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This article presents a comprehensive multiple account evaluation (MAE) framework that is intended to inform public interest determinations in impact assessment (IA). Using MAE methodology; which involves separating impacts into government revenue, economic activity, environmental, social, health, and Indigenous accounts; the proposed 'Public Interest MAE Framework' seeks to inform senior government decision makers on all the positive and adverse consequences associated with a proposed project in a manner that allows for analysis of key trade-offs from the perspective of society as a whole. The proposed framework is applied to a case study to demonstrate how the framework functions in practice. Additionally, a survey is conducted with IA practitioners, experts, stakeholders, and Indigenous groups to evaluate the proposed Public Interest MAE Framework. The primary conclusion of this study is that the Public Interest MAE Framework has the potential to inform public interest determinations and overcome many of the limitations associated with other estimation methods used in IA. Finally, opportunities and challenges associated with integrating the Public Interest MAE Framework into IA are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Municipal reform has accelerated since the 1980s, with municipalities learning to adjust to changes in responsibilities downloaded by senior governments. However, small municipalities struggle with outdated financial and jurisdictional structures as senior governments ask them to become more 'entrepreneurial' for a broader range of responsibilities. To date, little research has explored the influence of statutory settings that shape municipal powers, and hence, an understanding of the concept and associated processes pertaining to municipal entrepreneurialism. Drawing upon key informant interviews in four regions across Canada, this paper explores how small municipalities are generating revenue and other resources needed to address community and economic development priorities. Findings indicate that small municipalities are engaging in a variety of entrepreneurial activities, including municipal enterprises, social enterprises, and service contracts, while pursuing pro-active approaches to leverage place-based assets. These endeavours, however, are shaped by many dimensions of risk that underline the conceptualisation of municipal entrepreneurialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]