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The direct conversion of methane to methanol has attracted increasing interest due to abundant and low-cost natural gas resources. Herein, by anchoring Cr-oxo/-oxyhydroxides on UiO-66 metal–organic frameworks, we demonstrate that reactive anionic oxyl radicals can be formed by controlling the coordination environment based on the results of density functional theory calculations. The anionic oxyl radicals produced at the completely oxidized CrVI site acted as the active species for facile methane activation. The thermodynamically stable CrVI-oxo/-oxyhydroxides with the anionic oxyl radicals catalyze the activation of the methane C–H bond through a homolytic mechanism. An analysis of the results showed that the catalytic performance of the active oxyl species correlates with the reaction energy of methane activation and H adsorption energies. Following methanol formation, N2O can regenerate the active sites on the most stable CrVI oxyhydroxides, i.e., the Cr(O)4Hf species. The present study demonstrated that the anionic oxyl radicals formed on the anchored CrVI oxyhydroxides by tuning the coordination environment enabled facile methane activation and facilitated methanol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we used a high-throughput computational screening approach to examine the potential of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for capturing propane (C3H8) from different gas mixtures. We focused on Quantum MOF (QMOF) database composed of both synthesized and hypothetical MOFs and performed Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations to compute C3H8/N2/O2/Ar and C3H8/C2H6/CH4 mixture adsorption properties of MOFs. The separation of C3H8 from air mixture and the simultaneous separation of C3H8 and C2H6 from CH4 were studied for six different adsorption-based processes at various temperatures and pressures, including vacuum-swing adsorption (VSA), pressure-swing adsorption (PSA), vacuum–temperature swing adsorption (VTSA), and pressure-temperature swing adsorption (PTSA). The results of molecular simulations were used to evaluate the MOF adsorbents and the type of separation processes based on selectivity, working capacity, adsorbent performance score, and regenerability. Our results showed that VTSA is the most effective process since many MOFs offer high regenerability (>90%) combined with high C3H8 selectivity (>7 × 103) and high C2H6 + C3H8 selectivity (>100) for C3H8 capture from air and natural gas mixtures, respectively. Analysis of the top MOFs revealed that materials with narrow pores (<10 Å) and low porosities (<0.7), having aromatic ring linkers, alumina or zinc metal nodes, typically exhibit a superior C3H8 separation performance. The top MOFs were shown to outperform commercial zeolite, MFI for C3H8 capture from air, and several well-known MOFs for C3H8 capture from natural gas stream. These results will direct the experimental efforts to the most efficient C3H8 capture processes by providing key molecular insights into selecting the most useful adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor sources of air pollution worsen indoor and outdoor air quality. Thus, identifying and reducing indoor pollutant sources would decrease both indoor and outdoor air pollution, benefit public health, and help address the climate crisis. As outdoor sources come under regulatory control, unregulated indoor sources become a rising percentage of the problem. This American Thoracic Society workshop was convened in 2022 to evaluate this increasing proportion of indoor contributions to outdoor air quality. The workshop was conducted by physicians and scientists, including atmospheric and aerosol scientists, environmental engineers, toxicologists, epidemiologists, regulatory policy experts, and pediatric and adult pulmonologists. Presentations and discussion sessions were centered on 1) the generation and migration of pollutants from indoors to outdoors, 2) the sources and circumstances representing the greatest threat, and 3) effective remedies to reduce the health burden of indoor sources of air pollution. The scope of the workshop was residential and commercial sources of indoor air pollution in the United States. Topics included wood burning, natural gas, cooking, evaporative volatile organic compounds, source apportionment, and regulatory policy. The workshop concluded that indoor sources of air pollution are significant contributors to outdoor air quality and that source control and filtration are the most effective measures to reduce indoor contributions to outdoor air. Interventions should prioritize environmental justice: Households of lower socioeconomic status have higher concentrations of indoor air pollutants from both indoor and outdoor sources. We identify research priorities, potential health benefits, and mitigation actions to consider (e.g., switching from natural gas to electric stoves and transitioning to scent-free consumer products). The workshop committee emphasizes the benefits of combustion-free homes and businesses and recommends economic, legislative, and education strategies aimed at achieving this goal.

Gas explosions mostly occur in turbulent environments in practical situations. Meanwhile, the current research on the explosion characteristics of hydrogen-doped natural gas is mostly methane/hydrogen mixed fuel, ignoring the influence of other components of natural gas on the explosion characteristics of the actual situation. Therefore, the effects of different jet intensities (P jet), hydrogen-doping ratios (X H2) and equivalence ratios (φ) on the explosion characteristics of multi-component natural gas/hydrogen mixed fuel are experimentally investigated in cylindrical tanks of 30 L. Additionally, it extensively explored the dual influence of jet disturbance and gas inerting effect on the flame propagation characteristics of multi-component natural gas/hydrogen mixed fuel. With the increase of P jet , both P max and (d p/ d t) max initially increase and then decrease, while τ continuously decreases. When P jet = 0.4 MPa, the promotion effect on P max and (d p/ d t) max is most significant. The lifting of X H2 leads to a gradual increase in P max and decreasing τ. (d p/ d t) max exhibits a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing with the elevation of X H2 , reaching its maximum at X H2 = 40%. The introduction of jet flow significantly reduces the promotion or inhibition effect on explosions of high hydrogen blending ratio mixtures. Furthermore, the introduction of jet flow is more effective in promoting the explosive performance of multi-component natural gas/hydrogen mixed fuel with high equivalence ratios and low hydrogen doping ratios under rich fuel conditions. This study can provide a key reference for the explosion hazard assessment during the practical application of natural gas/hydrogen mixed fuel. • Hydrogen-doped natural gas is used in explosion experiments collected in real environments. • A gas jet disturbance experimental platform has been established. • The flame propagation characteristics under turbulent conditions have been summarized. • The promotion effect on the explosion is most significant when the jet intensity reaches 0.4 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane pyrolysis is emerging as an attractive clean hydrogen production method. As its commercialization proceeds, the pyrolysis of natural gas (NG) becomes pertinent. In this work, the decomposition of pure methane and a realistic NG mixture are compared experimentally and numerically. Methane and NG pyrolysis are performed between 600 and 1200 °C over a fluidized bed of carbon particles heated by microwaves. Experimentally, no conclusive difference is observed in methane conversion between methane and NG pyrolysis. Numerically, the methane conversion rate is 8.5% higher for NG at 950 °C. The difference diminishes past 950 °C, becoming 0 past 1050 °C. The simulations showed that the enhanced methane decomposition in NG pyrolysis is due to an attack on methane by radicals generated during ethane and propane decomposition. The CO 2 in our NG mixture decomposes into CO. This work validates the longstanding use of methane pyrolysis as a surrogate for NG pyrolysis. • Experimentally, no conclusive difference between NG and pure CH 4 pyrolysis. • Numerically, NG pyrolysis had at most 8.5% higher methane conversion. • Radicals from ethane decomposition attacked methane and increased methane conversion. • Inlet C 2 H 6 > 10 vol% increased the outlet CH 4 rather than aiding its decomposition. • CO 2 in the NG mixture decomposed into CO, implying non-zero GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy gap between primary sources of energy like coal, oil, and natural gas will be 14 TW by 2050, hence finding sustainable sources of energy is the need of the day to bridge this gap. Hydrogen (H 2) in water is freely and abundantly available in nature, thus, the effective combination of light energy and water to produce hydrogen in an environmentally acceptable manner has a great potential to meet the current as well as future world's energy demand. Several semiconductors (SC's) have been employed to catalyze the formation of hydrogen from water (H 2 O). But the practical and feasible applicability of this system is limited due to photocatalyst high energy demand via wide band gap, quick recombination of photoexcited charge carriers (electron/hole pairs), easy nanoparticles agglomeration in solution and low photocatalyst surface area for adsorption. The incorporation of the majestic graphene material with the SC alone or in multiple SC's system can improve photocatalytic H 2 -production. Therefore, this review systematically presents an overview of, to shape graphene into a photocatalyst, graphene role in water splitting and in the interfacial charge-migration dynamics at surface contacts. We also focused on the built-in mechanism of the heterostructures comprises of photocatalyst (mainly TiO 2 , ZnO and WO 3) and graphene-based nanomaterials (pure graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (r-GO)) and their combination thereof for H 2 generation in aqueous system. Composite comprised of SC's/graphene could potentially be a promising green light in the future of solar energy-led photocatalysis, specifically aimed at energy production. • This article provides a comprehensive overview on SC's/G composites for H 2 production. • The charge carrier's mechanism was thoroughly discussed in different SC's/G hybrids. • Ternary SC's/G heterostructure performed well for H 2 evaluation. • Future research directions for SC's/G heterostructures are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments on methylamine (CH3NH2${\rm CH}_3{\rm NH}_2$) decomposition in shock tubes, flow reactors, and batch reactors have been re‐examined to improve the understanding of hydrocarbon/amine interactions and constrain rate constants for CHx${\rm CH}_{ x}$ + NHy${\rm NH}_{ y}$ reactions. In high‐temperature shock tube experiments, the rapid thermal dissociation of CH3NH2${\rm CH}_3{\rm NH}_2$ provides a fairly clean source of CH3${\rm CH}_3$ and NH2${\rm NH}_2$ radicals, allowing an assessment of reactions of CH3${\rm CH}_3$ with NH2${\rm NH}_2$ and NH. At the lower temperatures in batch and flow reactors, CH3NH2${\rm CH}_3{\rm NH}_2$ is mostly consumed by reaction with H to form CH2NH2${\rm CH}_2{\rm NH}_2$ + H2${\rm H}_2$; these results are useful in determining the fate of the CH2NH2${\rm CH}_2{\rm NH}_2$ radical. Interpretation of these data, along with flow reactor data for the CH3NH2${\rm CH}_3{\rm NH}_2$/H system at lower temperature, indicates that at temperatures up to about 1400 K at atmospheric pressure and above 2000 K at 100 atm, the CH3${\rm CH}_3$ + NH2${\rm NH}_2$ reaction forms mainly methylamine. At sufficiently high temperature, H‐abstraction to form CH4${\rm CH}_4$ + NH and addition–elimination to form CH2NH2${\rm CH}_2{\rm NH}_2$ + H become competitive. The CH3${\rm CH}_3$ + NH reaction, with a rate constant close to collision frequency, forms CH2NH${\rm CH}_2{\rm NH}$ + H, also leading into the hydrocarbon amine pool. Thus, methylamine can be expected to be an important intermediate in co‐combustion of natural gas and ammonia, and more work on the chemistry of CH3NH2${\rm CH}_3{\rm NH}_2$ is desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately predicting the deviation factor (Z-factor) of natural gas is crucial for the estimation of natural gas reserves, evaluation of gas reservoir recovery, and assessment of natural gas transport in pipelines. Traditional machine learning algorithms, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks (BiLSTM), often lack accuracy and robustness in various situations due to their inability to generalize across different gas components and temperature-pressure conditions. To address this limitation, we propose a novel and efficient machine learning framework for predicting natural gas Z-factor. Our approach first utilizes a signal decomposition algorithm like Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), Empirical Fourier Decomposition (EFD) and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) to decouple the Z-factor into multiple components. Subsequently, traditional machine learning algorithms is employed to predict each decomposed Z-factor component, where combination of SVM and VMD achieved the best performance. Decoupling the Z-factors firstly and then predicting the decoupled components can significantly improve prediction accuracy of all traditional machine learning algorithms. We thoroughly evaluate the impact of the decoupling method and the number of decomposed components on the model's performance. Compared to traditional machine learning models without decomposition, our framework achieves an average correlation coefficient exceeding 0.99 and an average mean absolute percentage error below 0.83% on 10 datasets with different natural gas components, high temperatures, and pressures. These results indicate that hybrid model effectively learns the patterns of Z-factor variations and can be applied to the prediction of natural gas Z-factors under various conditions. This study significantly advances methodologies for predicting natural gas properties, offering a unified and robust solution for precise estimations, thereby benefiting the natural gas industry in resource estimation and reservoir management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Injecting hydrogen into natural gas pipelines for direct use by end users is an economical and effective method to realize long-distance transportation of hydrogen. However, the density of hydrogen is much lower than natural gas, and it tends to accumulate at the top of the pipeline, resulting in significant different flow characteristics of pure natural gas. Therefore, mixing hydrogen into natural gas pipelines will affect the accuracy of calorific value and flow rate measurement in the existing natural gas metering system. This article studies the flow characteristics of injecting hydrogen into natural gas using a T-shaped pipe and its impact on energy measurement through CFD numerical simulation. The results show that the energy metering equipment should be installed where the gas reaches a uniform mixture and the radial section velocity is centrally symmetrical. Injecting hydrogen with a lower position, and smaller main stream velocity will shorten the distance between the metering pipeline section and the mixing point, but a distance of at least 100 times the pipe diameter is still required. Thus, a mixing process combining a static mixer and flow straightener is proposed, which reduces this distance to within 40 times the pipe diameters. [Display omitted] • Composition and velocity changes in natural gas pipelines after hydrogen injection. • Define coefficient of variation velocity to quantify velocity central symmetry. • Static mixers have negative impact on HBNG flow measurement. • A high-efficient combined structure reduces the mixing distance from 100D to 40D. • Improve the existing measurement process to enable measurement of HBNG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary concerns with fuel combustion in internal combustion engines is the significant quantity of energy that is dissipated as waste heat, which leads to thermal pollution and reduced engine efficiency. To address this issue, a new integrated system incorporating a natural gas fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine for different hydrogen fractions (0%–20%) in fuel blends and its exhaust heat is recovered to drive the NH 3 –H 2 O based absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC) and process heat exchanger has been developed, which encompasses the generation of electricity, heating, and cooling. A comprehensive energy-exergy model was built and the impact of some key operating variables on the performance of combined system are investigated. Simulation of the proposed system was performed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software and REFPROP toolbox library data. The energy and exergy efficiencies of HCCI engine resulted in an increase from 45.26% to 55.45% and from 41.15% to 46.14%, whereas the combined system efficiencies were increased by 15.90% and 10.13% when hydrogen addition is promoted from 0% to 20%. Utilization of 10% hydrogen resulted in energy efficiency of 49.57% for electrical, 11.89% for cooling, and 4.51% for heating. Illustration of exergy flow diagram identified HCCI engine (118.29 kW, 32.11%) as the most fuel exergy destructive component, followed by ARC cycle (30.86 kW, 8.37%), catalytic converter (27.24 kW, 7.39%) and process heat exchanger (11.103 kW, 3.01%). Impressive exergetic results from the system include a power exergy of 158.91 kW (43.14%), heating exergy 10.697 kW (2.90%), and cooling exergy 3.92 kW (1.06%). • H 2 enriched natural gas fueled HCCI engine based trigeneration system was developed. • HCCI engine's exhaust waste heat was harnessed through the ARC cycle and PHE. • A single effect NH 3 –H 2 O absorption chiller was employed for cold production. • Energy and exergy-based assessment was carried out to analyze the proposed system. • HCCI engine (32.11%) were identified as the primary exergy destructive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the genome sequence of a strain of Methylomonas sp. AM2-LC, a methanotrophic bacterial species found in a Finnish lake. Methanotrophic bacteria are important for reducing methane emissions and have potential for biotechnological applications. The genome sequence can be used for comparative analysis and understanding the metabolic capabilities of methanotrophs. The article also discusses the isolation and DNA extraction process, as well as bioinformatic services provided by a sequencing facility. The document is a list of references related to methanotrophic bacteria, providing a comprehensive overview of current research in the field. It includes references to three scientific articles that cover microbial variant detection, methane-dependent mineral reduction, and the discovery of a new type of methanotroph. These articles are valuable resources for library patrons conducting research in microbiology. [Extracted from the article]

Most C–H bond activations of natural gas alkanes rely on transition metal complexes. Activations by using main-group systems have been reported but required heating or photo-irradiation under high atmospheric pressure with rather low regioselectivity. Here we report that Lewis acid-carbene adducts facilely undergo oxidative additions to C–H bonds of ethane, propane and n-butane with high selectivity under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The Lewis acids can be moved by the addition of a base and the carbene-derived products can be easily converted into aldehydes. This work offers a route for main-group element compounds to selectively functionalise C–H bonds of natural gas alkanes and other small molecules. Activation of natural gas alkanes using main-group systems typically requires heating or photo-irradiation under high atmospheric pressure with low regioselectivity. Here the authors report Lewis acid-carbene adduct activation of C–H bonds in ethane, propane and n-butane under one atmospheric pressure and at room temperature with high selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the process of purifying natural gas, natural gas dehydration plants use triethylene glycol (TEG) as a solvent for absorption. However, the loss of TEGs in the form of droplets can pollute pipelines and create a technological challenge. Using the geometric optical approximation (GOA) method, a model was developed to predict the scattering of droplets at high pressure. Based on this model, a device was designed and constructed to inspect droplets in external pipelines and distillation column tailgate lines online, which are the outlets of the natural gas dehydration unit (TEG absorber tower) of four columns in stable production. This device analyzes the components of the sampled droplets and performs online inspection to ensure smooth and safe operation. The results of the experiment indicate that the TEG content in the droplet samples exceeded 80%, which helped identify the source of the loss. The amount of treatment directly affected the concentration and distribution features of the entrained droplets, whereas the impact of the gas-phase pressure change was negligible. This study investigated three different forms of filtration separation, which provided industrial data for the separation and recovery process of entrained droplets. This study provides a new testing tool and method to examine plate towers under high pressure and provides a theoretical reference for dewatering procedures in natural gas purification plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to changes in urban residents' consumption habits and lifestyles, accurately predicting natural gas consumption has become increasingly important. To address this issue, this paper proposes a forecasting model that combines Ensemble Learning (EL), Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), Transformer, and LSTM. First, XGBoost, CatBoost, and LightGBM are used as base learners in the ensemble learning framework, with the predictions generated by the ensemble model integrated into the original dataset. Next, the VMD method is employed to decompose the natural gas load sequence into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), effectively extracting the inherent features of the natural gas load sequence. Finally, the data is input into the Transformer-ResLSTM network for prediction. This network replaces the original Transformer decoder structure with an LSTM network and fully connected layers, creating a new decoder structure. Additionally, a residual connection mechanism is introduced in both the encoder of the Transformer network and the new decoder structure. Experimental results show that, compared to traditional models such as ARIMA, Transformer, GRU, and LSTM, the proposed hybrid model significantly improves prediction accuracy, reducing MSE by 92–98% and MAE by 74–83%. In summary, this method demonstrates significant potential and practical value in enhancing the accuracy of natural gas load forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between consumer sentiment (CONS), inflation expectations (INEX) and international energy prices, drawing on principles from behavioral. We focus on Brent crude oil price and Henry Hub natural gas prices as key indicators of energy market dynamics. Based on the monthly data from January 2003 to March 2023, three wavelet methods are applied to examine the time-frequency linkage, while the nonlinear distributed lag model (NARDL) is used to verify the asymmetric impact of two factors on energy prices. The results highlight a substantial connection between consumer sentiment, inflation expectations and international energy prices, with the former in the short term and the latter in the medium to long term. Especially, these correlations are particularly pronounced during the financial crisis and global health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 epidemic. Furthermore, we detect short-term asymmetric effects of consumer sentiment and inflation expectations on Brent crude oil price, with the negative shocks dominating. The positive effects of these factors on oil prices contribute to observed long-term asymmetry. In contrast, inflation expectations have short-term and long-run asymmetric effects on natural gas price, and both are dominated by reverse shocks, while the impact of consumer sentiment on natural gas prices appears to be less asymmetric. This study could enrich current theories on the interaction between the international energy market and serve as a supplement to current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the implemented marine gas hydrate test exploitation in the world adopt the depressurization method to break down the hydrate in the reservoir into natural gas and then extract it, but because the gas production results are still a certain distance away from the commercial exploitation, and it mainly stays in the stage of theoretical research and trial exploitation. Based on two trial productions in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea, this study established a model for hydrate exploitation and investigated the impact of different well types on the recovery rates of hydrates and free gas in different development layers during depressurization. For the Class 1 hydrate reservoirs, horizontal wells are the optimal solution to extract hydrate and free gas simultaneously when exploiting the hydrate three-phase layer. Meanwhile, the effect of different well spacing in vertical wells on the recovery rate of hydrate and free gas was studied. It is found that the best recovery efficiency is achieved when the spacing between two wells is 80 m. The lower the bottom flow pressure of the well, the higher the production capacity, but its influence is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the comprehensive analysis of four conventional mixed refrigerant liquefaction processes, namely C3MR-Linde, C3MR-APCI, SMR-Linde, and SMR-APCI, emphasizing energy and exergy perspectives. According to the energy analysis, C3MR-Linde demonstrates a lower energy consumption than the other systems, at 0.271 kWh kg−1 liquefied natural gas, while SMR-Air Products achieves the highest coefficient of performance (COP) at 2.67 kWh kg−1. The exergy analysis provides insights into the exergy efficiency and destruction of components, highlighting the C3MR-Linde process as the most exergy-efficient process, attaining 47.55%. Notably, compressors are identified as the primary sources of exergy destruction, accounting for 52.11%, 52.51%, and 45.39% of the overall cycle exergy destruction in the C3MR-APCI, C3MR-Linde, and SMR-APCI cycles, respectively. Furthermore, this study investigates how certain operational factors affect the COP, specific energy consumption (SEC), and exergy indices. It is observed that each cycle exhibits an optimal pressure drop in the expansion valves, with deviations resulting in a decreased COP and increased SEC. Additionally, changes in the refrigerant molar flow rates demonstrate an inverse relationship between the exergy efficiency and COP, with the SEC being notably more sensitive to such variations than the COP within the studied parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro gas turbines (mGT) have not yet succeeded in conquering the small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) market. One reason is that their electrical efficiency is not high enough to maintain a cost-effective operation. A two-shaft intercooled mGT has the potential to meet the current market demand. This technology maintains a high electrical efficiency even at part-load and coupled with its fuel-flexible combustion chamber, it is an ideal candidate for CHP concepts in a renewable future. In this paper, performance analysis on two-spool mGT is carried out with various fuel blends. Attention is given to the low-pressure and high-pressure compressors and the variation of surge margin by adding hydrogen and syngas. Two control strategies for the mGT are adopted. In the first scenario, the two shafts have equal rotational speeds while in the second, the speeds are controlled independently. As the engine is operated at equal speeds, the maximum performance with 100 vol. % of syngas is observed at 85% of the nominal load while 100 vol. % of hydrogen shows maximum efficiency at a load of 63.7%. At electric power lower than 60% and for high amounts of syngas in natural gas, the low-pressure compressor (LPC) operates closely to surge line. In the second scenario, the efficiency increases as the load decreases and the LPC runs in an efficient and safe operating region. Additionally, the amount of nitrogen in syngas affects the part-load performance of the two-spool mGT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ghana, new oil and gas discoveries at a time of global decarbonization and energy transition have put into question the viability of the country's hydrocarbon reserves and their promises of prosperity and development. As the country anticipates stranded assets, a discourse of carbon justice has emerged around new oil and gas extraction that emphasizes differentiated responsibilities for carbon emissions and colonial legacies of energy underdevelopment. In this paper, I explore the assemblage of what I call the "moral frontiers" of the energy transition through the case of natural gas expansion. I focus on the Atuabo gas processing plant in Ghana's Western region, built in 2016 during an acute energy crisis to provide indigenous gas from the oilfields to the grid. Amidst growing opposition to and declining investment in oil, natural gas at Atuabo is presented as a "bridging fuel" that reconciles, physically and ethically, the contradictions of global decarbonization imperatives with local demands for industrialization, energy access, security and sovereignty. Through the materiality of gas infrastructure at Atuabo – including the land acquisition process, the take-or-pay contracts of its IPPs, the operations of the plant and its applications, and the contested environmental impact of the plant – I argue that gas' liminality as a transition or bridge fuel reshapes the moral and political possibilities of fossil fuels in a global but unequal energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine carbonates in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin have significant exploration potential. Research has focused on their thermal history and hydrocarbon accumulation stages, as these are essential for guiding the exploration and development of hydrocarbons. In this paper, we study the thermal evolution history of the carbonate reservoirs of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the east-central Ordos Basin. Furthermore, petrographic and homogenization temperature studies of fluid inclusions were carried out to further reveal the hydrocarbon accumulation stages. The results demonstrate that the degree of thermal evolution of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs is predominantly influenced by the deep thermal structure, exhibiting a trend of high to low values from south to north in the central region of the basin. The Fuxian area is located in the center of the Early Cretaceous thermal anomalies, with the maturity degree of the organic matter ranging from 1 to 3.2%, with a maximum value of 3.2%. The present geothermal gradient of the Ordovician Formation exhibits the characteristics of east–high and west–low, with an average of 28.6 °C/km. The average paleo-geotemperature gradient is 54.2 °C/km, the paleoheat flux is 55 mW/m2, and the maximum paleo-geotemperature reaches up to 270 °C. The thermal history recovery indicates that the Ordovician in the central part of the basin underwent three thermal evolution stages: (i) a slow warming stage before the Late Permian; (ii) a rapid warming stage from the end of the Late Permian to the end of the Early Cretaceous; (iii) a cooling stage after the Early Cretaceous, with the hydrocarbon production of hydrocarbon source rocks weakening. In the central part of the basin, the carbonate rock strata of the Majiagou Formation mainly developed asphalt inclusions, natural gas inclusions, and aqueous inclusions. The fluid inclusions can be classified into two stages. The early-stage fluid inclusions are mainly present in dissolution holes. The homogenization temperature is 110–130 °C; this coincides with the hydrocarbon charging period of 210–165 Ma, which corresponds to the end of the Triassic to the end of the Middle Jurassic. The late-stage fluid inclusions are in the dolomite vein or late calcite that filled the gypsum-model pores. The homogenization temperature is 160–170 °C; this coincides with the hydrocarbon charging period of 123–97 Ma, which corresponds to the late Early Cretaceous. Both hydrocarbon charging periods are in the rapid stratigraphic warming stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach for achieving efficient and clean combustion in a diesel–natural gas (NG) heavy-duty engine at low loads was studied by computational fluid dynamics simulation. This study proposed the concentration and temperature-stratified combustion technology and clarified its mechanism. The results revealed that different stratified combustions can be organized by controlling the pressures, timings, and durations of diesel and NG injections, and stratified combustion can be classified into moderate, lean, and rich stratified combustion modes. Efficient and clean combustion can be realized simultaneously at low engine loads: the gross indicated thermal efficiency (ITEg) of engine breakthrough was improved to 47.9%, and the indicated-specific emissions of unburned hydrocarbon (ISUHC) were greatly reduced to 1.6 g/kWh, while the indicated-specific emissions of nitrogen oxide (ISNOx) remained at 0.6 g/kWh. Moreover, the detailed analysis of three typical stratified combustion modes demonstrates that coupling control of the concentration and temperature of the charge is the key to obtaining excellent engine performance. Most of the NG-stratified mixture should burn in the react ratio range of 0.4 to 0.8 for low unburned hydrocarbon emissions, low nitrogen oxides emissions, and rapid combustion. The proper temperature stratification should ensure that a high-temperature charge is around the over-lean NG mixture. This study can provide the fundamentals of stratified combustion control and feasible solutions for commercial applications of NG engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shipping is a highly energy-intensive sector, and fleet decarbonization initiatives can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the short-to-medium term, internal combustion engines will continue to be used for propulsion or as electricity generators onboard ships. Natural gas is an effective solution which can be used to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the marine sector. Considered to be a transitional fuel, it can provide a potential reduction in CO2 emissions of around 20–30%, compared with conventional marine fuels. This work investigated the influence of diesel-injection strategies on the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder prototype compression-ignition engine for marine applications, retrofitted to run as a Low-Pressure Dual-Fuel Engine using natural gas. Two different injection systems were used: a mass flow controller enabling continuous-mode gas feeding, and a Solenoid-Operated Gas Admission Valve for marine applications, the latter allowing phased natural-gas injection. Experimental tests were focused on partial-load conditions, which are critical for dual-fuel engines, with a natural gas/diesel mass ratio of 4:1. Phased injection resulted in reductions in fuel consumption, compared to continuous mode, of up to 11%. Further experiments demonstrated reductions in fuel consumption of up to 20.7% (in equivalent diesel); on the other hand, the unburned hydrocarbon emissions which resulted were an order of magnitude larger than the reference values for full diesel, reducing the benefits in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, with a reduction in Global Warming Potential of only 3% compared to full diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple types of reservoirs, including volatile oil reservoirs, condensate gas reservoirs, and dry gas reservoirs, have been discovered in ultra-deep layers buried at depths greater than 7500 m. Understanding the genetic types of natural gas is of utmost importance in evaluating oil and gas exploration potential. The cumulative proved reserves of the super deep layer in the Shuntuoguole low uplift area of the Tarim Basin exceed 1 × 108 t (oil equivalent). The origin, source, and accumulation characteristics of natural gas still remain a subject of controversy. By analyzing the composition and carbon isotope of natural gas, a detailed investigation was conducted to examine the unique geochemical and reservoir formation characteristics of the Ordovician ultra-deep natural gas within different fault zones in the middle region of the Shuntuoguole low uplift. It was determined that most of the natural gas in this area is displaying a characteristic of wet gas with a drying coefficient ranging from 0.41 to 0.99. The carbon isotope composition of methane in the gas reservoir shows relatively light values, ranging from −49.4‰ to −42‰. The carbon and hydrogen isotopes of the components are distributed in a positive order. The natural gas is oil type gas, which is derived from marine sapropelic organic matter and has a good correspondence with the lower Yuertusi formation. The maturity of natural gas in Shunbei No. 1 and No. 5 fault zones is about 1.0%, which is the associated gas of normal crude oil, while the maturity of No. 4 and No. 8 fault zones is higher than 1.0%, which is the mixture of kerogen pyrolysis gas and crude oil pyrolysis gas. The variations in the drying coefficient and carbon isotope composition of the natural gas provide evidence for the migration patterns within the Shuntuoguole low uplift central region. It indicates that the Shunbei No. 5 and No. 8 fault zones have likely migrated from south to north, while the No. 4 fault zone has migrated from the middle to both the north and south sides. These migration patterns are primarily controlled by high and steep strike-slip faults, which facilitate the vertical migration of natural gas along fault planes. Consequently, the gas accumulates in fractured and vuggy reservoirs within the Ordovician formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tight reservoir development, traditional enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are incapable of effectively improving oil recovery in tight reservoirs. Given this, inter-fracture flooding is proposed as a new EOR method, and physical model simulation and numerical simulation are performed for inter-fracture water flooding. Compared with inter-fracture water flooding, inter-fracture gas flooding has a higher application prospect. However, few studies on inter-fracture gas flooding have been reported, and its EOR mechanisms and performance are unclear. This paper used the geological model of the actual tight reservoir to carry out numerical simulations for two horizontal wells in the Changqing Yuan 284 block. The results showed that (1) inter-fracture gas flooding can effectively supplement formation energy and increase formation pressure; (2) inter-fracture gas flooding delivers simultaneous displacement, which can effectively increase the swept area in tight reservoirs; (3) injected CO2 dissolves into the reservoir fluid, reduces fluid viscosity, and improves fluid flow through the reservoir; and (4) the recovery factor increment of the CO2 injection is higher than those of natural gas injection and N2 injection. The findings of this research provide references for the production and development of tight reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fully premixed combustion in small gas boilers can improve denitrification efficiency. On the basis of fully premixed combustion, adding flame stabilizers inside the boiler can further reduce production of oxides of nitrogen. Four types of flame-stabilizing baffles were added at a certain position inside the furnace after the fully premixed burner. Experiments were conducted separately on the Noporous baffle, and numerical calculations were performed for 36 operating conditions of the four baffles. The experimental results and numerical calculations indicate that under experimental conditions, NOx emissions were all below 40 mg/m3, and the net heat efficiency of the boiler was above 80%. Under a maximum firing rate, CO emissions are below 20 ppm, and the minimum error between the calculated and experimental values is 2.2%. The calculation error of CO emissions under various working conditions does not exceed 6.8%, indicating that the impact of different-shaped baffles on CO emissions is relatively small. When installing a Nonporous baffle, the error between the experimental and calculated exhaust temperature values under minimum firing rates is 6.6%, the error between the calculated and measured values under middle firing conditions is 2.9%, and the error between the calculated and measured values under maximum firing rate conditions is 3.0%. Among the four different partition conditions, the exhaust temperature of the Nonporous baffle is the lowest. Under the same excess air coefficient, the pressure in the furnace for the middle and maximum firing rate is higher than that of the minimum firing rate, and the experimental values are in good agreement with the calculated values. When installing the Strip baffle, the calculated CO2 emission is the lowest. The experimental results show that the NOx in the flue gas inside the furnace is mainly NO, and the NO content exceeds 75%, reaching a maximum of 85%. The experimental results show that the minimum NOx emission value is 26.9 mg/m3. The error between the measured and calculated NOx values when installing a Nonporous baffle is 20.4%. All of the above indicate that installing a flame-stabilizing baffle at an appropriate position in the furnace can further reduce NOx emissions, and the optimization amplitude is related to the shape of the baffle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating production storage and offloading unit (FPSO) is an offshore vessel, producing, storing natural gas or crude oil, prior to oil shuttle tanker transport. The equivalent of natural gas is known as floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG). Robust prediction of the extreme mooring hawser tensions, during FPSO operations, is an important design and engineering reliability and safety concern. Excessive mooring hawser tensions may occur during certain types of offloading operations, posing potential operational risks. In this study, ANSYS-AQWA-software package has been used to model vessel dynamics, subjected to hydrodynamic wave loads, acting on FPSO or liquefied natural gas (LNG) vessel, under actual in situ environmental conditions. Experimental validation of the numerical results has been briefly discussed as well. This study presents novel multi-dimensional reliability method, based on Monte Carlo simulations (or alternatively on measurements). Proposed methodology provides accurate failure or damage risks assessment, utilizing available underlying dataset efficiently. Described approach may be well utilized at the vessel design stage, while selecting optimal vessel's parameters, minimizing potential FPSO mooring hawser tensions. The aim of this study was to benchmark state of the art Gaidai reliability method, proposed recently; this novel methodology opens up the possibility to predict simply and efficiently failure or damage risks for non-linear multi-dimensional dynamic offshore energy system as a whole. Key advantage of the suggested methodology is its multi-dimensionality (with unlimited number of system dimensions/components/processes, all having different physical dimensions), while classic reliability methods typically are not covering dimensions higher than two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfilled solid waste polymers were converted into high octane green fuels and hydrocarbons by a catalytic depolymerization process. Experiments were conducted in a batch catalytic reactor pressurized with methane as a co-feed. Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology was used for process optimization and parametric study. The operating conditions that maximize the liquids aromatic hydrocarbons were found using response optimizer tool. The reaction temperature and polymer to catalyst ratio (PCR) were found to have significant effects on the responses and methane pressure was not significant for yields of solids, liquids and gaseous products. However, pressurized methane facilitated dehydrocyclization reactions resulting in increased monoaromatic hydrocarbons in the final liquid products. Experiments conducted with methane feed at optimized reaction conditions resulted in 89% aromatic hydrocarbons, 8% paraffins and about 3% other hydrocarbons in liquid products. Aromatic products included benzene (6.5%), toluene (25%), xylenes (27%), ethylbenzene (4.5%), other monoaromatics (22%) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (4%). Gaseous products contained propylene (47%) and hydrogen (23.9%). The utilization of waste polymers as feedstock materials, flare gas (methane) as a co-feed, and zeolite catalysts makes this batch zeolitic slurry process greener, resulting in green hydrocarbons and green fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mismatch between the rate of the new energy development and the system's peak-shaving capacity has resulted in severe wind abandonment. Based on the grid connection of wind power and natural gas peak-shaving, a model of unit commitment considering wind power consumption and natural gas peak-shaving and taking into account a combination of system economics and wind power consumption capability is designed. Natural gas peak-shaving is added to improve the system's peak-shaving capacity, and a wind abandonment penalty constraint is added to reduce the amount of wind abandoned by the system, and the model is solved by an improved genetic algorithm. Finally, to verify how wind power and natural gas peak-shaving impact unit commitment, the IEEE-30 node system is used. The results show that natural gas peak-shaving reduces system operating costs and improves the safety of the system. This model ensures the economics of system operation while positively promoting wind power consumption effectively and reasonably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A high cooling capacity Stirling cryocooler is developed to liquefy boil-off gas. • The relative Carnot efficiency of the cryocooler reaches 33.28% at 77 K. • The cryocooler is installed in the skid-mounted BOG liquefaction system. • The system produces 27.3 L/h LNG and shows a great application potential. Natural gas is a cost-effective energy supply for the development of low-carbon economy and environmental protection worldwide. Despite the environmentally friendly properties of natural gas, methane is a potent greenhouse gas. Therefore, efficiently recovering the boil-off methane gas (BOG) generated from liquefied natural gas (LNG) devices is becoming a pressing problem involving both the economy and the environment. The Stirling cryocooler is a promising technology in dealing with BOG. This technology has superior characteristics, including large cooling capacity, high efficiency, compact configuration, and flexible operating characteristics. In the study, a high cooling capacity Stirling cryocooler was developed. The influences of the regenerator on the cryocooler were studied. The refrigeration performance and the operating characteristics were systematically analyzed. A cooling power of 1050 W at 77 K with a relative Carnot efficiency of 33.28 % was achieved. Accordingly, the cryocooler outperforms the reported Stirling-type cryocoolers in terms of overall performance. A BOG liquefaction system based on the cryocooler was installed in an LNG refueling station. On-site test results demonstrated that the system can produce 27.3 L/h LNG with a power consumption of 14.5 kW. The present research lays a good foundation for future optimizations and applications of the cryocooler in liquefying BOG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on what kind of shortcomings Azerbaijan has in becoming the main energy supplier of the EU. The objective of this study is to analyse disadvantages of Azerbaijan via a mixed methodology which is based on discourses, data of Eurostat and description of political and geographical shortcomings of the country. Azerbaijan has both some advantages and disadvantages. The policy of neighbourhood relations is implemented between Azerbaijan and the EU. Azerbaijan is a country with which the EU has friendly relations in the Caucasus region. By analysing Azerbaijan's capacity, its importance and position for the EU can be emphasised. Data published by Eurostat are used in this study. According to these data, it can be stated that Russia is no longer a major supplier to the EU. The asymmetric interdependence between the EU and Russia in energy field has weakened as a result of the recent steps taken by European politicians. The USA, Qatar, Norway and the United Kingdom are among the new supplier countries. What role can Azerbaijan play in satisfying the EU's energy needs? In this article, I argue that Azerbaijan can be an important supplier to the EU, but it cannot become the main energy supplier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the mechanical properties of reinforced concrete flexural and axial-tension members at low temperatures ranging from 273.15 to 108.15 K based on experimental and theoretical analyses. Special test chambers were used to separately apply mechanical forces and low temperatures to the test members. The steel strain caused by the mechanical and thermal restraint forces was obtained using the self-compensation test method. The effects of low temperatures on the tensile and flexural stiffness behaviors of reinforced concrete beams, as well as the internal forces generated because of the different linear expansion coefficients of concrete and steel at low temperatures, were analyzed. Analytical models were developed to predict the restraint stress corresponding to different temperatures. The accuracy of the analytical models was verified using the test results. The results show that the deformation stiffness of both flexural and axial-tension members increases linearly with decreasing temperature. The difference between the thermal deformation of concrete and steel bars becomes more considerable as the temperature decreases, resulting in nonnegligible restraint stress in the steel bars. The study can provide a basis for the design of structures in service at low and ultralow temperatures, such as liquefied natural gas storage tank structures. Practical Applications: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is primarily composed of methane. After extraction from gas fields, it goes through a purification process; thereafter, it is subjected to a series of ultralow-temperature liquefaction steps and transported through specialized LNG carriers. LNG has extensive applications in various aspects of daily life, including energy supply, transportation, industrial use, and power generation. Compared with traditional fuels, LNG offers higher efficiency and environmental benefits. Nonetheless, optimizing the design of LNG storage facilities presents several technical challenges. Presently, reinforced concrete is the predominant material used in the construction of LNG storage facilities. To fully exploit the advantages of concrete structures in ultralow-temperature environments and reduce construction costs, comprehensive studies on the performance of concrete under such extreme conditions are crucial. This study is of immense scientific value and offers promising prospects for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of new natural gas resources in the Eastern Mediterranean fueled the tension in the region and led to a highly complicated crisis involving multiple actors. This study adopts a constructivist approach in analyzing the political economy of the Eastern Mediterranean energy crisis by relying on the role of identities and ideas in shaping economic decisions. The historical enmity between Turkey and Greece over Cyprus is at the heart of the crisis. Thus, the study focuses on the Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus triangle to reveal the impact of Turkey's image constructed by Greece and the Republic of Cyprus, on the political-economic aspect of the decisions of Greece and Greek Cypriots. To accomplish this objective, a two-stage content analysis was conducted by filtering the official statements of Greece and the RoC from their respective foreign ministries, utilizing the keyword "Eastern Mediterranean." By scrutinizing the official discourses and documents, the analysis aims to delve into the image of Turkey held by these actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tight sandstone reservoirs are significant sources of natural gas reserves. As traditional reserves become increasingly scarce and costly, optimizing the development of these reservoirs becomes crucial. This study introduces a novel two-phase gas–water flow model for single wells, incorporating both Darcy and non-Darcy flow equations. These equations are derived from mass conservation and momentum principles for both gas and water phases. Using data from a real tight gas well, our model, which includes stress-sensitive phases for gas and water, outperforms traditional Darcy flow models. Specifically, the average relative deviations in daily production rates were 0.1815% for gas and − 0.2677% for water, which are significantly smaller compared to traditional Darcy flow models. Further application of the non-Darcy flow model reveals strategies to enhance well performance. For example, mitigating liquid lock damage within a 2 m radius near the well could restore the permeability from 0.045 to 0.143 mD, thereby tripling the daily gas production. This non-Darcy flow model is easy to implement and shows significant potential in forecasting production yields in tight sandstone reservoirs, highlighting its importance in the petroleum and natural gas industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the staggered adoption of natural gas in China, we examine how energy substitution policy affects firm innovation. We find that firm innovation significantly increases following the passage of energy substitution policy. Moreover, the positive effect of energy substitution policy on firm innovation is more pronounced when firms are private, small-sized, located in low economic development regions. The channel test shows that firms adopting energy substitution policy can improve financial condition. Finally, we find that energy substitution policy has positive and significant effect on innovation productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The deep-processing utility of pure hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a significant direction in natural gas chemical industry. Herein, a brand-new strategy of H2S conversion by a,b-unsaturated carboxylate esters into thiols or thioethers using task-specific carboxylate ionic liquids (ILs) as catalyst has been developed, firstly accomplishing the phase separation of product and catalyst without introducing the third component. It can be considered as a cascade reaction in which the product selectivity can be controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of H2S to a,b-unsaturated carboxylate esters. Also, the effects of ILs with different anions and cations, intermittent feeding operations, as well as pressure time kinetic behaviors on cascade reaction were investigated. Furthermore, the proposed interaction mechanism of H2S conversion using butyl acrylate catalyzed by [Emim][Ac] was revealed by DFT-based theoretical calculation. The approach enables the selfhase separation promotion of catalyst and product and achieves 99% quantitative conversion under mild conditions in the absence of solvent, making the entire process ecologically benign. High-efficiency reaction activity can still be maintained after ten cycles of the catalyst. Therefore, the good results, combined with its simplicity of operation and the high recyclability of the catalyst, make this green method environmentally friendly and costeffective. It is anticipated that this self-separation method mediated by task-specific ILs will provide a feasible strategy for H2S utilization, which will guide its application on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity system and the industrial sector interrelate on the path to decarbonization. The study addresses the drivers and environmental pressure within the industrial sector on the National Electricity System (NES). This article aims to characterize the metabolic pattern of the NES and the industrial sector using the Multiscale Integrated Analysis of Social and Ecological Metabolism (MuSIASEM) from a bioeconomic perspective to identify fields of opportunity in the regulatory policy instruments. A set of extensive and intensive variables (2019) on energy, production factors, and emissions was used at different hierarchical levels based on both subsectors. Our results show that the NES used primary energy sources (PES) and secondary energy carriers to fulfill its functions, of which 72% were domestic sources and 28% were imported. México imported 79.5% of the natural gas (NG) for electricity generation. However, there are favorable conditions for renewable PES to increase the installed capacity of solar plants between 3 and 4 orders of magnitude and 2–3 in wind power from the current capacity. NES's energy consumption per hour of human time is 17,388 MJ/h, with 65% being the heat equivalent to a total energy input consumed of 2139 PJ/y. Public plants contributed 43.7% to the generation, and the independent and self-supply producers the rest. End uses needed the supply of 69.3% of electricity from baseload plants. Sixty-three percent of the metabolic pattern of the industrial sector is based on heat and fuel processes, which depend on NG imports. The NES is reorganizing and recovering its energy autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe creation, dissemination, and application of knowledge are crucial for achieving sustainable development and have been at the heart of international development efforts since World War II. In conventional international development cooperation, the Global North is portrayed as the provider of knowledge and material assistance, with the South often perceived as a more passive receiver. This approach perpetuates hierarchical knowledge-power relations, as what is considered the ‘best practices’ are usually based on experiences, ideologies, and ideals from the North. This paper critically examines the current role of Western development actors as providers of knowledge and policy, specifically in the formulation of good governance for natural gas resources in Tanzania. Following significant offshore natural gas discoveries between 2010–2015, Tanzania has garnered the attention of international energy companies, foreign donors, technical advisors, and consultants, all offering guidance and capacity-building expertise to ready the country for production. Drawing on interviews with key actors supported by secondary sources, this analysis depicts how hierarchical knowledge relations persist, but also highlights the contested and evolving nature of what constitutes good governance of natural gas resources. The paper underscores how context matters in petroleum resource governance and, more broadly, the necessity for contextualising knowledge in international development cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]