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Objectives: To investigate the relationship between low kidney volume and subsequent estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline in eGFR category G2 (60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2) population. Methods: In this retrospective study, we evaluated 5531 individuals with eGFR category G2 who underwent medical checkups at our institution between November 2006 and October 2017. Exclusion criteria were absent for follow-up visit, missing data, prior renal surgery, current renal disease under treatment, large renal masses, and horseshoe kidney. We developed a 3D U-net-based automated system for renal volumetry on CT images. Participants were grouped by sex-specific kidney volume deviations set at mean minus one standard deviation. After 1:1 propensity score matching, we obtained 397 pairs of individuals in the low kidney volume (LKV) and control groups. The primary endpoint was progression of eGFR categories within 5 years, assessed using Cox regression analysis. Results: This study included 3220 individuals (mean age, 60.0 ± 9.7 years; men, n = 2209). The kidney volume was 404.6 ± 67.1 and 376.8 ± 68.0 cm3 in men and women, respectively. The low kidney volume (LKV) cutoff was 337.5 and 308.8 cm3 for men and women, respectively. LKV was a significant risk factor for the endpoint with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.64 (95% confidence interval: 1.09–2.45; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Low kidney volume may adversely affect subsequent eGFR maintenance; hence, the use of imaging metrics may help predict eGFR decline. Critical relevance statement: Low kidney volume is a significant predictor of reduced kidney function over time; thus, kidney volume measurements could aid in early identification of individuals at risk for declining kidney health. Key points: • This study explores how kidney volume affects subsequent kidney function maintenance. • Low kidney volume was associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate decreases. • Low kidney volume is a prognostic indicator of estimated glomerular filtration rate decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The rise of large language models such as generative pretrained transformers (GPTs) has sparked considerable interest in radiology, especially in interpreting radiologic reports and image findings. While existing research has focused on GPTs estimating diagnoses from radiologic descriptions, exploring alternative diagnostic information sources is also crucial. This study introduces the use of GPTs (GPT-3.5 Turbo and GPT-4) for information retrieval and summarization, searching relevant case reports via PubMed, and investigates their potential to aid diagnosis., Materials and Methods: From October 2021 to December 2023, we selected 115 cases from the "Case of the Week" series on the American Journal of Neuroradiology website. Their Description and Legend sections were presented to the GPTs for the 2 tasks. For the Direct Diagnosis task, the models provided 3 differential diagnoses that were considered correct if they matched the diagnosis in the diagnosis section. For the Case Report Search task, the models generated 2 keywords per case, creating PubMed search queries to extract up to 3 relevant reports. A response was considered correct if reports containing the disease name stated in the diagnosis section were extracted. The McNemar test was used to evaluate whether adding a Case Report Search to Direct Diagnosis improved overall accuracy., Results: In the Direct Diagnosis task, GPT-3.5 Turbo achieved a correct response rate of 26% (30/115 cases), whereas GPT-4 achieved 41% (47/115). For the Case Report Search task, GPT-3.5 Turbo scored 10% (11/115), and GPT-4 scored 7% (8/115). Correct responses totaled 32% (37/115) with 3 overlapping cases for GPT-3.5 Turbo, whereas GPT-4 had 43% (50/115) of correct responses with 5 overlapping cases. Adding Case Report Search improved GPT-3.5 Turbo's performance ( P  = .023) but not that of GPT-4 ( P  = .248)., Conclusions: The effectiveness of adding Case Report Search to GPT-3.5 Turbo was particularly pronounced, suggesting its potential as an alternative diagnostic approach to GPTs, particularly in scenarios where direct diagnoses from GPTs are not obtainable. Nevertheless, the overall performance of GPT models in both direct diagnosis and case report retrieval tasks remains not optimal, and users should be aware of their limitations., (© 2024 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.)

We herein report a case of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) with an unusual presentation of hyperdense blood vessels. A 53-year-old woman developed thunderclap headache. Brain computed tomography (CT) showed hyperdensity of the anterior cerebral artery. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed cerebral infarctions in the left anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory and cerebellum. The left ACA presented with a hyperintense vessel sign, although magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) appeared normal. One week later, stenotic changes were confirmed using MRA. The vasoconstriction disappeared on day 20, and the patient was diagnosed with RCVS. CT-defined hyperdense vessel signs can be observed at an early stage of RCVS, leading to ischemic events.

Radiotherapy is one of the definitive treatments for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, especially early-stage glottic squamous cell carcinoma. Although there are several studies on the initiation weekday of cancer treatment, there are very few studies in the radiotherapy field. Thus, the present study investigated whether the initiation weekday of radiotherapy affects the local control rate for stage 1 glottic squamous cell carcinoma. A total of 105 patients with stage 1 glottic squamous cell carcinoma underwent definitive radiotherapy alone between 2007 and 2021. The group in which radiotherapy was started between Monday and Wednesday was compared with the group in which radiotherapy was started on Thursday or Friday. Sixty-seven patients started radiotherapy between Monday and Wednesday and 38 on Thursday or Friday. The 5-year local control rate was 98% (95% confidence interval: 94-100%) in the Monday-Wednesday group and 83% (95% confidence interval: 71-96%) in the Thursday-Friday group, with a significant difference (P = 0.005). On multivariate analysis including age, overall administration time (days), fractionation, irradiation field size and initiation weekday of radiotherapy, no factors other than initiation weekday affecting local control were identified. Radiotherapy toxicity did not differ between the two groups. For stage 1 glottic squamous cell carcinoma, starting radiotherapy on Thursday or Friday is associated with a lower local control rate; therefore, radiotherapy should be started by Wednesday., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Radiation Research Society and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology.)

We herein report a novel de novo KCNH5 variant in a patient with refractory epileptic encephalopathy. The patient exhibited seizures at 1 year and 7 months old, which gradually worsened, leading to a bedridden status. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cerebral atrophy and cerebellar hypoplasia. A trio whole-exome sequence analysis identified a de novo heterozygous c.640A>C, p.Lys214Gln variant in KCNH5 that was predicted to be deleterious. Recent studies have linked KCNH5 to various epileptic encephalopathies, with many patients showing normal MRI findings. The present case expands the clinical spectrum of the disease, as it is characterized by severe neurological prognosis, cerebral atrophy, and cerebellar hypoplasia.

Meningiomas are the most common brain tumors, often in the form of extra-axial masses adhering to the dura mater. Although there are typical imaging findings, meningiomas have a wide variety of imaging findings, owing to their different histological subtypes. Thus, it can be difficult to differentiate meningiomas from other diseases that present with similar imaging findings. This section outlines mimickers for monitoring meningiomas that present with imaging findings similar to those of meningiomas. Diseases that form masses and require differentiation from meningiomas include schwannomas, solitary fibrous tumors, dural metastases, and histiocytosis. Diseases that primarily present as dural thickening and require differentiation from meningiomas include hypertrophic duralitis, fungal infections, and IG4-related diseases. Notably, in addition to the various pathologies that can mimic meningiomas, such as those listed above, there are also cases in which the diagnosis of meningioma is difficult because of additional modifications, such as metastasis or meningioma infarction.

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a serious complication of catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF). PVS generally occurs several months after CA and presents with non-specific symptoms and imaging findings. There have been reports of delayed diagnoses due to a misdiagnosis as infection, interstitial pneumonia, or organizing pneumonia. We introduced six cases of PVS after CA, all of which showed narrowing of the unilateral pulmonary vessels with or without lobar volume loss in the left lung on unenhanced computed tomography. We report these findings as important results indicating the possibility of PVS after CA for AF and contributing to the early diagnosis and management of PVS.