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Hydroxyapatite (HA) is frequently used in a variety of biomedical applications especially in orthopedics and dental because of its outstanding bioactivity and biocompatibility. On the other hand, HA lacks inherent antibacterial properties, shows poor mechanical strength, and infection issues are still one of the main causes of implant failure. Consequently, antibacterial HA may be a potential material for HA applications. For any potential uses of modified hydroxyapatite, such as in medicine or environmental protection, magnetite (Fe3O4) may be a crucial element because it has good mechanical properties and is preferred in biomedical systems. Moreover, Fe3O4 is biocompatible and basically nontoxic to humans. Therefore, the present study aims to find a novel approach that may improve the antibacterial activity of HA and HA-Fe3O4 nanocomposites and provide low toxicity to humans. The synthesized HA and HA -Fe3O4 nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and Zeta potential analyzer. Moreover, antibacterial activity tests confirmed that the utilization of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract as a reaction medium in HA and HA-Fe3O4 nanocomposites synthesis improved antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This research demonstrates the green synthesis of HA and HA-Fe3O4 nanocomposites using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract by hydrothermal method, opening the door for potential applications in biomedical fields.

Objective: There is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal antithrombotic therapy (ATT) after popliteal and infrapopliteal (PIP) endovascular therapy (EVT). Currently, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for 3 months and single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) are the most prescribed regimens in the Netherlands. Thus far, no randomized comparison has been performed on the optimal ATT approach. Therefore, this study compared the efficacy and safety of 3-month DAPT with SAPT following PIP EVT., Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a multicenter registry., Methods: The Dutch chronic lower limb-threatening ischemia registry (THRILLER) collected prospective data on patients enrolled between January 2021 and October 2023. As for ATT, only patients prescribed antiplatelet therapy (APT), were included in this analysis. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of 3-month major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs, ie, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular event, cardiovascular death), major adverse limb events (MALEs, ie, major amputation, reintervention), and non-cardiovascular death. Secondary efficacy outcomes were 3-month MACE, MALE, and all-cause mortality. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding according to the 'Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction' (TIMI) classification. Descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazard models were applied., Results: In total, 460 of 840 THRILLER patients used DAPT or SAPT as ATT and were therefore included in the analysis. Of these, 322 (70%) received DAPT and 138 (30%) received SAPT. In total, 73 (15.9%) primary efficacy outcomes were observed of which 21 (15.2%) events in the SAPT group and 52 (16.1%) events in the DAPT group. No significant differences were observed between SAPT and DAPT for the primary efficacy outcomes or any of the secondary efficacy outcomes. In both groups, one case of major bleeding was observed., Conclusion: The findings suggest that 3 months of DAPT is not superior to SAPT. A well-powered randomized trial is warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of post-procedural DAPT in chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) patients undergoing PIP EVT., Clinical Impact: This manuscript reports on the efficacy and safety outcomes of 3 months of DAPT versus SAPT, which are commonly chosen therapies following popliteal and infrapopliteal endovascular therapy. No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding major adverse cardiovascular events, all-cause death, major amputation, or major bleeding. Therefore, 3 months of DAPT does not seem superior to SAPT. These results suggest that SAPT appears to be a sufficient alternative when considering 3 months of DAPT. Further research should verify these outcomes and focus on the efficacy and safety of prolonged DAPT suppletion after endovascular therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ribosomes scanning from the mRNA 5' cap to the start codon may initiate at upstream open reading frames (uORFs), decreasing protein biosynthesis. Termination at a uORF can lead to re-initiation, where 40S subunits resume scanning and initiate another translation event downstream. The noncanonical translation factors MCTS1-DENR participate in re-initiation at specific uORFs, but knowledge of other trans-acting factors or uORF features influencing re-initiation is limited. Here, we establish a cell-free re-initiation assay using HeLa lysates to address this question. Comparing in vivo and in vitro re-initiation on uORF-containing reporters, we validate MCTS1-DENR-dependent re-initiation in vitro. Using this system and ribosome profiling in cells, we found that knockdown of the MCTS1-DENR homolog eIF2D causes widespread gene deregulation unrelated to uORF translation, and thus distinct to MCTS1-DENR-dependent re-initiation regulation. Additionally, we identified MCTS2, encoded by an Mcts1 retrogene, as a DENR partner promoting re-initiation in vitro, providing a plausible explanation for clinical differences associated with DENR vs. MCTS1 mutations in humans., Competing Interests: Disclosure and competing interests statement. The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Mitochondria rely on coordinated expression of their own mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with that of the nuclear genome for their biogenesis. The bacterial ancestry of mitochondria has given rise to unique and idiosyncratic features of the mtDNA and its expression machinery that can be specific to different organisms. In animals, the mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery has acquired many new components and mechanisms over evolution. These include several new ribosomal proteins, new stop codons and ways to recognise them, and new mechanisms to deliver nascent proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Here we describe the mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery in mammals and its unique mechanisms of action elucidated to date and highlight the technologies poised to reveal the next generation of discoveries in mitochondrial translation., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)