oxidant stress on vascular K + channel functions in diabetes, its implication in vascular complications and metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Calcium signaling in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is essential for the regulation of vascular tone. However, the changes to intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations are often influenced by sex differences. Furthermore, a large body of evidence shows that sex hormone imbalance leads to dysregulation of Ca 2+ signaling and this is a key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, the effects of estrogens and androgens on vascular calcium-handling proteins are discussed, with emphasis on the associated genomic or nongenomic molecular mechanisms. The experimental models from which data were collected were also considered. The review highlights 1 ) in female ECs, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) and mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter (MCU) enhance Ca 2+ -dependent nitric oxide (NO) generation. In males, only transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) plays a fundamental role in this effect. 2 ) Female VSMCs have lower cytosolic Ca 2+ levels than males due to differences in the activity and expression of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (Orai1), calcium voltage-gated channel subunit-α 1C (Ca V 1.2), Na + -K + -2Cl - symporter (NKCC1), and the Na + /K + -ATPase. 3 ) When compared with androgens, the influence of estrogens on Ca 2+ homeostasis, vascular tone, and incidence of vascular disease is better documented. 4 ) Many studies use supraphysiological concentrations of sex hormones, which may limit the physiological relevance of outcomes. 5 ) Sex-dependent differences in Ca 2+ signaling mean both sexes ought to be included in experimental design.

Introduction: Hypoglycemia and anemia are associated with diabetes mellitus. Medicinal plants and orthodox drugs have been used for the management of this disease. This study aimed to validate the ethnomedical claims of Terminalia catappa Linn. leaf extract in reducing hyperglycemia and hematological potentials in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and to identify likely antidiabetic compounds., Materials and Methods: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography was used to identify the various phytochemical constituents. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups containing 6 rats per group. Group 1 (control) received 0.2 ml/kg of distilled water, group 2 received 130 mg/kg of T. catappa aqueous extract, groups 3-5 were diabetic and received 0.2 ml/g distilled water, 130 mg/kg T. catappa extract and 0.75 IU/kg insulin respectively for 14 days. Hematological parameters were measured and an oral glucose tolerance test was carried out using 2 g/kg body weight glucose. A histological analysis of the pancreas was done., Results: Twenty-five compounds identified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, and triterpenoids were detected. The blood glucose levels were significantly (p <0.05) elevated in DM groups but were significantly (p <0.05) reduced following Terminalia catappa leaves extract to DM groups. There was s significant (p <0.05) increase in insulin levels improved hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, and platelets), and increased islet population., Conclusion: These results suggest that T. catappa extract has hypoglycemic, insulinogenic, and hematopoietic potentials in diabetic condition and offer protection to the pancreas which could be attributed to the phytochemical constituents thereby justifying its use in traditional therapy., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)