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Signal Temporal Logic (STL) offers a concise yet expressive framework for specifying and reasoning about spatio-temporal behaviors of robotic systems. Attractively, STL admits the notion of robustness, the degree to which an input signal satisfies or violates an STL specification, thus providing a nuanced evaluation of system performance. Notably, the differentiability of STL robustness enables direct integration to robotics workflows that rely on gradient-based optimization, such as trajectory optimization and deep learning. However, existing approaches to evaluating and differentiating STL robustness rely on recurrent computations, which become inefficient with longer sequences, limiting their use in time-sensitive applications. In this paper, we present STLCG++, a masking-based approach that parallelizes STL robustness evaluation and backpropagation across timesteps, achieving more than 1000x faster computation time than the recurrent approach. We also introduce a smoothing technique for differentiability through time interval bounds, expanding STL's applicability in gradient-based optimization tasks over spatial and temporal variables. Finally, we demonstrate STLCG++'s benefits through three robotics use cases and provide open-source Python libraries in JAX and PyTorch for seamless integration into modern robotics workflows., Comment: To be submitted to robotics journal for review