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Context: Neurohypophysis (NH) function in eating disorders (ED) remains poorly elucidated. Studies on vasopressin and oxytocin display inconclusive findings regarding their levels and associations with psychological complications in ED. The profile of opioid tone, a crucial NH activity regulator, is also unknown., Objective: To characterise the circadian profile of NH hormones and NH opioid tone using positron emission tomography/MRI (PET/MRI) imaging in patients with ED compared to healthy controls., Methods: Twelve-point plasma circadian profiles of copeptin and oxytocin, alongside nutritional and psychological scores, were assessed in age-matched female participants: 13 patients with anorexia nervosa restrictive-type (ANR), 12 patients recovered from AN (ANrec), 14 patients with bulimia nervosa and 12 controls. Neurohypophysis PET/MRI [ 11 C] diprenorphin binding potential (BP ND ) was evaluated in AN, ANrec and controls., Results: Results revealed lower copeptin circadian levels in both ANR and ANrec compared to controls, with no oxytocin differences. Bulimia nervosa exhibited elevated copeptin and low oxytocin levels. [ 11 C] diprenorphin pituitary binding was fully localised in NH. Anorexia nervosa restrictive-type displayed lower NH [ 11 C] diprenorphin BP ND (indicating higher opioid tone) and volume than controls. In ANR, copeptin inversely correlated with osmolarity. Neurohypophysis [ 11 C] diprenorphin BP ND did not correlated with copeptin or oxytocin., Conclusion: Copeptin demonstrated significant group differences, highlighting its potential diagnostic and prognostic value. Oxytocin levels exhibited conflicting results, questioning the reliability of peripheral blood assessment. Increased NH opioid tone in anorexia nervosa may influence the vasopressin or oxytocin release, suggesting potential therapeutic applications., (© 2024 The Author(s). European Eating Disorders Review published by Eating Disorders Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and athletes share intense physical activity and pituitary hormonal disturbances related to absolute (AN) or relative (athletes) undernutrition. Pituitary gland (PG) structure evaluations in those conditions are scarce, and did not differentiate anterior from posterior lobe. We evaluated the structure-function relationship of anterior and posterior PG in AN and athletes, and potential reversibility of this alteration in a group of weight-recovered patients (AN&#95;Rec). Manual delineation of anterior (AP) and posterior (PP) PG was performed on T1-weighted MR images in 17 women with AN, 15 women with AN&#95;Rec, 18 athletes women and 25 female controls. Anthropometric, hormonal, and psychometric parameters were explored and correlated with PG volumes. AP volume (APV) was lower in AN (448 ± 82 mm 3 ), AN&#95;Rec (505 ± 59 mm 3 ), and athletes (540 ± 101 mm 3 ) vs. Controls (615 ± 61 mm 3 , p < 0.00001, p < 0.00001 and p = 0.02, respectively); and smaller in AN vs. AN&#95;Rec (p = 0.007). PP volume did not show any differences between the groups. APV was positively correlated with weight (R = 0.36, p = 0.011) in AN, and luteinizing hormone (R = 0.35, p = 0.014) in total group. In AN, mean growth hormone (GH) was negatively correlated with global pituitary volume (R = 0.31, p = 0.031) and APV (R = 0.29, p = 0.037). Absolute and relative undernutrition led to a decreased anterior pituitary gland volume, which was reversible with weight gain, correlated with low bodyweight, and blockade of gonadal hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Intriguing inverse correlation between anterior pituitary gland volume and GH plasma level could suggests a low storage capacity of anterior pituitary gland and increased reactivity to low insulin-like growth factor type 1., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)