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In 1975, my parents-in-law met in Lourenço Marques (Maputo, Mozambique). The period preceding their engagement was marked by profoundly contrasting experiences. Because of his political activities against the Estado Novo dictatorship, he was conscripted into the Portuguese Commandos and participated in the conflict that unfolded in northern Mozambique. Conversely, she travelled from the Portuguese metropolis to Lourenço Marques as a child (following her grandfather's promotion in public service), and had a happy childhood and adolescence, as documented in a collection of Super 8 films that were entrusted to me. How to reconcile such opposite experiences? And how to honour a legacy of images that do not cease to question me in the critical present? This photo-text essay focuses on a set of images that go beyond the commonly accepted depictions of Portuguese colonialism to problematize issues of resistance, indifference and complicity, showing how private and seemingly insignificant visual materials take part in collective forms of enunciation. It stresses the importance of landscape in conveying unassimilable and traumatic aspects of Portugal's problematic history, examining how different discourses and imaginal references about war and colonialism reflect various perspectives, experiences and sensibilities, which may or may not align with each other. Ultimately, by drawing on an experimental, self-reflexive and visual approach to history, the essay encourages readers to actively engage in shaping alternative public memories, capable of encompassing the intricacies and diverse facets of history's manifold manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postcolonial Macau is keen to celebrate its colonial legacy to preserve its cultural distinctiveness. This study explores the reordering of a Portuguese colonial site, the Village of Our Lady in Ka Ho, into an architectural heritage in the broader postcolonial context. Employing the Foucauldian concept of 'other spaces', specifically 'utopia' and 'heterotopia', the study argues for the heterotopic nature of heritage. It identifies the discourses and material representations of heritage, their construction and their mirroring of mainstream social ideals. Heritage as heterotopia is a conceptual entity that informs and is realised with material objects. The discourse takes heritage spaces as mediums for performances through symbolic loading on material objects to demonstrate the space's otherness. In addition, colonial nostalgia emerges as a dominant narrative in shaping urban identity. The primary proposition of this research is that heritage is made through othering, and the otherness of heritage is presented through performing. Heritage‐making transforms the site from a 'heterotopia of deviation' to a 'heterotopia of performance', which reveals the societal transition from early modernity that advocates for scientific knowledge to postmodernity that embraces neoliberalism, and then to the arriving era of post‐postmodernity based on performatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some recent studies have posed the hypothesis according to which the grammatical stage that precedes the cultured trend of Brazilian Portuguese is Colonial Brazilian Portuguese, not Classical Portuguese. Therefore, there are still few works systematically comparing these two varieties. This is the goal of the present paper, which focuses on word order. By undertaking a corpus-based study using the same textual genre from the contemporary authors Eusébio de Matos and António Vieira, we have looked for all word order patterns while paying special attention to the X*VS order (with one or more constituents preceding the verb and a postverbal subject), given that it is quite typical of Classical Portuguese as a V2-like grammar, unlike the modern Portuguese grammars. We have observed that, although the colonial text follows the general trends of the classical language, it starts to depart from a V2-like grammar because it shows a higher frequency of non-V2 orders and a preference for informationally marked constructions involving internal positions to the clause. From a parameter hierarchy viewpoint, the main conclusion is that such differences represent frequency divergences which are consistent with nano- or microparametric changes which took place later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the composition of families in the parish of São José de Encoge, northern Angola, in the early colonial era, using a series of 'family bulletins' collected by the Portuguese colonial government in 1910. Encoge was one of the earliest centres of coffee cultivation in west-central Africa. While not all local families participated in this economy, the census sheds light on family-based cash-crop production after the abolition of slavery in Angola. The literature on post-slavery labour arrangements in Africa almost unanimously suggests that family-extension strategies predominantly aimed to integrate young women and girls into households, using pawnship and guardianship as important methods. The family bulletins from Encoge provide a means to evaluate this assumption on a quantitative basis in an Angolan context. They indicate that, besides natural reproduction and the adoption of second wives, the incorporation of wards, nephews, and nieces was the most common form of household extension, in which elders showed a remarkable preference for male dependants. The bulletins do not provide clear evidence of the presence of enslaved dependants, although some individuals listed as servants were possibly enslaved. Overall, the data suggest that, contrary to common assumptions about agricultural labour in Africa, family-based cultivation and trade of coffee did not discriminate against men or boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the formation of the Portuguese Anthropology team of the 20th century, led by António Jorge Dias, and their research and collection of artifacts related to Portuguese culture. The team dedicated themselves to the study of rural life, the characterization of Portuguese culture, and research in Portuguese colonies. They founded the Center for Ethnology Studies and the Center for Cultural Anthropology Studies, as well as planning the creation of a universal museum. The team's work resulted in various publications about rural life and traditional technologies in Portugal. The text portrays the daily lives of populations living in poverty, highlighting the need for cooperation to survive. During the revolutionary period of PREC, there were attempts to purge "colonial" elements from institutions linked to the Ministry of Overseas. The research team and the Ethnology museum faced unjust accusations, as they were always against the dictatorial regime. The photographic-ethno archive of the CEE does not reflect the political changes that occurred during the revolution. The team's writings show social and political concerns, reflecting the transformations that the country went through in the 60s and 70s. The Agrarian Reform is mentioned as one of the significant changes. The team acknowledges that the country has changed and highlights the importance of preserving ancestral knowledge. The article describes the creation of the National Museum of Ethnology in Portugal and the contribution of foreign anthropologists, such as José Cutileiro, to the research and understanding of Portuguese rural culture. The museum team held exhibitions and collected objects that portrayed the country's rural life. The anthropological project aimed to highlight the importance of material culture and people's daily lives. The article also mentions the death of Benjamim Pereira, a member of the museum team, and highlights his contributions to the field. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a compilation of articles from different periodicals that delve into various aspects of Catholic history. The articles cover a wide range of topics, including artistic and commercial history in Venice, research on the Roman Rota, and investigations into medieval Christianity. Additionally, there are articles that explore specific subjects such as the Coptic Martyrdom of Saint Chamoul, the Syriac Marriage Ritual, and the writings of Saint Francis of Assisi. This collection of articles offers a diverse range of perspectives and research on Catholic history. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais is the property of Centro de Estudos Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais is the property of Centro de Estudos Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the concept of settler colonialism and its application to events in Israel and Palestine, as well as the Hawaiian Islands. It explores the historical processes by which European and U.S. empires brought nonwhite societies under their control during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The author focuses on the 1893 haole revolution in Hawaii and the subsequent efforts to secure U.S. annexation, highlighting the ways in which marginalized empires like Portugal and Japan contested the situation. The article also examines the Hawaiian Republic's policies and debates regarding nonwhite citizenship and voting rights, ultimately condemning the nineteenth-century U.S. nation state and the local white residents who participated in overthrowing the Hawaiian monarchy. The author suggests the need for serious solutions to address past wrongs, but also acknowledges the complexity of replacing the nation state with a nonstate entity that values equality under the law for all residents. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the site of the Rossio square in Lisbon as a contested urban space between the dispossessed and the Portuguese imperial authorities over the eighteenth century. Focusing on the aftermath of the Lisbon earthquake, it examines how enslaved and freed women of African and Afro-Brazilian heritage from the Portuguese colonies used and reconfigured the Rossio through their direct confrontations with the imperial authorities. Reading against the grain of traditional manuscript sources, this article demonstrates how contestations of the Rossio not only illuminated and underscored the dependence of the metropolis on the labour of Afro-diasporic enslaved and freed women, but also enabled these women to create alternate geographies of empire and power that pushed back against imperial spatial constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the beginning of European overseas expansion in the fifteenth century, religious missions occupied an important place in the internal organisation of colonial empires. Their contribution to the ideological structuring of imperialism and the interaction with local populations is undeniable. With the emergence of the new imperialism and the scramble for Africa (after the 1870s), the missions, often anticipating the colonial political and administrative presence, enhanced their role as advocates of Europe's "civilising mission", above all through the education of the colonised peoples. For Portuguese decision-makers, the religious missions, with a multi-century tradition, had an important role in defending territorial claims overseas and promoting the empire's nationalisation. However, the lack of national missionaries, Christianity's inter-confessional competition in the nineteenth century and the emergence of international legal rules protecting missionary activities hindered Portugal's strategies. Using sources from several archives (in Lisbon, the Vatican, and elsewhere) to emphasise the role of a transnational missionary staff and the international law of missions, this text intersects these aspects, examining their convergence in the controversial case of the exit and replacement of Jesuit missionaries in Mozambique in 1910–1911, to demonstrate the need to look at the missionary issues in the Portuguese overseas domains from perspectives that go beyond nation and empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging in 1917 amidst the anxieties of World War I, the Cult of Our Lady of Fátima began with a vision witnessed by three shepherd children in rural Portugal. News of the apparition quickly spread, drawing hundreds, then thousands of pilgrims to the Cova da Iria. This potent symbol of faith soon transcended its origin, migrating in the form of venerated statues and dedicated shrines that sprouted across the globe. Particularly intertwined with Portuguese emigration, the cult's reach extended to former colonies in Africa and Asia ("Ultramar") and distant communities like Brazil. Statues of Our Lady became beacons of familiarity and solace, offering "homes away from home" for displaced populations. This essay focuses on the discourses surrounding the cult between the early 1930s and 1950s, exploring how Fátima served as a focal point for navigating the social, political, and cultural conflicts inherent in the emigration experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The links between Brazil and African countries go far beyond official political or economic relations and date back to the beginnings of Portuguese colonisation in the New World. They are bound by the painful history of many centuries of slavery, but also the influence of the African population on Brazilian culture, religion and society. Today, Brazil is the country with the second largest population of African descent after Nigeria, yet Brazil’s policy towards Africa seems largely short-term. The aim of the following article is to show the evolution of Brazil’s policy towards Africa in these dimensions from a historical perspective, with particular emphasis on the changes in its dynamics in the 21st century and its inclusion in a broader strategy of the country’s international activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labour studies in the African colonial period are facing a revival, but literature on the role and working conditions of children remains over-generalized. At the same time, child labour has played a central role in economic activities in Africa, and it still does. This article contributes to filling this gap by studying Portuguese colonial Africa as a narrative of tension between labour market forces, public policy, and (limited) agency of children. Labour scarcity facing demand hikes contributed to the increased use of children for labour in the colonial period. We contribute to the history of African labour by compiling data on the – until now – largely neglected use of child labour in mining and agriculture in the Portuguese African colonies. We find children were used to support adults or, with less agency, simply replaced (often forced) adult labour in plantations, mining, and other activities abandoned by adults. (Promised) wage differentials, taxes, forced labour, pass systems, and forced cultivation schemes acted as (dis)incentives to labour migration. Intra and inter-country movement of large numbers of adult labourers stimulated the demand for child labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines two distant workspaces of cocoa: plantations in São Tomé, a small Portuguese colonial island in the African Gulf of Guinea, and a British chocolate factory. In line with commodity-centered histories, it focuses on the diversity of labor systems, with different levels of coercion, working simultaneously to make cocoa and chocolate available to consumers in the industrial cities of Europe and North America. But this article adds to that literature by embracing the challenge of thinking with materials and the ways they produced specific social worlds. Cocoa and chocolate are understood as "thick things" whose physical attributes allowed or restricted different operations and uses and whose characteristics promoted or obstructed particular labor forms and allowed for the stabilization of different modes of rule. When we take the material properties of cocoa seriously, it is possible to see how mass chocolate production was a technological and scientific enterprise conceived to cope with the constraints of cocoa itself, with profound consequences for the labor forms on the plantation and the factory. Materials bound plantation laborers and chocolate scientists to specific technological, economic and political relations and demanded huge investments and much labor to create alternative ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the atmospheric identity of the Chinese city–state of Macau, which has a distinctive urban charisma owing to its 500-year history as a Portuguese colony and its contemporary development into a global tourist site. By analysing visual ethnographic data, the research understands Macau's urban space with attention to its affective atmospheres. The research explores how visual analysis of urban atmospheres may enhance understanding of a city's atmospheric identity. The article analyses the sublime and uncanny as two complementary affective fields exemplified by two unconventional locales: the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge and the adjacent Chinese Special Economic Zone of Hengqin Island. The article demonstrates that visual analysis of affective atmospheres can be instrumental in describing how people, emotions, objects and environments are reconstituted in a continuous process of urban change and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1557 Francisco Barreto, the Portuguese governor of the State of India, issued a decree forbidding the destruction of temples and books belonging to the Gujarati Muslims, Hindus, and Jains of Diu and allowed them to practice their religion freely. This and other reforms introduced by the crown and the Goan archbishop created a special situation for Muslims and Hindus living in Diu, in contrast to the policies designed to establish monolithic confessionalism that the Portuguese authorities had been attempting to impose in most part of Asia since around 1540. This article aims to reconstruct and explain the specific nature of the religious policies pursued in Diu, adopting a holistic approach that compares them with developments in other areas of Portuguese Asia. It will be argued that the policies adopted made Diu a multiconfessional city, one that accommodated interreligious encounters though it was less supportive of mobility between different religions. This was the outcome of pragmatism, an essential feature of the actions of the different Portuguese agents who intervened at different levels, creating dynamics in which the role of the native population was also decisive in shaping imperial societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text is an obituary titled "My Intellectual Debt to Michael Pearson." The author reflects on the influence of Michael Pearson's work on their own research and understanding of the Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean. Pearson's writings provided new perspectives and insights into the dynamics of colonial settlements, cultural patterns, and the role of maritime communities. The author also highlights Pearson's contributions to the study of self-organizing networks, medical practices, gender and history, and cross-cultural encounters. The obituary concludes with a tribute to Pearson's lasting impact on maritime studies and the international research community. [Extracted from the article]

This article deals with private property as a historical structure of the process of territorialization and territorial planning. Its strategic importance in the economy of pre-capitalist formations will be crucial for the differentiation between urban and rural space, configuration of cities and fields, and for the construction of a colonizing model that, in the Roman Empire, gives rise to a solid legal and symbolic apparatus that persists through space and time, in a long-term history, crossing seas, confronting peoples, cultures and places. Brought to Brazil as a basic territorial unit of Portuguese colonization, it still follows as a determining element of the organization of social space, either through urbanization, segregation, agribusiness advancement and the degradation of biomes and ways of life. Thinking and acting on a critical perspective imposes rethinking of private property, their social function and its role in the configuration of territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Historía da Sociedade e da Cultura is the property of Revista de Historia da Sociedade e da Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peace in the Banda Oriental, at the borders between the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Río de la Plata region, marks one of the major developments in the political geography of Latin America from 1777-1801, yet the subject has not been studied rigorously. This article explores how this peace came about after failing several times previously. Both Spanish and Portuguese colonial agents and policy-makers affected such peace by overcoming resistance to imperialism. A Luso-Hispanic policy of removal resulted in the Jesuits' loss of power in South America. Several successful mapping expeditions reduced Iberian dependence on native guides, limiting indigenous control over European colonization. Near extermination of cattle in the region and increased Spanish and Portuguese patrols over grazing lands curbed much of the illicit cattle hunting in the Río de la Plata. And the Spanish conquest of Colonia del Sacramento, a key contraband base, decreased smugglers' activity in the region. As the power of these non-governmental actors diminished, Iberian empires augmented their claims to sovereignty in the region and could finally affect the peace that Lisbon and Madrid so desired. This moment demonstrates a brief apogee in Iberian colonial control in the late eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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"Many Black Women of this Fortress: Graça, Mónica, and Adwoa, Three Enslaved Women of Portugal's African Empire" by Kwasi Konadu explores the lives of three African women who resisted Portuguese imperialism in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The book focuses on their experiences of enslavement, relationships with white officials, and connections with other Africans. Konadu argues that despite converting to Christianity, these women maintained African spiritual practices that allowed them to defy Portuguese control. The book uses overlooked sources, such as Portuguese Inquisition records, to shed light on the lives of these "ordinary" women. The text emphasizes the importance of understanding African perspectives in the context of European colonialism. [Extracted from the article]

"The Indies of the Setting Sun" by Ricardo Padrón explores the geographical perspective held by sixteenth-century Spain, which differed from the rest of contemporary Europe. Padrón presents the Spanish viewpoint that the Americas and parts of Asia washed by the Pacific Ocean formed a single entity called the "Indies of the Setting Sun." The book includes maps and charts from the period to highlight this perspective. Padrón also discusses the challenges faced by Spain in exploiting this area due to the vast Pacific Ocean. The book provides valuable insights into Spain's role in the geopolitics of the sixteenth century. [Extracted from the article]

The editorial discusses the content of the latest issue of the journal "Photographies." The articles and photo-essays in this issue were submitted by researchers from various countries, including Lithuania, Portugal, Turkey, the UK, and the USA. The topics covered in the submissions are diverse, ranging from photography in China in the 1980s to motherhood and agency in family photography. The journal aims to explore the wide range of themes, theoretical concerns, critical methodologies, and photographic practices in the field. Readers are encouraged to refer to the online version for full-color images. [Extracted from the article]

Remote islands harbour many endemic species and unique ecosystems. They are also some of the world's most human-impacted systems. It is essential to understand how island species and ecosystems behaved prior to major anthropogenic disruption as a basis for their conservation. This research aims to reconstruct the original, pre-colonial biodiversity of a remote oceanic island to understand the scale of past extinctions, vegetation changes and biodiversity knowledge gaps. We studied fossil remains from the North Atlantic island of Corvo (Azores), including pollen, charcoal, plant macrofossils, diatoms and geochemistry of wetland sediments from the central crater of the island, Caldeirão. A comprehensive list of current vascular plant species was compiled, along with a translation table comparing fossilized pollen to plant species and a framework for identifying extinctions and misclassifications. Pollen and macrofossils provide evidence for eight local extinctions from the island's flora and show that four species listed as 'introduced' are native. Up to 23 % of the pollen taxa represent extinct/misclassified species. Corvo's past environment was dynamic, shifting from glacial-era open vegetation to various Holocene forest communities, then almost completely deforested by fires, erosion and grazing following Portuguese colonisation. Historical human impacts explain high ecological turnover, several unrecorded extinctions and the present-day abundance of vegetation types like Sphagnum blanket mire. We use Corvo as a case study on how fossil inventories can address the Wallacean and Hookerian biodiversity knowledge gaps on remote islands. Accurate baselines allow stakeholders to make informed conservation decisions using limited financial and human resources, particularly on islands where profound anthropogenic disruption occurred before comprehensive ecological research. [Display omitted] • Human impacts transformed island vegetation and soils • Evidence for unrecorded extinctions and almost complete forest loss • Framework for determining native/introduced status from fossils • Key baseline information for habitat restoration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]