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The settling velocity (ws) in estuarine environments can impact whether a region is eroding or accreting sediment on the bed, yet determining this rate can be an indirect process requiring a number of assumptions. Accurate determination of ws is especially needed for numerical models to reproduce observed sediment concentrations at the appropriate timescale. We collected information on suspended sediment flocculation at a channel site (13 m deep) and a shallows site (4 m deep) within South San Francisco Estuary, alongside timeseries of flow, wave statistics, turbulent shear, and bottle samples analyzed for both ws and particle size. Using the measurements of floc size and settling velocity, we performed a sensitivity analysis on the unknown parameters in the general explicit formula for settling velocity. The collected particle size distribution data show that multiple classes of flocs are present; these are characterized as flocculi, microflocs, and macroflocs. We show that ws of flocculi is closest to ws for the full distribution. The determined parameter values lead to near‐bed mass‐weighted settling velocities (standard deviation) of 1.18 (0.55) and 0.22 (0.15) mm/s at the channel and shallows sites, respectively. Modeling efforts can use this work to help select an appropriate sediment model and parameter values. Plain Language Summary: Tides and waves pick up mud on the bottom of estuaries and transport it between the river and ocean or between the shallows and the deep channel. One important control on this transport of mud is how fast it settles out of the water column. Larger things typically settle faster, and as small particles stick together into larger aggregates, or "flocs", the flocs settle faster than the original small particles. We collected data in the channel and shallows of San Francisco Estuary, and compute settling velocity using a range of tuning parameters. We use the observations to narrow the values of these parameters, and we show how the choice of some parameter values can be more important than others in determining settling velocity. In locations where sediment flocculates, this work will help modelers select appropriate models and parameter values. Key Points: The parameters needed to compute settling velocity are constrained using settling column dataMultiple floc classes are common, suggesting a multiple class model is necessaryThe characteristic size of particles in San Francisco Estuary is smaller than the size commonly observed with camera setups [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The impacts of arena design and season on temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and air movement. • Environmental monitoring of livestock facilities has become a common practice to improve animal and human welfare. • There is limited information related to the environmental conditions found in equine indoor arenas. • Anecdotal information from facility operators has suggested concerns related to heat, humidity, and air flow. • What are the impacts of facility design on temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and air movement. Indoor arenas do not always include mechanical ventilation or stirring fans and occupancy by horses and humans can be sporadic and inconsistent, which creates a challenging space for understanding and predicting variations in temperature, moisture, and airflow. To understand the interior environment within indoor arenas, monitoring was conducted at 15 facilities within 200 kilometres of Lexington, KY. Environmental monitoring of dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, air speeds, and solar radiation took place over 7 days in the winter and summer to examine temporal variability. Environmental data was collected every 5 minutes using the HOBO RX3000 Remote Monitoring Station with the HOBOnet Temp/RH Sensor, HOBOnet Solar Radiation (Silicon Pyranometer) Sensor, and HOBOnet Ultrasonic Wind Speed and Direction Sensor. Clear seasonal differences and diurnal patterns were evident in all environmental conditions, but the relative humidity. The relative humidity and dew point temperatures indicated moisture could be an issue in many of the indoor arenas. High relative humidity and excess moisture can negatively impact horse and human health as well as the lifespan of the facility. Similar results to previous spatial variability indoor arena characterizations were observed during the environmental monitoring with air speeds being below the threshold for still air in livestock facilities (0.51 m s-1). Sensor technology and implementation provides a better understanding of the interior environment and how indoor arena design can impact it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflicts of interest: Edward L. Barnes has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Boomerang, Direct Biologics, and Target RWE. Millie D. Long has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Pfizer, Takeda, Lilly, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Target RWE, and Prometheus and has received research support from Pfizer, Takeda and Janssen. Hans H. Herfarth has served as a consultant for Alivio, AMAG, BMS, Boehringer, ExeGi Pharma, Finch, Gilead, Janssen, Lycera, Merck, Otsuka, Pfizer, PureTech, Seres and research support from Allakos, Artizan, NovoNordisk, Pfizer Sarah McGill receives research support from: Revivicor, EvoEndo, Exact Sciences, Guardant Health, Clinical Genomics, Finch Therapeutics and Freenome Holdings. Alicia Muratore has no relevant disclosures for this work.

Objectives: Absence seizures impair psychosocial function, yet their detailed neuronal basis remains unknown. Recent work in a rat model suggests that cortical arousal state changes prior to seizures and that single neurons show diverse firing patterns during seizures. Our aim was to extend these investigations to a mouse model with studies of neuronal activity and arousal state to facilitate future fundamental investigations of absence epilepsy., Methods: We performed in vivo extracellular single unit recordings on awake head-fixed C3H/HeJ mice. Mice were implanted with tripolar electrodes for cortical electroencephalography (EEG). Extracellular single unit recordings were obtained with glass micropipettes in the somatosensory barrel cortex, while animals ambulated freely on a running wheel. Signals were digitized and analyzed during seizures and at baseline., Results: Neuronal activity was recorded from 36 cortical neurons in 19 mice while EEG showed characteristic 7-8 Hz spike-wave discharges. Different single neurons showed distinct firing patterns during seizures, but the overall mean population neuronal firing rate during seizures was no different from pre-seizure baseline. However, the rhythmicity of neuronal firing during seizures was significantly increased (p < 0.001). In addition, beginning 10s prior to seizure initiation, we observed a progressive decrease in cortical high frequency (>40 Hz) EEG and an increase in lower frequency (1-39 Hz) activity suggesting decreased arousal state., Significance: We found that the awake head-fixed C3H/HeJ mouse model demonstrated rhythmic neuronal firing during seizures, and a decreased cortical arousal state prior to seizure onset. Unlike the rat model we did not observe an overall decrease in neuronal firing during seizures. Similarities and differences across species strengthen the ability to investigate fundamental key mechanisms. Future work in the mouse model will identify the molecular basis of neurons with different firing patterns, their role in seizure initiation and behavioral deficits, with ultimate translation to human absence epilepsy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: More than 95% of melanomas in Australia are caused by UV radiation from the sun. Young adults are particularly at risk, with 18-24-year-olds spending more time in the sun and protecting their skin less than older adults. A new mass media campaign was delivered in New South Wales, Australia, to motivate this hard-to-reach group to protect their skin from harmful UV radiation. This paper shares learnings from this campaign for public health educators working across diverse fields., Program: Guided by audience research and testing, the campaign combined fear-based and self-efficacy messaging. UV radiation was portrayed as arrows descending from the sky, transforming it into a visible and ever-present threat. High-reach channels such as cinema, outdoor advertising, online videos, audio apps and social media were used to reach the audience., Methods: The campaign was evaluated through an online tracking survey (n = 750, 18-24-year-olds) measuring prompted recognition, message take-out, key diagnostics, and self-reported sun protection intentions and behaviours., Results: The evaluation found that 57% of survey participants recognised the campaign when prompted. Among those that recognised the campaign, 76% said they had used sun protection when outdoors over the summer campaign period (vs 64% of non-recognisers, p < 0.05), and 45% said they had adopted at least three of the five sun protection behaviours (Slip, Slop, Slap, Seek and Slide) 'always' or 'often' (vs. 36% of non-recognisers, p < 0.05)., Lessons Learnt: A mass-media campaign that aimed to elicit emotional (fear) and cognitive (perceived efficacy) responses and which drew upon social and heuristic cues was associated with greater self-reported sun protection among the target audience. Delivering a combination of message strategies simultaneously within a campaign tailored to young adults may be more effective than adopting a more singular focus., Competing Interests: None declared.

Background: The potential for addressing healthcare inequalities in prescribed specialised services has historically been overlooked. There is evidence that prescribed specialised services can exacerbate inequalities even though they are often accessed at the end of complex pathways and by relatively small numbers of people. Leadership is required to facilitate a systematic approach to identifying and addressing inequalities in this area., Methods: A rapid literature review of articles from 2015 onwards and engagement with stakeholders was used to inform the development of a framework that both supports the identification of health inequalities within specialised services and provides recommendations for how to address them., Results: The framework aligns with existing national approaches in England to addressing health inequalities in other healthcare settings. It is prepopulated with features of services that may create inequalities and recommended ways of addressing them and can be readily adapted to suit population specific needs., Conclusion: The potential for addressing health inequalities should be considered at all points along a healthcare pathway. Local service leaders need to be empowered and encouraged to identify and deliver on opportunities for change to continually improve patient access, experience and outcomes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Introduction: There is considerable interest in raising the age of sale of tobacco above the conventional age of 18. We systematically reviewed whether raising the minimum legal sales age of tobacco (MLSA) to 20 or above is associated with reduced prevalence of smoking compared to an MLSA set at 18 or below., Methods: Following a pre-registered protocol on PROSPERO (ref: CRD42022347604), six databases of peer-reviewed journals were searched from January 2015 to April 2024. Backwards and forwards reference searching was conducted. Included studies assessed the association between MLSAs ≥20 with cigarette smoking or cigarette sales for those aged 11-20. Assessments on e-cigarettes were excluded. Pairs of reviewers independently extracted study data. We used ROBINS-I to assess risk of bias and GRADE to assess quality of evidence. Findings were also synthesised narratively., Results: 23 studies were reviewed and 34 estimates of association were extracted. All extracted studies related to Tobacco 21 laws in the United States. Moderate quality evidence was found for reduced cigarette sales, moderate quality evidence was found for reduced current smoking for 18 - 20 year olds, and low quality evidence was found for reduced current smoking for 11 - 17 year olds. The positive association was stronger for those with lower education. Study bias was variable., Conclusions: There is moderate quality evidence that Tobacco 21 can reduce overall cigarette sales and current cigarette smoking amongst those aged 18- 20. It has potential to reduce health inequalities. Research in settings other than the United States is required., Implications: This systematic review on raising the minimum legal sale age of tobacco to 20 or above demonstrates there is moderate quality evidence that such laws reduce cigarette sales, and moderate quality evidence they reduce smoking prevalence amongst those aged 18-20 compared to a minimum legal sale age of 18 or below. The research highlights potential benefits in reducing health inequalities, especially individuals from lower educational backgrounds. Studies are limited to the United States, highlighting a need for more global research to assess the impact of these policies in other settings., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.)

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid from Cannabis sativa . It is currently widely available and widely used in the USA, but despite its rapid progress to market, the pharmacology and toxicology of both CBD and cannabidiol-rich cannabis extracts (CRCE) remain largely unknown. The goals of this study were to investigate the potential of a novel human microphysiological system to emulate CRCE-induced hepatotoxicity and pharmacological properties demonstrated in animal models. For this purpose, C57BL6/J male mice were subjected to dosing with either 0, 61.5, 184.5, or 615 mg/kg of CRCE for 10 days. The liver-on-chip system, incorporating human primary hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, as well as Kupffer and stellate cells was subjected to 0, 300, 1,200, or 4,400 ng/mL of CRCE (8 h exposure followed by 16 h washout) for 5 days. Administration of CRCE in mice resulted in nearly 4-fold elevations of plasma ALT at 615 mg/kg ( p  < 0.01) and a dose-dependent decrease in intrahepatic miR-122. Elevated levels of ALT, paralleled by decreased intrahepatic and increased effluent levels of miR-122, were also observed in the liver-on-chip, although these results were not statistically significant. Exposure to CRCE resulted in a robust and dose-dependent induction of key cytochrome P450 enzymes, namely Cyp1a2 , Cyp2b6 ( CYP2B10 ), Cyp2e1 , and Cyp2c9 ( CYP2C19 ) in both mouse livers and liver-on-chip. The results of this study demonstrate the congruence between the responses observed in mouse and human liver-on-chip experimental systems and provide evidence of the potential microphysiological systems hold for translating animal data into clinical practice.

Introduction: Radiologist shortages threaten the sustainability of breast cancer screening programmes. Artificial intelligence (AI) products that can interpret mammograms could mitigate this risk. While previous studies have suggested this technology has accuracy comparable to radiologists most have been limited by using 'enriched' datasets and/or not considering the interaction between the algorithm and human readers. This study will address these limitations by comparing the accuracy of a workflow using AI alongside radiologists on a large consecutive cohort of examinations from a breast cancer screening programme. The study will combine the strengths of a large retrospective design with the benefit of prospective data collection. It will test this technology without risk to screening programme participants nor the need to wait for follow-up data. With a sample of 2 years of consecutive screening examinations, it is likely the largest test of this technology to date. The study will help determine whether this technology can safely be introduced into the BreastScreen New South Wales (NSW) population-based screening programme to address radiology workforce risks without compromising cancer detection rates or increasing false-positive recalls., Methods and Analysis: A retrospective, consecutive cohort of digital mammography screens from 658 207 examinations from BreastScreen NSW will be reinterpreted by the Lunit Insight MMG AI product. The cohort includes 4383 screen-detected and 1171 interval cancers. The results will be compared with radiologist single reading and the AI results will also be used to replace the second reader in a double-reading model. New adjudication reading will be performed where the AI disagrees with the first reader. Recall rates and cancer detection rates of combined AI-radiologist reading will be compared with the rates obtained at the time of screening., Ethics and Dissemination: This study has ethical approval from the NSW Health Population Health Services Research Ethics Committee (2022/ETH02397). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences. The findings of this evaluation will be provided to programme managers, governance bodies and other stakeholders in Australian breast cancer screening programmes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: This feasibility study investigated the practicability of collecting and analyzing tear proteins from preterm infants at risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We sought to identify any tear proteins which might be implicated in the pathophysiology of ROP as well as prognostic markers., Methods: Schirmer's test was used to obtain tear samples from premature babies, scheduled for ROP screening, after parental informed consent. Mass spectrometry was used for proteomic analysis., Results: Samples were collected from 12 infants, which were all adequate for protein analysis. Gestational age ranged from 25 + 6 to 31 + 1 weeks. Postnatal age at sampling ranged from 19 to 66 days. One infant developed self-limiting ROP. Seven hundred one proteins were identified; 261 proteins identified in the majority of tear samples, including several common tear proteins, were used for analyses. Increased risk of ROP as determined by the postnatal growth ROP (G-ROP) criteria was associated with an increase in lactate dehydrogenase B chain in tears. Older infants demonstrated increased concentration of immunoglobulin complexes within their tear samples and two sets of twins in the cohort showed exceptionally similar proteomes, supporting validity of the analysis., Conclusions: Tear sampling by Schirmer test strips and subsequent proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry in preterm infants is feasible. A larger study is required to investigate the potential use of tear proteomics in identification of ROP., Translational Relevance: Tear sampling and subsequent mass spectrometry in preterm infants is feasible. Investigation of the premature tear proteome may increase our understanding of retinal development and provide noninvasive biomarkers for identification of treatment-warranted ROP.