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Abstract Background Several preliminary studies have been conducted in the field of the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population. These studies have examined the prevalence in limited geographic areas with small sample sizes. Also, there are many limitations in the meta-analysis studies. The objective of the present study was to synthesize the global prevalence statistics of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods The present systematic review included retrieval of primary studies from the oldest relevant study up to 2023. To find the relevant studies, international databases such as Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS) were systematically searched. Also, a manual search was performed through the Google Scholar search engine and a review of the sources of related articles. The qualitative assessment of the studies was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Due to a high heterogeneity among the study results, a Random Effects model was chosen. Results A total of 42 articles on depression, 47 articles on anxiety and 13 articles on stress were included in the meta-analysis. The overall estimates for prevalence based on a random-effects model were as follows: depression, 19.2% (95% CI: 13.0 − 27.5%); anxiety, 16.5% (95% CI: 11.1 − 22.8%); and stress, 13.9% (95% CI: 5.5 − 30.9%). The highest prevalence of depression and anxiety was recorded in Africa. The prevalence of depression was higher in nursing homes, and stress was more prevalent in individuals with COVID-19 compared to other populations. Conclusion The findings revealed a high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare professionals and policymakers pay more attention to the prevention and management of these disorders in the elderly population.

Abstract Background Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is a precancerous lesion that increases the risk of gastric cancer. Several preliminary studies have examined the prevalence of GIM. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted aimed estimating the global prevalence of GIM. Methods The present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted based on the PRISMA reporting guidelines in the range of 1988–2022. Articles related to the purpose of the study were obtained from Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), MagIran, SID databases, and Google Scholar search engine using relevant and validated keywords in MeSH/Emtree. Inclusion criteria were observational articles, access to the full text of the article, and articles that reported prevalence. Heterogeneity among studies was examined using the I 2 index. The random effects model was used in this review due to the high heterogeneity between the results of the studies. Data were statistically analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Results In the initial search, 4946 studies were found, of which 20 articles with a sample size of 57,263 met all the criteria for inclusion in the study. The global prevalence of GIM was 17.5% (95% confidence interval: 14.6–20.8%). The highest percentage of prevalence of GIM belonged to American continent with 18.6% (95% confidence interval: 13.8–24.6%) and patients with gastroesophageal reflux with 22.9% (95% confidence interval: 9.9–44.6%). Conclusion The results of this study showed that the prevalence of GIM in the world is high and needs further investigation. Therefore, it is recommended to be given more attention by experts, officials, and health policymakers.

Abstract Background Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is recognized as the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age and the most common cause of infertility. Given the importance of the subject and the inconsistency of the results of the primary studies, the present study aimed at estimating the pooled effect of vitamin D on the hormonal profile of women with PCOS using systematic review and meta-analysis. Main body A systematic literature review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science (WoS), Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov databases, and Google Scholar motor engine using related Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Free Text words with no time limit to April 2022. Heterogeneity among studies was quantified using I 2 index. After eliminating duplicates and irrelevant studies, ultimately, 19 articles with a sample size of 450 in the intervention group and 450 in the control group were included in the meta-analysis. As a result of the combination of studies, mean the standardized difference (SMD) before and after the intervention was obtained 0.241 ± 0.098 for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 0.330 ± 0.092 for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), 0.707 ± 0.171 for testosterone, 0.614 ± 0.199 for luteinizing hormone (LH), 0.220 ± 0.119 for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 0.655 ± 0.505 for anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and 0.369 ± 0.109 for Free Androgen Index (FAI) in the intervention group compared to the control group. The results indicated that 8-week interventions had a greater positive effect than 12-week interventions. Conclusion The results of the current meta-analysis revealed a significant positive effect of vitamin D on the hormonal profile of women with PCOS, which should be considered by obstetricians and midwives.

Abstract Background Sexual dysfunction poses a significant challenge for patients with cardiac conditions. Concerning the prevalence of sexual disorders in cardiovascular patients, several seminal studies conducted in various regions of the world have provided diverse facts and figures pertaining to sexual dysfunction among cardiovascular patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze, summarize, and integrate the findings of seminal studies on the effect of underlying factors and estimate the global rate of sexual disorders in cardiovascular patients. Methods The present systematic review and meta-analysis included studies conducted in 2003–2023. To find the relevant published academic papers, SID, MagIran, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and Google Scholar databases were searched for keywords using MeSH/Emtree until January 14, 2023. The GRADEpro software was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. The heterogeneity of studies was checked using the I2 index. Results An initial number of 2122 studies were found in the first search. Following a precise screening process based on predefined inclusion criteria, a total of 17 studies were deemed suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The global prevalence of sexual disorders in cardiovascular patients was estimated at 62.6% (95% CI: 49.8–73.8%). As the results of the meta-regression showed that as the sample size increased, there was a significant decrease in the overall prevalence of sexual disorders among cardiovascular patients. Additionally, as the study years progressed, both age and JBI score exhibited an upward trend. Conclusion The present findings showed a high prevalence of sexual disorders among cardiovascular patients. Therefore, it is recommended that experts and health policymakers enhance their focus on effectively preventing and controlling these disorders. Besides the evidence achieved very low certainty, it is important for the treatment team to prioritize the sexual relations of cardiovascular patients and focus on improving their sexual function. This should be seen as an essential aspect of their overall recovery process.

Background: Anemia in older adults is a natural consequence of aging and its symptoms and side effects are mostly neglected, which leads to negative effects on the quality of life in older adults. This study is an attempt to determine the prevalence of anemia in older adults through a systematic and meta-analysis study. Materials and Methods: This meta-analysis and systematic review was carried out in a time period from 1989 to 2022. To find articles pertinent to the topic of the study, Google Scholar, SID, MagIran, WoS, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched using keywords validated in MeSh/Emtree. Heterogeneity of studies was examined using the I2 index. Results: The search yielded 14,999 articles and eventually, 44 articles with a total sample size of 127,978 participants met the inclusion criteria of the study. The prevalence of anemia in older adults was estimated equal to 24.6 % (CI = 95 %; 19.1–31.1 %). The highest prevalence of anemia in older adults was in Africa (45.5 %; CI = 95 %; 3.9–94.5 %) and older adults living in nursing homes (53.7 %; CI = 95 %; 27.9–77.9 %). There was no significant difference between women and men in terms of the prevalence of anemia (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicated that the prevalence of anemia in older adults was high mostly in Africa. This finding requires more attention from experts, officials, and health policy makers.