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Intrinsically disordered proteins are abundant in the nucleus and are prime sites for posttranslational modifications that modulate transcriptional regulation. Lacking a defined three-dimensional structure, intrinsically disordered proteins populate an ensemble of several conformational states, which are dynamic and often altered by posttranslational modifications, or by binding to interaction partners. Although there is growing appreciation for the role that intrinsically disordered regions have in regulating protein-protein interactions, we still have a poor understanding of how to determine conformational population shifts, their causes under various conditions, and how to represent and model conformational ensembles. Here, we study the effects of serine phosphorylation in the nucleosome-binding domain of an intrinsically disordered protein - HMGN1 - using NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism and modelling of protein complexes. We show that phosphorylation induces local conformational changes in the peptide backbone and decreases the helical propensity of the nucleosome binding domain. Modelling studies using AlphaFold3 suggest that phosphorylation disrupts the interface between HMGN1 and the nucleosome acidic patch, but that the models over-predict helicity in comparison to experimental data. These studies help us to build a picture of how posttranslational modifications might shift the conformational populations of disordered regions, alter access to histones, and regulate chromatin compaction., (© 2024 The Author(s). ChemBioChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Activation domains (ADs) of eukaryotic gene activators remain enigmatic for decades as short, extremely variable sequences which often are intrinsically disordered in structure and interact with an uncertain number of targets. The general absence of specificity increasingly complicates the utilization of the widely accepted mechanism of AD function by recruitment of coactivators. The long-standing enigma at the heart of molecular biology demands a fundamental rethinking of established concepts. Here, we review the experimental evidence supporting a novel mechanistic model of gene activation, based on ADs functioning via surfactant-like near-stochastic interactions with gene promoter nucleosomes. This new model is consistent with recent information-rich experimental data obtained using high-throughput synthetic biology and bioinformatics analysis methods, including machine learning. We clarify why the conventional biochemical principle of specificity for sequence, structures, and interactions fails to explain activation domain function. This perspective provides connections to the liquid-liquid phase separation model, signifies near-stochastic interactions as fundamental for the biochemical function, and can be generalized to other cellular functions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

As a fundamental unit for packaging genomic DNA into chromatin, the eukaryotic nucleosome core comprises a canonical octamer with two copies for each histone, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, wrapped around with 147 base pairs of DNA. While H3 and H4 share structure-fold with archaeal histone-like proteins, the eukaryotic nucleosome core and the complete nucleosome (the core plus H1 histone) are unique to eukaryotes. To explore whether the eukaryotic nucleosome can assemble in prokaryotes and to reconstruct the possible route for its emergence in eukaryogenesis, we developed an in vivo system for assembly of nucleosomes in the model bacterium, Escherichia coli, and successfully reconstituted the core nucleosome, the complete nucleosome, and unexpectedly the non-canonical (H3-H4) 4 octasome. The core and complete nucleosomes assembled in E. coli exhibited footprints typical of eukaryotic hosts after in situ micrococcal nuclease digestion. Additionally, they caused condensation of E. coli nucleoid. We also demonstrated the stable formation of non-canonical (H3-H4) 2 tetrasome and (H3-H4) 4 octasomes in vivo, which are suggested to be 'fossil complex' that marks the intermediate in the progressive development of eukaryotic nucleosome. The study presents a unique platform in a bacterium for in vivo assembly and studying the properties of non-canonical variants of nucleosome., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

DNA damage that obstructs the replication machinery poses a significant threat to genome stability. Replication-coupled repair mechanisms safeguard stalled replication forks by coordinating proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and replication. SLF1 (SMC5-SMC6 complex localization factor 1) is crucial for facilitating the recruitment of the SMC5/6 complex to damage sites through interactions with SLF2, RAD18, and nucleosomes. However, the structural mechanisms of SLF1's interactions are unclear. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of SLF1's ankyrin repeat domain bound to an unmethylated histone H4 tail, illustrating how SLF1 reads nascent nucleosomes. Using structure-based mutagenesis, we confirmed a phosphorylation-dependent interaction necessary for a stable complex between SLF1's tandem BRCA1 C-Terminal domain (tBRCT) and the phosphorylated C-terminal region (S442 and S444) of RAD18. We validated a functional role of conserved phosphate-binding residues in SLF1, and hydrophobic residues in RAD18 that are adjacent to phosphorylation sites, both of which contribute to the strong interaction. Interestingly, we discovered a DNA-binding property of this RAD18-binding interface, providing an additional domain of SLF1 to enhance binding to nucleosomes. Our results provide critical structural insights into SLF1's interactions with post-replicative chromatin and phosphorylation-dependent DDR signalling, enhancing our understanding of SMC5/6 recruitment and/or activity during replication-coupled DNA repair., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

Activation domains (ADs) within transcription factors (TFs) induce gene expression by recruiting coactivators such as the Mediator complex. Coactivators lack DNA binding domains (DBDs) and are assumed to passively follow their recruiting TFs. This is supported by direct AD-coactivator interactions seen in vitro but has not yet been tested in living cells. To examine that, we targeted two Med15-recruiting ADs to a range of budding yeast promoters through fusion with different DBDs. The DBD-AD fusions localized to hundreds of genomic sites but recruited Med15 and induced transcription in only a subset of bound promoters, characterized by a fuzzy-nucleosome architecture. Direct DBD-Med15 fusions shifted DBD localization towards fuzzy-nucleosome promoters, including promoters devoid of the endogenous Mediator. We propose that Med15, and perhaps other coactivators, possess inherent promoter preference and thus actively contribute to the selection of TF-induced genes., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

Shoot stem cells, harbored in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), play key roles during post-embryonic development of Arabidopsis and function as the origin of plant aerial tissues. Multiple transcription factors are involved in the sophisticated transcriptional regulation of stem cell homeostasis, with the WUSCHEL (WUS)/CLAVATA3 (CLV3) negative feedback loop playing a central role. WUS acts as a master regulator in maintaining stem cells through its transcriptional regulatory activity including repressive and activating abilities. Although the interaction between WUS and TOPLESS confers the repressive activity of WUS in transcriptional control, the mechanism by which WUS activates gene expression remains elusive. Here, we showed that DORNRÖSCHEN competitively interacts with WUS and disturbs the WUS homodimer, which recruits BRAHMA to activate CLV3 expression via nucleosome depletion for maintaining the stem cell pool., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Histone post-translational modifications play pivotal roles in eukaryotic gene expression. To date, most studies have focused on modifications in unstructured histone N-terminal tail domains and their binding proteins. However, transcriptional regulation by chromatin-effector proteins that directly recognize modifications in histone globular domains has yet to be clearly demonstrated, despite the richness of their multiple modifications. Here, we show that the ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling BAF complex stimulates p53-dependent transcription through direct interaction with H3K56ac located on the lateral surface of the histone globular domain. Mechanistically, the BAF complex recognizes nucleosomal H3K56ac via the DPF domain in the DPF2 subunit and exhibits enhanced nucleosome-remodeling activity in the presence of H3K56ac. We further demonstrate that a defect in H3K56ac-BAF complex interaction leads to impaired p53-dependent gene expression and DNA damage responses. Our study provides direct evidence that histone globular domain modifications participate in the regulation of gene expression., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) plays a central role in establishing and maintaining constitutive heterochromatin. However, the mechanisms underlying HP1-nucleosome interactions and their contributions to heterochromatin functions remain elusive. Here, we present the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of an HP1α dimer bound to an H2A.Z-nucleosome, revealing two distinct HP1α-nucleosome interfaces. The primary HP1α binding site is located at the N terminus of histone H3, specifically at the trimethylated lysine 9 (K9me3) region, while a secondary binding site is situated near histone H2B, close to nucleosome superhelical location 4 (SHL4). Our biochemical data further demonstrates that HP1α binding influences the dynamics of DNA on the nucleosome. It promotes DNA unwrapping near the nucleosome entry and exit sites while concurrently restricting DNA accessibility in the vicinity of SHL4. Our study offers a model for HP1α-mediated heterochromatin maintenance and gene silencing. It also sheds light on the H3K9me-independent role of HP1 in responding to DNA damage., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chromosomes undergo dramatic compaction during mitosis, but accurately measuring their volume has been challenging. Employing serial block face scanning electron microscopy, Cisneros-Soberanis et al. (https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202403165) report that mitotic chromosomes compact to a nucleosome concentration of ∼760 µM., (© 2024 Konishi and Funabiki.)

Chromosome compaction is a key feature of mitosis and critical for accurate chromosome segregation. However, a precise quantitative analysis of chromosome geometry during mitotic progression is lacking. Here, we use volume electron microscopy to map, with nanometer precision, chromosomes from prometaphase through telophase in human RPE1 cells. During prometaphase, chromosomes acquire a smoother surface, their arms shorten, and the primary centromeric constriction is formed. The chromatin is progressively compacted, ultimately reaching a remarkable nucleosome concentration of over 750 µM in late prometaphase that remains relatively constant during metaphase and early anaphase. Surprisingly, chromosomes then increase their volume in late anaphase prior to deposition of the nuclear envelope. The plateau of total chromosome volume from late prometaphase through early anaphase described here is consistent with proposals that the final stages of chromatin condensation in mitosis involve a limit density, such as might be expected for a process involving phase separation., (© 2024 Cisneros-Soberanis et al.)

Chromatin remodeling, carried out by four major subfamilies of ATP-dependent remodeler complexes across eukaryotes, alleviates the topological challenge posed by nucleosomes to regulate genome access. Recently, single-molecule and single-cell imaging techniques have been widely employed to probe this crucial process, both in vitro and in cellulo. Herein, we provide an integrated account of key recent efforts that leverage these approaches to visualize, quantify and map chromatin remodelers at work, elucidating diverse aspects of the remodeling process in both space and time, including molecular mechanisms of DNA wrapping/unwrapping, nucleosome translocation and histone exchange, dynamics of chromatin binding/target search and their intranuclear organization into hotspots or phase condensates, as well as functional coupling with transcription. The mechanistic insights and quantitative parameters revealed shed light on a multi-modal yet shared landscape for regulating remodeling across molecular and cellular scales, and pave the way for further interrogating the implications of its misregulation in disease contexts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In yeasts and higher eukaryotes, chromatin motions may be tuned to genomic functions, with transcriptional activation and the DNA damage response both leading to profound changes in chromatin dynamics. The RAD51 recombinase is a key mediator of chromatin mobility following DNA damage. As functions of RAD51 beyond DNA repair are being discovered, we asked whether RAD51 modulates chromatin dynamics in the absence of DNA damage and found that inhibition or depletion of RAD51 alters chromatin motions in undamaged cells. Inhibition of RAD51 increased nucleosome clustering. Predictions from polymer models are that chromatin clusters reduce chain mobility and, indeed, we measured reduced motion of individual chromatin loci in cells treated with a RAD51 inhibitor. This effect was conserved in mammalian cells, yeasts, and plant cells. In contrast, RAD51 depletion or inhibition increased global chromatin motions at the microscale. The results uncover a role for RAD51 in regulating local and global chromatin dynamics independently from DNA damage and highlight the importance of considering different physical scales when studying chromatin dynamics., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no financial conflict of interest.

Chromatin structure is a key regulator of DNA transcription, replication and repair 1 . In humans, the TIP60-EP400 complex (TIP60-C) is a 20-subunit assembly that affects chromatin structure through two enzymatic activities: ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A-H2B for H2A.Z-H2B, and histone acetylation. In yeast, however, these activities are performed by two independent complexes-SWR1 and NuA4, respectively 2,3 . How the activities of the two complexes are merged into one supercomplex in humans, and what this association entails for the structure and mechanism of the proteins and their recruitment to chromatin, are unknown. Here we describe the structure of the endogenous human TIP60-C. We find a three-lobed architecture composed of SWR1-like (SWR1L) and NuA4-like (NuA4L) parts, which associate with a TRRAP activator-binding module. The huge EP400 subunit contains the ATPase motor, traverses the junction between SWR1L and NuA4L twice and constitutes the scaffold of the three-lobed architecture. NuA4L is completely rearranged compared with its yeast counterpart. TRRAP is flexibly tethered to NuA4L-in stark contrast to its robust connection to the completely opposite side of NuA4 in yeast 4-7 . A modelled nucleosome bound to SWR1L, supported by tests of TIP60-C activity, suggests that some aspects of the histone exchange mechanism diverge from what is seen in yeast 8,9 . Furthermore, a fixed actin module (as opposed to the mobile actin subcomplex in SWR1; ref. 8 ), the flexibility of TRRAP and the weak effect of extranucleosomal DNA on exchange activity lead to a different, activator-based mode of enlisting TIP60-C to chromatin., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited heart disease and is characterized by primary left ventricular hypertrophy usually caused by mutations in sarcomere genes. The mechanism underlying cardiac remodeling in HCM remains incompletely understood. An investigation of HCM through integrative analysis at multi-omics levels will be helpful for treating HCM. DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility, as well as gene expression, were assessed by nucleosome occupancy and methylome sequencing (NOMe-seq) and RNA-seq, respectively, using the cardiac tissues of HCM patients. Compared with those of the controls, the transcriptome, DNA methylome, and chromatin accessibility of the HCM myocardium showed multifaceted differences. At the transcriptome level, HCM hearts returned to the fetal gene program through decreased sarcomeric and metabolic gene expression and increased extracellular matrix gene expression. In the DNA methylome, hypermethylated and hypomethylated differentially methylated regions were identified in HCM. At the chromatin accessibility level, HCM hearts showed changes in different genome elements. Several transcription factors, including SP1 and EGR1, exhibited a fetal-like pattern of binding motifs in nucleosome-depleted regions in HCM. In particular, the inhibition of SP1 or EGR1 in an HCM mouse model harboring sarcomere mutations markedly alleviated the HCM phenotype of the mutant mice and reversed fetal gene reprogramming. Overall, this study not only provides a high-precision multi-omics map of HCM heart tissue but also sheds light on the therapeutic strategy by intervening in the fetal gene reprogramming in HCM., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Higher Education Press.)

Epigenetic regulators have a crucial effect on gene expression based on their manipulation of histone modifications. Histone H2AK119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119Ub), a well-established hallmark in transcription repression, is dynamically regulated by the opposing activities of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and nucleosome deubiquitinases including the primary human USP16 and Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase (PR-DUB) complex. Recently, the catalytic mechanism for the multi-subunit PR-DUB complex has been described, but how the single-subunit USP16 recognizes the H2AK119Ub nucleosome and cleaves the ubiquitin (Ub) remains unknown. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of USP16-H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex, which unveils a fundamentally distinct mode of H2AK119Ub deubiquitination compared to PR-DUB, encompassing the nucleosome recognition pattern independent of the H2A-H2B acidic patch and the conformational heterogeneity in the Ub motif and the histone H2A C-terminal tail. Our work highlights the mechanism diversity of H2AK119Ub deubiquitination and provides a structural framework for understanding the disease-causing mutations of USP16., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)

Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is an essential chromatin-binding protein whose mutations cause Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe neurological disorder that primarily affects young females. The canonical view of MeCP2 as a DNA methylation-dependent transcriptional repressor has proven insufficient to describe its dynamic interaction with chromatin and multifaceted roles in genome organization and gene expression. Here we used single-molecule correlative force and fluorescence microscopy to directly visualize the dynamics of wild-type and RTT-causing mutant MeCP2 on DNA. We discovered that MeCP2 exhibits distinct one-dimensional diffusion kinetics when bound to unmethylated versus CpG methylated DNA, enabling methylation-specific activities such as co-repressor recruitment. We further found that, on chromatinized DNA, MeCP2 preferentially localizes to nucleosomes and stabilizes them from mechanical perturbation. Our results reveal the multimodal behavior of MeCP2 on chromatin that underlies its DNA methylation- and nucleosome-dependent functions and provide a biophysical framework for dissecting the molecular pathology of RTT mutations., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The canonical BRG/BRM-associated factor (cBAF) complex is essential for chromatin opening at enhancers in mammalian cells. However, the nature of the open chromatin remains unclear. Here, we show that, in addition to producing histone-free DNA, cBAF generates stable hemisome-like subnucleosomal particles containing the four core histones associated with 50-80 bp of DNA. Our genome-wide analysis indicates that cBAF makes these particles by targeting and splitting fragile nucleosomes. In mouse embryonic stem cells, these subnucleosomes become an in vivo binding substrate for the master transcription factor OCT4 independently of the presence of OCT4 DNA motifs. At enhancers, the OCT4-subnucleosome interaction increases OCT4 occupancy and amplifies the genomic interval bound by OCT4 by up to one order of magnitude compared to the region occupied on histone-free DNA. We propose that cBAF-dependent subnucleosomes orchestrate a molecular mechanism that projects OCT4 function in chromatin opening beyond its DNA motifs., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)

Base excision repair (BER) is initialized by DNA glycosylases, which recognize and flip damaged bases out of the DNA duplex into the enzymes active site, followed by cleavage of the glycosidic bond. Recent studies have revealed that all types of DNA glycosylases repair base lesions less efficiently within nucleosomes, and their repair activity is highly depended on the lesion's location within the nucleosome. To reveal the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon, we determine the 3.1 Å cryo-EM structure of human 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) bound to a nucleosome core particle (NCP) containing a common oxidative base lesion, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo). Our structural analysis shows that hOGG1 can recognize and flip 8-oxodGuo even within NCPs; however, the interaction between 8-oxodGuo and hOGG1 in a NCP context is weaker than in free DNA due to competition for nucleosomal DNA by the histones. Binding of OGG1 and the flipping of 8-oxodGuo by hOGG1 leads to a partial detachment of DNA from the histone core and a ratchet-like inward movement of nucleosomal DNA. Our findings provide insights into how the dynamic structure of nucleosomes modulate the activity of repair enzymes within chromatin., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The organization of chromatin is critical for gene expression, yet the underlying mechanisms responsible for this organization remain unclear. Recent work has suggested that phase separation might play an important role in chromatin organization, yet the molecular forces that drive chromatin phase separation are poorly understood. In this work we interrogate a molecular model of chromatin to quantify the driving forces and thermodynamics of chromatin phase separation. By leveraging a multiscale approach, our molecular model is able to reproduce chromatin's chemical and structural details at the level of a few nanometers, yet remain efficient enough to simulate chromatin phase separation across 100 nm length scales. We first demonstrate that our model can reproduce key experiments of phase separating nucleosomal arrays, and then apply our model to quantify the interactions that drive their formation into chromatin condensates with either liquid- or solid-like material properties. We next use our model to characterize the molecular structure within chromatin condensates and find that this structure is irregularly ordered and is inconsistent with existing 30 nm fiber models. Lastly we examine how post-translational modifications can modulate chromatin phase separation and how the acetylation of chromatin can lead to chromatin decompaction while still preserving phase separation. Taken together, our work provides a molecular view into the structure and dynamics of phase-separated chromatin and provides new insights into how phase separation might manifest in the nucleus of living cells.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling are distinct yet important processes during carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and RAS, signaling through SMAD and RAS-responsive element-binding protein 1 (RREB1), jointly trigger expression of EMT and fibrogenic factors as two discrete arms of a common transcriptional response in carcinoma cells. Here, we demonstrate that both arms come together to form a program for lung adenocarcinoma metastasis and identify chromatin determinants tying the expression of the constituent genes to TGF-β and RAS inputs. RREB1 localizes to H4K16acK20ac marks in histone H2A.Z-loaded nucleosomes at enhancers in the fibrogenic genes interleukin-11 (IL11), platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGFB), and hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), as well as the EMT transcription factor SNAI1, priming these enhancers for activation by a SMAD4-INO80 nucleosome remodeling complex in response to TGF-β. These regulatory properties segregate the fibrogenic EMT program from RAS-independent TGF-β gene responses and illuminate the operation and vulnerabilities of a bifunctional program that promotes metastatic outgrowth., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests J.M. owns company stock in Scholar Rock. C.M.R. has consulted regarding oncology drug development with Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Hoffman-La Roche, and Jazz Pharmaceuticals; C.M.R. serves on the scientific advisory boards of Auron, Bridge Medicines, DISCO, Earli, and Harpoon Therapeutics. S.W.L. is a consultant and holds equity in Blueprint Medicines, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Mirimus, PMV Pharmaceuticals, Faeth Therapeutics, and Senecea Therapeutics, and is a consultant for Fate Therapeutics. T.T. is a consultant and holds equity in Lime Therapeutics; the Tammela Lab receives research support from Ono Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (unrelated to this work). T.T.’s spouse is an employee of Recursion Pharmaceuticals. R.P.K. is a co-founder of and consultant for Econic Biosciences., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chromatin remodelling enzymes reposition nucleosomes throughout the genome to regulate the rate of transcription and other processes. These enzymes have been studied intensively since the 1990s, and yet the mechanism by which they operate has only very recently come into focus, following advances in cryoelectron microscopy and single-molecule biophysics. CHD4 is an essential and ubiquitous chromatin remodelling enzyme that until recently has received less attention than remodellers such as Snf2 and CHD1. Here we review what recent work in the field has taught us about how CHD4 reshapes the genome. Cryoelectron microscopy and single-molecule studies demonstrate that CHD4 shares a central remodelling mechanism with most other chromatin remodellers. At the same time, differences between CHD4 and other chromatin remodellers result from the actions of auxiliary domains that regulate remodeller activity by for example: (1) making differential interactions with nucleosomal epitopes such as the acidic patch and the N-terminal tail of histone H4, and (2) inducing the formation of distinct multi-protein remodelling complexes (e.g. NuRD vs ChAHP). Thus, although we have learned much about remodeller activity, there is still clearly much more waiting to be revealed., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Multiple testis-specific histone variants are involved in the dynamic chromatin transitions during spermatogenesis. H2B.W1 (previously called H2BFWT) is an H2B variant specific to primate testis with hitherto unclear functions, although its single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are closely associated with male non-obstructive infertility. Here, we found that H2B.W1 is only expressed in the mid-late spermatogonia stages, and H2B.W1 nucleosomes are defined by a more flexible structure originating from weakened interactions between histones and DNA. Furthermore, one of its SNPs, H2B.W1-H100R, which is associated with infertility, further destabilizes the nucleosomes and increases the nucleosome unwrapping rate by interfering with the R100 and H4 K91/R92 interaction. Our results suggest that destabilizing H2B.W1 containing nucleosomes might change the chromatin structure of spermatogonia, and that H2B.W1-H100R enhances the nucleosome-destabilizing effects, leading to infertility., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

MacroH2A has been linked to transcriptional silencing, cell identity, and is a hallmark of the inactive X chromosome (Xi). However, it remains unclear whether macroH2A plays a role in DNA replication. Using knockdown/knockout cells for each macroH2A isoform, we show that macroH2A-containing nucleosomes slow down replication progression rate in the Xi reflecting the higher nucleosome stability. Moreover, macroH2A1, but not macroH2A2, regulates the number of nano replication foci in the Xi, and macroH2A1 downregulation increases DNA loop sizes corresponding to replicons. This relates to macroH2A1 regulating replicative helicase loading during G1 by interacting with it. We mapped this interaction to a phenylalanine in macroH2A1 that is not conserved in macroH2A2 and the C-terminus of Mcm3 helicase subunit. We propose that macroH2A1 enhances the licensing of pre-replication complexes via DNA helicase interaction and loading onto the Xi., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

Base excision repair is the main pathway involved in active DNA demethylation. 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine, two oxidized moieties of methylated cytosine, are recognized and removed by thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) to generate an abasic site. Using single molecule fluorescence experiments, we study TDG in the presence and absence of 5-formylcytosine. TDG exhibits multiple modes of linear diffusion, including hopping and sliding, in search of base modifications. TDG active site variants and truncated N-terminus, reveals these variants alter base modification search and recognition mechanism of TDG. On DNA containing an undamaged nucleosome, TDG is found to either bypass, colocalize with, or encounter but not bypass the nucleosome. Truncating the N-terminus reduces the number of interactions with the nucleosome. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into how TDG searches for modified DNA bases in chromatin., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

H2A.Z-nucleosomes are present in both euchromatin and heterochromatin and it has proven difficult to interpret their disparate roles in the context of their stability features. Using an in situ assay of nucleosome stability and DT40 cells expressing engineered forms of the histone variant we show that native H2A.Z, but not C-terminally truncated H2A.Z (H2A.Z∆C), is released from nucleosomes of peripheral heterochromatin at unusually high salt concentrations. H2A.Z and H3K9me3 landscapes are reorganized in H2A.Z∆C-nuclei and overall sensitivity of chromatin to nucleases is increased. These tail-dependent differences are recapitulated upon treatment of HeLa nuclei with the H2A.Z-tail-peptide (C9), with MNase sensitivity being increased genome-wide. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy revealed C9 binding to reconstituted nucleosomes. When introduced into live cells, C9 elicited chromatin reorganization, overall nucleosome destabilization and changes in gene expression. Thus, H2A.Z-nucleosomes influence global chromatin architecture in a tail-dependent manner, what can be modulated by introducing the tail-peptide into live cells., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The organization of DNA into nucleosomes is a ubiquitous and ancestral feature that was once thought to be exclusive to the eukaryotic domain of life. Intriguingly, several representatives of the Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) encode histone-like proteins that in Melbournevirus were shown to form nucleosome-like particles. Medusavirus medusae (MM), a distantly related giant virus, encodes all four core histone proteins and, unique amongst most giant viruses, a putative acidic protein with two domains resembling eukaryotic linker histone H1. Here, we report the structure of nucleosomes assembled with MM histones and highlight similarities and differences with eukaryotic and Melbournevirus nucleosomes. Our structure provides insight into how variations in histone tail and loop lengths are accommodated within the context of the nucleosome. We show that MM-histones assemble into tri-nucleosome arrays, and that the putative linker histone H1 does not function in chromatin compaction. These findings expand our limited understanding of chromatin organization by virus-encoded histones., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Recent studies showed an interphase chromosome architecture-a specific coiled nucleosome structure-derived from cryopreserved EM tomograms, and dispersed throughout the nucleus. The images were computationally processed to fill in the missing wedges of data caused by incomplete tomographic tilts. The resulting structures increased z-resolution enabling an extension of the proposed architecture to that of mitotic chromosomes. Here, we provide additional insights into the chromosome architecture that was recently published [M. Elbaum et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119 , e2119101119 (2022)]. We build on the defined chromosomes time-dependent structures in an effort to probe their dynamics. Variants of the coiled chromosome structures, possibly further defining specific regions, are discussed. We propose, based on generalized specific uncoiling of mitotic chromosomes in telophase, large-scale reorganization of interphase chromosomes. Chromosome territories, organized as micron-sized small patches, are constructed, satisfying complex volume considerations. Finally, we unveiled the structures of replicated coiled chromosomes, still attached to centromeres, as part of chromosome architecture., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Dinoflagellate birefringent chromosomes (BfCs) contain some of the largest known genomes, yet they lack typical nucleosomal micrococcal-nuclease protection patterns despite containing variant core histones. One BfC end interacts with extranuclear mitotic microtubules at the nuclear envelope (NE), which remains intact throughout the cell cycle. Ultrastructural studies, polarized light and fluorescence microscopy, and micrococcal nuclease-resistant profiles (MNRPs) revealed that NE-associated chromosome ends persisted post-mitosis. Histone H3K9me3 inhibition caused S-G 2 delay in synchronous cells, without any effects at G 1 . Differential labeling and nuclear envelope swelling upon decompaction indicate an extension of the inner compartment into telosomal anchorages (TAs). Additionally, limited effects of low-concentration sirtinol on bulk BfCs, coupled with distinct mobility patterns in MNase-digested and psoralen-crosslinked nuclei observed on 2D gels, suggest that telomeric nucleosomes (TNs) are the primary histone structures. The absence of a nucleosomal ladder with cDNA probes, the presence of histone H2A and telomere-enriched H3.3 variants, along with the immuno-localization of H3 variants mainly at the NE further reinforce telomeric regions as the main nucleosomal domains. Cumulative biochemical and molecular analyses suggest that telomeric repeats constitute the major octameric MNRPs that provision chromosomal anchorage at the NE.

The fragmentation patterns of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma can potentially be utilized as diagnostic biomarkers in liquid biopsy. However, our knowledge of this biological process and the information encoded in fragmentation patterns remains preliminary. Here, we investigated the cfDNA fragmentomic characteristics against nucleosome positioning patterns in hematopoietic cells. cfDNA molecules with ends located within nucleosomes were relatively shorter with altered end motif patterns, demonstrating the feasibility of enriching tumor-derived cfDNA in patients with cancer through the selection of molecules possessing such ends. We then developed three cfDNA fragmentomic metrics after end selection, which showed significant alterations in patients with cancer and enabled cancer diagnosis. By incorporating machine learning, we further built high-performance diagnostic models, which achieved an overall area under the curve of 0.95 and 85.1% sensitivity at 95% specificity. Hence, our investigations explored the end characteristics of cfDNA fragmentomics and their merits in building accurate and sensitive cancer diagnostic models., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests Y.A., J.J., and K.S. have filed patent applications based on the method developed in this work., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is an epigenetic regulator that trimethylates lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) and is essential for embryonic development and cellular differentiation. H3K27me3 is associated with transcriptionally repressed chromatin and is established when PRC2 is allosterically activated upon methyl-lysine binding by the regulatory subunit EED. Automethylation of the catalytic subunit enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) stimulates its activity by an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that human PRC2 forms a dimer on chromatin in which an inactive, automethylated PRC2 protomer is the allosteric activator of a second PRC2 that is poised to methylate H3 of a substrate nucleosome. Functional assays support our model of allosteric trans-autoactivation via EED, suggesting a previously unknown mechanism mediating context-dependent activation of PRC2. Our work showcases the molecular mechanism of auto-modification-coupled dimerization in the regulation of chromatin-modifying complexes., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The yeast SWR1 complex catalyzes the exchange of histone H2A/H2B dimers in nucleosomes with Htz1/H2B dimers. We use cryoelectron microscopy to determine the structure of an enzyme-bound hexasome intermediate in the reaction pathway of histone exchange, in which an H2A/H2B dimer has been extracted from a nucleosome prior to the insertion of a dimer comprising Htz1/H2B. The structure reveals a key role for the Swc5 subunit in stabilizing the unwrapping of DNA from the histone core of the hexasome. By engineering a crosslink between an Htz1/H2B dimer and its chaperone protein Chz1, we show that this blocks histone exchange by SWR1 but allows the incoming chaperone-dimer complex to insert into the hexasome. We use this reagent to trap an SWR1/hexasome complex with an incoming Htz1/H2B dimer that shows how the reaction progresses to the next step. Taken together the structures reveal insights into the mechanism of histone exchange by SWR1 complex., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The analysis of tissues of origin of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is of research and diagnostic interest. Many studies focused on bisulfite treatment or immunoprecipitation protocols to assess the tissues of origin of cfDNA. DNA loss often occurs during such processes. Fragmentomics of cfDNA molecules has uncovered a wealth of information related to tissues of origin of cfDNA. There is still much room for the development of tools for assessing contributions from various tissues into plasma using fragmentomic features. Hence, we developed an approach to analyze the relative contributions of DNA from different tissues into plasma, by identifying characteristic fragmentation patterns associated with selected histone modifications. We named this technique as FRAGmentomics-based Histone modification Analysis (FRAGHA). Deduced placenta-specific histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac)-associated signal correlated well with the fetal DNA fraction in maternal plasma (Pearson's r = 0.96). The deduced liver-specific H3K27ac-associated signal correlated with the donor-derived DNA fraction in liver transplantation recipients (Pearson's r = 0.92) and was significantly increased in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ( P < 0.01, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Significant elevations of erythroblasts-specific and colon-specific H3K27ac-associated signals were observed in patients with β-thalassemia major and colorectal cancer, respectively. Furthermore, using the fragmentation patterns from tissue-specific H3K27ac regions, a machine learning algorithm was developed to enhance HCC detection, with an area under the curve (AUC) of up to 0.97. Finally, genomic regions with H3K27ac or histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) were found to exhibit different fragmentomic patterns of cfDNA. This study has shed light on the relationship between cfDNA fragmentomics and histone modifications, thus expanding the armamentarium of liquid biopsy., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:J.B., P.J., L.J., M.Y., K.C.A.C., and Y.M.D.L. filed patent applications based on the data in this study. Reviewer S.B. is an inventor on patents related to cfDNA mutation and methylation analysis technologies that have been licensed to Roche and Adela, respectively, and is a co-founder and has ownership in Adela.

Most DNA scanning proteins uniquely recognize their cognate sequence motif and slide on DNA assisted by some sort of clamping interface. The pioneer transcription factors that control cell fate in eukaryotes must forgo both elements to gain access to DNA in naked and chromatin forms; thus, whether or how these factors scan naked DNA is unknown. Here, we use single-molecule techniques to investigate naked DNA scanning by the Engrailed homeodomain (enHD) as paradigm of highly promiscuous recognition and open DNA binding interface. We find that enHD scans naked DNA quite effectively, and about 200000-fold faster than expected for a continuous promiscuous slide. To do so, enHD scans about 675 bp of DNA in 100 ms and then redeploys stochastically to another location 530 bp afar in just 10 ms. During the scanning phase enHD alternates between slow- and medium-paced modes every 3 and 40 ms, respectively. We also find that enHD binds nucleosomes and does so with enhanced affinity relative to naked DNA. Our results demonstrate that pioneer-like transcription factors can in principle do both, target nucleosomes and scan active DNA efficiently. The hybrid scanning mechanism used by enHD appears particularly well suited for the highly complex genomic signals of eukaryotic cells., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

Our understanding of heterochromatin nanostructure and its capacity to mediate gene silencing in a living cell has been prevented by the diffraction limit of optical microscopy. Thus, here to overcome this technical hurdle, and directly measure the nucleosome arrangement that underpins this dense chromatin state, we coupled fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between histones core to the nucleosome, with molecular editing of heterochromatin protein 1 alpha (HP1α). Intriguingly, this super-resolved readout of nanoscale chromatin structure, alongside fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) and FLIM-FRET analysis of HP1α protein-protein interaction, revealed nucleosome arrangement to be differentially regulated by HP1α oligomeric state. Specifically, we found HP1α monomers to impart a previously undescribed global nucleosome spacing throughout genome architecture that is mediated by trimethylation on lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3) and locally reduced upon HP1α dimerisation. Collectively, these results demonstrate HP1α to impart a dual action on chromatin that increases the dynamic range of nucleosome proximity. We anticipate that this finding will have important implications for our understanding of how live cell heterochromatin structure regulates genome function., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

Genome-wide nucleosome profiles are predominantly characterized using MNase-seq, which involves extensive MNase digestion and size selection to enrich for mononucleosome-sized fragments. Most available MNase-seq analysis packages assume that nucleosomes uniformly protect 147 bp DNA fragments. However, some nucleosomes with atypical histone or chemical compositions protect shorter lengths of DNA. The rigid assumptions imposed by current nucleosome analysis packages potentially prevent investigators from understanding the regulatory roles played by atypical nucleosomes. To enable the characterization of different nucleosome types from MNase-seq data, we introduce the size-based expectation maximization (SEM) nucleosome-calling package. SEM employs a hierarchical Gaussian mixture model to estimate nucleosome positions and subtypes. Nucleosome subtypes are automatically identified based on the distribution of protected DNA fragments. Benchmark analysis indicates that SEM is on par with existing packages in terms of standard nucleosome-calling accuracy metrics, while uniquely providing the ability to characterize nucleosome subtype identities. Applying SEM to a low-dose MNase-H2B-ChIP-seq data set from mouse embryonic stem cells, we identified three nucleosome types: short-fragment nucleosomes, canonical nucleosomes, and di-nucleosomes. Short-fragment nucleosomes can be divided further into two subtypes based on their chromatin accessibility. Short-fragment nucleosomes in accessible regions exhibit high MNase sensitivity and are enriched at transcription start sites (TSSs) and CTCF peaks, similar to previously reported "fragile nucleosomes." These SEM-defined accessible short-fragment nucleosomes are found not just in promoters but also in distal regulatory regions. Additional analyses reveal their colocalization with the chromatin remodelers CHD6, CHD8, and EP400. In summary, SEM provides an effective platform for exploration of nonstandard nucleosome subtypes., (© 2024 Yang et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.)

The substrate for the repair of DNA damage in living cells is not DNA but chromatin. Chromatin bears a range of modifications, which in turn bind ligands that compact or open chromatin structure, and determine its spatial organization within the nucleus. In some cases, RNA in the form of RNA:DNA hybrids or R-loops modulates DNA accessibility. Each of these parameters can favor particular pathways of repair. Chromatin or nucleosome remodelers are key regulators of chromatin structure, and a number of remodeling complexes are implicated in DNA repair. We cover novel insights into the impact of chromatin structure, nuclear organization, R-loop formation, nuclear actin, and nucleosome remodelers in DNA double-strand break repair, focusing on factors that alter repair functional upon ablation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Pioneer transcription factors, by virtue of their ability to target nucleosomal DNA in silent chromatin, play crucial roles in eliciting cell fate decisions during development and cellular reprogramming. In addition to their well-established role in chromatin opening to activate gene expression programs, recent studies have demonstrated that pioneer factors have the complementary function of being able to silence the starting cell identity through targeted chromatin repression. Given recent discoveries regarding the repressive aspect of pioneer function, we discuss the basis by which pioneer factors can suppress alternative lineage programs in the context of cell fate control., (© 2024 The Author(s). BioEssays published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Pioneering transcription factors (TFs) can drive cell fate changes by binding their DNA motifs in a repressive chromatin environment. Recent structures illustrate emerging rules for nucleosome engagement: TFs distort the nucleosomal DNA to gain access or employ alternative DNA-binding modes with smaller footprints, they preferentially access solvent-exposed motifs near the entry/exit sites, and frequently interact with histones. The extent of TF-histone interactions, in turn, depends on the motif location on the nucleosome, the type of DNA-binding fold, and adjacent domains present. TF-histone interactions can phase TF motifs relative to nucleosomes, and we discuss how these complex and surprisingly diverse interactions between nucleosomes and TFs contribute to function., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Chromatin dynamics play essential roles in transcriptional regulation. The chromodomain helicase DNA-binding domain 3 chromatin remodeler PICKLE (PKL) and HISTONE DEACETYLASE6 (HDA6) are required for transcriptional gene silencing, but their coordinated function in gene repression requires further study. Through a genetic suppressor screen, we found that a point mutation at PKL could partially restore the developmental defects of a weak Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) mutant (ring1a-2 ring1b-3), in which RING1A expression is suppressed by a T-DNA insertion at the promoter. Compared to ring1a-2 ring1b-3, the expression of RING1A is increased, nucleosome occupancy is reduced, and the histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) level is increased at the RING1A locus in the pkl ring1a-2 ring1b-3 triple mutant. HDA6 interacts with PKL and represses RING1A expression similarly to PKL genetically and molecularly in the ring1a-2 ring1b-3 background. Furthermore, we show that PKL and HDA6 suppress the expression of a set of genes and transposable elements (TEs) by increasing nucleosome density and reducing H3K9ac. Genome-wide analysis indicated they possibly coordinately maintain DNA methylation as well. Our findings suggest that PKL and HDA6 function together to reduce H3K9ac and increase nucleosome occupancy, thereby facilitating gene/TE regulation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement. All authors declared there are no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The hierarchical packaging of chromatin fibers plays a critical role in gene regulation. The 30-nm chromatin fibers, a central-level structure bridging nucleosomal arrays to higher-order organizations, function as the first level of transcriptional dormant chromatin. The dynamics of 30-nm chromatin fiber play a crucial role in biological processes related to DNA. Here, we report a 3.6-angstrom resolution cryogenic electron microscopy structure of H5-bound dodecanucleosome, i.e., the chromatin fiber reconstituted in the presence of linker histone H5, which shows a two-start left-handed double helical structure twisted by tetranucleosomal units. An atomic structural model of the H5-bound chromatin fiber, including an intact chromatosome, is built, which provides structural details of the full-length linker histone H5, including its N-terminal domain and an HMG-motif-like C-terminal domain. The chromatosome structure shows that H5 binds the nucleosome off-dyad through a three-contact mode in the chromatin fiber. More importantly, the H5-chromatin structure provides a fine molecular basis for the intra-tetranucleosomal and inter-tetranucleosomal interactions. In addition, we systematically validated the physiological functions and structural characteristics of the tetranucleosomal unit through a series of genetic and genomic studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in vitro biophysical experiments. Furthermore, our structure reveals that multiple structural asymmetries of histone tails confer a polarity to the chromatin fiber. These findings provide structural and mechanistic insights into how a nucleosomal array folds into a higher-order chromatin fiber with a polarity in vitro and in vivo., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The testis-specific histone variant H3T plays a crucial role in chromatin reorganization during spermatogenesis by destabilizing nucleosomes. However, the structure basis for the nucleosome instability driven by H3T is not fully understand. In this study, we determinate the crystal structure of H3T-H4 in complex with histone chaperone ASF1a at 2.8 Å resolution. Our findings reveal that H3T-H4 binds ASF1a similarly to the conventional H3.1-H4 complex. However, significant structural differences are observed in the H3 α1 helix, the N- and C-terminal region of α2, and N-terminal region of L2. These differences are driven by H3T-specific residues, particularly Val111. Unlike the smaller Ala111 in H3.1, we find that bulkier residue Val111 fits well within the ASF1-H3T-H4 complex, but is difficult to arrange in nucleosome structure. Given that H3.1-Ala111/H3T-Val111 is located at the DNA binding and tetramerization interface of H3-H4, it is likely that Ala111Val substitution will lead to the instability of the corresponding area in nucleosome, contributing to instability of H3T-containing nucleosome. These structural findings may elucidate the role of H3T in chromatin reorganization during spermatogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The human glycosylase OGG1 extrudes and excises the oxidized DNA base 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) to initiate base excision repair and plays important roles in many pathological conditions such as cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous structural studies have used a truncated protein and short linear DNA, so it has been unclear how full-length OGG1 operates on longer DNA or on nucleosomes. Here we report cryo-EM structures of human OGG1 bound to a 35-bp long DNA containing an 8-oxoG within an unmethylated Cp-8-oxoG dinucleotide as well as to a nucleosome with an 8-oxoG at super-helical location (SHL)-5. The 8-oxoG in the linear DNA is flipped out by OGG1, consistent with previous crystallographic findings with a 15-bp DNA. OGG1 preferentially binds near dsDNA ends at the nucleosomal entry/exit sites. Such preference may underlie the enzyme's function in DNA double-strand break repair. Unexpectedly, we find that OGG1 bends the nucleosomal entry DNA, flips an undamaged guanine, and binds to internal nucleosomal DNA sites such as SHL-5 and SHL+6. We suggest that the DNA base search mechanism by OGG1 may be chromatin context-dependent and that OGG1 may partner with chromatin remodelers to excise 8-oxoG at the nucleosomal internal sites., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

We propose the Self Returning Excluded Volume (SR-EV) model for the structure of chromatin based on stochastic rules and physical interactions. The SR-EV rules of return generate conformationally defined domains observed by single-cell imaging techniques. From nucleosome to chromosome scales, the model captures the overall chromatin organization as a corrugated system, with dense and dilute regions alternating in a manner that resembles the mixing of two disordered bi-continuous phases. This particular organizational topology is a consequence of the multiplicity of interactions and processes occurring in the nuclei, and mimicked by the proposed return rules. Single configuration properties and ensemble averages show a robust agreement between theoretical and experimental results including chromatin volume concentration, contact probability, packing domain identification and size characterization, and packing scaling behavior. Model and experimental results suggest that there is an inherent chromatin organization regardless of the cell character and resistant to an external forcing such as RAD21 degradation., Competing Interests: MC, MK, LA, VA, WL, EP, RN, VB, IS No competing interests declared, (© 2024, Carignano, Kroeger, Almassalha et al.)

The nucleosome is one of the hallmarks of eukaryotes, a dynamic platform that supports many critical functions in eukaryotic cells. Here, we engineer the in vivo assembly of the nucleosome core in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. We show that bacterial chromosome DNA and eukaryotic histones can assemble in vivo to form nucleosome complexes with many features resembling those found in eukaryotes. The formation of nucleosomes in E. coli was visualized with atomic force microscopy and using tripartite split green fluorescent protein. Under a condition that moderate histones expression was induced at 1 µM IPTG, the nucleosome-forming bacterium is viable and has sustained growth for at least 110 divisions in longer-term growth experiments. It exhibits stable nucleosome formation, a consistent transcriptome across passages, and reduced growth fitness under stress conditions. In particular, the nucleosome arrays in E. coli genic regions have profiles resembling those in eukaryotic cells. The observed compatibility between the eukaryotic nucleosome and the bacterial chromosome machinery may reflect a prerequisite for bacteria-archaea union, providing insight into eukaryogenesis and the origin of the nucleosome., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The chromatin-remodeling enzyme helicase lymphoid-specific (HELLS) interacts with cell division cycle-associated 7 (CDCA7) on nucleosomes and is involved in the regulation of DNA methylation in higher organisms. Mutations in these genes cause immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome, which also results in DNA hypomethylation of satellite repeat regions. We investigated the functional domains of human CDCA7 in HELLS using several mutant CDCA7 proteins. The central region is critical for binding to HELLS, activation of ATPase, and nucleosome sliding activities of HELLS-CDCA7. The N-terminal region tends to inhibit ATPase activity. The C-terminal 4CXXC-type zinc finger domain contributes to CpG and hemimethylated CpG DNA preference for DNA-dependent HELLS-CDCA7 ATPase activity. Furthermore, CDCA7 showed a binding preference to DNA containing hemimethylated CpG, and replication-dependent pericentromeric heterochromatin foci formation of CDCA7 with HELLS was observed in mouse embryonic stem cells; however, all these phenotypes were lost in the case of an ICF syndrome mutant of CDCA7 mutated in the zinc finger domain. Thus, CDCA7 most likely plays a role in the recruitment of HELLS, activates its chromatin remodeling function, and efficiently induces DNA methylation, especially at hemimethylated replication sites., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

We demonstrate that nucleosomes placed in the gene body can be accurately located from signal decay theory assuming two emitters located at the beginning and at the end of genes. These generated wave signals can be in phase (leading to well defined nucleosome arrays) or in antiphase (leading to fuzzy nucleosome architectures). We found that the first (+1) and the last (-last) nucleosomes are contiguous to regions signaled by transcription factor binding sites and unusual DNA physical properties that hinder nucleosome wrapping. Based on these analyses, we developed a method that combines Machine Learning and signal transmission theory able to predict the basal locations of the nucleosomes with an accuracy similar to that of experimental MNase-seq based methods., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

Background/objectives: Transgene applications, ranging from gene therapy to the development of stable cell lines and organisms, rely on maintaining the expression of transgenes. To date, the use of plasmid-based transgenes has been limited by the loss of their expression shortly after their delivery into the target cells. The short-lived expression of plasmid-based transgenes has been largely attributed to host-cell-mediated degradation and/or silencing of transgenes. The development of chromatin-based strategies for gene delivery has the potential to facilitate defining the requirements for establishing epigenetic states and to enhance transgene expression for numerous applications., Methods: To assess the impact of "priming" plasmid-based transgenes to adopt accessible chromatin states to promote gene expression, nucleosome positioning elements were introduced at promoters of transgenes, and vectors were pre-assembled into nucleosomes containing unmodified histones or mutants mimicking constitutively acetylated states at residues 9 and 14 of histone H3 or residue 16 of histone H4 prior to their introduction into cells, then the transgene expression was monitored over time., Results: DNA sequences capable of positioning nucleosomes could positively impact the expression of adjacent transgenes in a distance-dependent manner in the absence of their pre-assembly into chromatin. Intriguingly, the pre-assembly of plasmids into chromatin facilitated the prolonged expression of transgenes relative to plasmids that were not pre-packaged into chromatin. Interactions between pre-assembled chromatin states and nucleosome positioning-derived effects on expression were also assessed and, generally, nucleosome positioning played the predominant role in influencing gene expression relative to priming with hyperacetylated chromatin states., Conclusions: Strategies incorporating nucleosome positioning elements and the pre-assembly of plasmids into chromatin prior to nuclear delivery can modulate the expression of plasmid-based transgenes.

The tumor suppressor breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) complexed with BRCA1-associated RING domain 1 (BARD1), a RING-type E3 ligase, facilitates the attachment of ubiquitin onto the substrate protein. Here, we present a protocol for evaluating the E3 ligase activity of BRCA1-BARD1 and its variants by nucleosomal histone ubiquitylation. We describe steps for isolating 147 bp Widom 601 DNA and assembling nucleosome core particles (NCPs). We then detail procedures for the in vitro ubiquitylation of nucleosome histone H2A by BRCA1-BARD1 and its variants. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wang et al. 1 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The histone lysine methyltransferase SUV420H1 preferentially targets the H2A.Z-containing nucleosome core particle (H2A.Z-NCP) and catalyzes the H4K20me2 modification at replication origins. Here, we present a protocol for preparing SUV420H1 in complex with the nucleosome containing H2A.Z and H4K20Ecx for structure determination. We describe steps for the installation of S-ethyl-cysteine (Ecx), nucleosome and complex preparation, and performing the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) sample check. This protocol substitutes lysine 20 in histone H4 with S-ethyl-cysteine (H4K20Ecx), which enhances the stability of the interaction between SUV420H1 and nucleosomes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Huang et al. 1 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)