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Abstract The Terminal Tracking Camera (TTCam) imaging system on the NASA Lucy Discovery mission consists of a pair of cameras that are being used mainly as a navigation and target acquisition system for the mission's asteroid encounters. However, a secondary science‐focused function of the TTCam system is to provide wide‐angle broadband images over a large range of phase angles around close approach during each asteroid flyby. The scientific data acquired by TTCam can be used for shape modeling and topographic and geologic analyses. This paper describes the pre‐flight and initial in‐flight calibration and characterization of the TTCams, including the development of a radiometric calibration pipeline to convert raw TTCam images into radiance and radiance factor (I/F) images, along with their uncertainties. Details are also provided here on the specific calibration algorithms, the origin and archived location of the required ancillary calibration files, and the archived sources of the raw calibration and flight data used in this analysis.

Introduction: Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) has been reported as a feasible and effective treatment for Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumours (R-NETs). However, most of the experience on the topic comes from retrospective tertiary centre from Eastern Asia. Data on ESD for R-NETs in Western centres are lacking., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study, including patients who underwent endoscopic resection of R-NETS by ESD between 2015 and 2020 in Western Centres. Important clinical variables such as demographic, size of R-NETs, histological type, presence of lymphovascular invasion or distant metastasis, completeness of the endoscopic resection, recurrence, and procedure related complications were recorded., Results: 40 ESD procedure on R-NETs from 39 patients from 8 centres were included. Mean R-NETs size was 10.3 mm (SD 4.01). Endoscopic en-bloc resection was achieved in 39/40 ESD (97.5 %), R0 margin resection was obtained in 87.5 % (35/40) of the procedures, one patient was referred to surgery for lymphovascular invasion, two procedures (5 %) reported significant episodes of bleeding, whereas a perforation occurred in one case (1/40, 2.5 %) managed endoscopically. Recurrence occurred in 1 patient (2.5 %)., Conclusion: ESD is an effective and safe treatment for R-NETs in western centres., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare the following conflict of interest: AR: no disclosures. EJD: educational grants in support of conference organization, and honoraria, from Fujifilm, Pentax, and Olympus, and honoraria from Ambu. RC: no disclosures. NL: no disclosures. DC: no disclosures. AB: no disclosures. DM: no disclosures. MP: consultancy and training for Olympus, Pentax, Cook, and Norgine. JR: consultancy and training for Olympus, Pentax, Cook, and Norgine. JSA: faculty member in advanced endoscopy courses by Olympus. MM: no disclosure. FRZ: consultant for Erbe España Soluciones Médicas. FB: consulting fees for OLYMPUS. PPN: no disclosures. MDR: no disclosures. EA: no disclosures. MT: no disclosures. CS: consultant for Medtronic, Norgine, and AlfaSigma, grants from Olympus and Pentax. AL: Boston Scientific, Research grant; Medtronic, research grant; Erbe, speaker's fees. MC: no disclosures. CT: no disclosures. AM: Personal payments/honoraria/fees: Olympus, GI supply, Boston Scientific, Fujifilm., (Copyright © 2024 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Both the incidence and prevalence of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours from the small intestine (Si-NET) are gradually increasing. Most patients have non-functioning tumours with subtle GI symptoms and tumours are often discovered incidentally by endoscopy or at advanced disease stages by imaging depicting mesenteric lymph node and /or liver metastases while around 30% of the patients present with symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome. Adequate biochemical assessment and staging including functional imaging is crucial for treatment-related decision-making that should take place in an expert multidisciplinary team setting. Preferably, patients should be referred to specialised ENETS Centres of Excellence or centres of high expertise in the field. This guidance paper provides the current evidence and best knowledge for the management of Si-NET grade (G) 1-3 following 10 key questions of practical relevance for the diagnostic and therapeutic decision making., (© 2024 British Society for Neuroendocrinology.)

Purpose: Peritoneal metastases (PM) of neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) origin are identified with increasing frequency and exert a significant effect on quality of life and clinical status of the patients. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics and the prognostic significance of PM in patients with NENs., Methods: A retrospective analysis of the data of patients from two tertiary referral centers was performed. We defined a control group of age- and gender-matched NEN patients with comparable stage IV disease but no PM., Results: We analysed 70 patients (41 females) with PM. Small intestine was the most common primary NEN site (87.1%). PM prevalence was 10.3%. Forty-four patients presented with synchronous PM, whereas 26 developed metachronous PM. The majority of patients had other concomitant metastases (50 hepatic, 6 lung and 12 bone metastases). Twelve patients developed intestinal obstruction. After PM diagnosis, 76% of patients received treatment with somatostatin analogues while six patients (8.6%) were treated with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The median progression-free survival (PFS) in the PRRT-treated group was 15 months (95% CI 2-28). Median overall survival (OS) in the PM group was 142 months [95% CI 71-213] while it was not reached in the control group., Conclusion: Peritoneal metastases show low prevalence among NEN patients and are most likely to develop in patients with small intestinal NENs and advanced metastatic disease. The presence of PM does seem to be associated with a negative prognostic impact on OS of NEN patients and their identification and prompt treatment is of major importance., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE).)

Lung carcinoid tumours are neuroendocrine neoplasms originating from the bronchopulmonary tract's neuroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1%-3% of all lung cancers but 30% of all neuroendocrine tumours. The incidence of lung carcinoids, both typical and atypical, has been increasing over the years due to improved diagnostic methods and increased awareness among clinicians and pathologists. The most recent WHO classification includes a subgroup of lung carcinoids with atypical morphology and higher mitotic count and/or Ki67 labelling index. Despite appropriate surgery, the 5-year survival rate for atypical carcinoids barely exceeds 50%-70%. The role of adjuvant therapy in lung carcinoids is not well-defined, and clinical decisions are generally based on the presence of high-risk features. Long-term follow-up is essential to monitor for recurrence, although the optimal follow-up protocol remains unclear. To address the lack of consensus in clinical management decisions, the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) initiated a survey among 20 expert centres. The survey identified varied opinions on approaches to imaging, surgery, use of adjuvant therapy, and follow-up protocols. Notably, the absence of dedicated multidisciplinary lung neuroendocrine tumour boards in some centres was evident. Experts agreed on the need for a prospective adjuvant trial in high-risk patients, emphasizing the feasibility of such a study. In conclusion, the study highlights the need for a more uniform adoption of existing guidelines in the management of lung carcinoid tumours and emphasizes the importance of international collaboration to advance research and patient care. Close collaboration between healthcare providers and patients is vital for effective long-term surveillance and management of these rare tumours., (© 2024 British Society for Neuroendocrinology.)

Current biomarkers do not adequately predict the behaviour of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). This study assessed the NETest, a multianalyte blood biomarker, in patients with small intestinal NENs (Si-NENs). We studied two patient groups: Group 1: metastatic Si-NENs ( n = 102) and Group 2: post-operatively disease-free according to 68Ga-DOTATATE PET ( n = 16). NETest scores were ≤20% (normal), 21-40% (low), 41-79% (intermediate), or ≥80% (high). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. In Group 1, the median NETest score was 40% (IQR: 33.3-46.7%). The NETest value (HR: 1.032, 95% CI: 1.003-1.062, p = 0.033) and high-risk NETest category (HR: 10.5, 95% CI: 1.35-81.7, p = 0.025) were independent predictors of PFS, along with presence of lung metastases, CgA levels > 10 × ULN, and tumour growth rate (TGR). Independent predictors of OS were the NETest value (HR: 1.035, 95% CI: 1.005-1.066, p = 0.024) and high-risk NETest category (HR: 15.2, 95% CI: 1.52-151, p = 0.02), along with presence of lung metastases and CgA levels > 10 × ULN. In Group 2, ROC analysis identified an AUC of 0.909 (95% CI: 0.75-0.100) for prediction of local or metastatic recurrence. Blood NETest scores were associated with PFS and OS in patients with metastatic Si-NENs, along with TGR, CgA > 10 × ULN, and presence of lung metastases.

Purpose: PREF-NET reported patients' experience of Somatuline® (lanreotide) Autogel® (LAN) administration at home and in hospital among patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs)., Methods: PREF-NET was a multicentre, cross-sectional study of UK adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with GEP-NETs receiving a stable dose of LAN, which comprised of (1) a quantitative online survey, and (2) qualitative semi-structured interviews conducted with a subgroup of survey respondents. The primary objective was the description of overall patient preference for home versus hospital administration of LAN. Secondary objectives included describing patient-reported opinions on the experience and associated preference for each administration setting, and the impact on healthcare utilisation, societal cost, activities of daily living and health-related quality of life (HRQoL)., Results: In the primary analysis (80 patients; mean age 63.9 years), 98.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 96.1-100.0) of patients preferred to receive LAN at home, compared with 1.3% (95% CI: 0.0-3.9) who preferred the hospital setting. Among participants, over half (60.3%) received their injection from a non-healthcare professional. Most patients (79.5% [95% CI: 70.5-88.4]) reported a positive effect on HRQoL after the switch from hospital to home administration. Qualitative interviews (20 patients; mean age 63.6 years) highlighted that patients preferred home administration because it improved overall convenience; saved time and costs; made them feel more comfortable and relaxed, and less stressed; and increased confidence in their ability to self-manage their treatment., Conclusion: Almost all patients preferred to receive LAN treatment at home rather than in hospital with increased convenience and psychological benefits reported as key reasons for this preference., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

About 500,000 patients with rare adult solid cancers (RASC) are diagnosed yearly in Europe. Delays and unequal quality of management impact negatively their survival. Since 2017, European reference networks (ERN) aim to improve the quality of care of patients with rare disease. The steering committee of EURACAN, including physicians, researchers and patients review here the previous actions, present objectives of the ERN EURACAN dedicated to RASC. EURACAN promoted management in reference centres, and equal implementation of excellence and innovation in Europe and developed 22 clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Additionally, fourteen information brochures translated in 24 EU languages were developed in collaboration with patient advocacy groups (ePAGs) and seventeen training session were organized. Nevertheless, connections to national networks in the 26 participating countries (106 centres), simplification of cross-border healthcare, international multidisciplinary tumour boards, registries and monitoring of the quality of care are still required. In this Health Policy, evaluation criteria of the performances of the network and of health care providers are proposed., Competing Interests: WwdH Consulting fees Novartis, Ipsen, Camurus, ITM Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events Novartis, Ipsen, Camurus, ITM (personal). AMF: Grants or contracts from any entity Advenchen Laboratories, Amgen DompÈ, AROG Pharmaceuticals, Bayer, Blueprint Medicines, Daiichi Sankyo, Deciphera, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Epizyme Inc, GlaxoSmithKline, Karyopharm Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Pfizer, PharmaMar, SpringWorks. Leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid EURACAN Coordination team G1 ISG Coordination of the WG dedicated to education (Institution). AI: Grants or contracts from any entity: Carthera Transgene NutrithÈragËne Sanofi Consulting fees: Novocure Leo Pharma Novartis Boehringer Ingelheim Polytone Laser INC. Support for attending meetings and/or travel Carthera, Enterome (To my institution, unrelated to the submitted work)/DSMB: NCT02331498 (unpaid). HJK: Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board Janssen, Astra Zeneca, MSD (Advisory board, payments to my institution). JM-B Grants or contracts from any entity (PharmaMar Novartis Eisai IMMIX Biopharma Boehringer Ing. PTC Bio (Preclinical grant, to the institution); Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events PharmaMar Invited speaker Eli-Lilly Invited speaker Bayer Invited speaker Eisai Invited speaker Roche Invited speaker Daichii Invited speaker; IDMC: Tracon –(personal). LL: Grants or contracts: Adlai Nortye, Astrazeneca, BMS, DEbiopharm Eisai Eli Lilly, Exeliixis, Hoffman la Roche Isa therapeutics, Kura oncology, Merck Serono, MSD, MSD, Nektar, Novartis, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Syneos, Sun Pharma, Incyte Bioscienc ee international, Gilead Science, Genmab, Merck KGa (to the institution); Consulting fees: MSD IT, Merck Serono, Spa Healthcare professional, Merck Healthcare Kga, GSK, Hoffman la Roche, ALX oncology, EMD Serono Research and Development Inst. , Boehringer Ingelheim Int. Payment or honoraria for lectures: Merck Serono Spa, Merck Healthcare Kga, Neutron therapeutics Inc, Merck& Co IOnc., Astrazeneca, MSD IT, EMDSerono Research & Development Institute Inc, Mirati THerapeutics inc, F Hoffmann la Roche Ltd, Novartis Pharma Spa, Janssen Research and Development LLC, SEagen International GmbH, Eisai Europe Limited, Genmab US Inc, AstraZeneca uK Ltd, Abbvie Srl (Personal). MC: Consulting fees AAA-NOVARTIS To me IPSEN Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events AAA-NOVARTIS IPSEN INCA (personal). MJS: Consulting fees:Gamida (personal). PGC: Grants or contracts: Advenchen, Amgen, Dompé, AROG Pharma, Bayer, Blueprint Medicines, Boehringer ingelheim, Diichi Sankyo, Deciphera, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Epizyme inc, Foghorn Ther. Inc, Glaxo, Hutchinson Mredipharma Ltd, Inhibrx Inc, Karyopharm pharmaceuticals, PTC ther, Novartis, Pfize, Pharmamar, Rain Oncology, Springworks (to institution). JYB Grants or contracts: EURACAN grant French NCI (INCA) NETSARC + grant, INTERSARC + grant, LYRICAN + grant; DEpGYN RHU; Fondation ARC:ACSE grant (to the institution); Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer ACSE Grant; Comité de l’Ain de la Ligue contre le Cancer Grant (all for the institution). The other authors report no conflict of interest related to this work., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

A literature search of MEDLINE/PUBMED was conducted with the aim to highlight current endoscopic management of localised gastro-entero-pancreatic NETs. Relevant articles were identified through a manual search, and reference lists were reviewed for additional articles. The results of the research have been displayed in a narrative fashion to illustrate the actual state-of-the-art of endoscopic techniques in the treatment of NETs. Localised NETs of the stomach, duodenum and rectum can benefit from advanced endoscopic resection techniques (e.g., modified endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic full thickness resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection) according to centre expertise. Radiofrequency thermal ablation can be proposed as an alternative to surgery in selected patients with localised pancreatic NETs.

Somatostatin receptor (SST) PET/CT is the gold standard for well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NET) imaging. Higher grades of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) show preferential [18F]FDG (FDG) uptake, and even low-grade NET may de-differentiate over time. FDG PET/CT's prognostic role is widely accepted; however, its impact on clinical decision-making remains controversial and its use varies widely. A questionnaire-based survey on FDG PET/CT use and perceived decision-making utility in NEN was submitted to the ENETS Advisory Board Meeting attendees (November 2022, response rate = 70%). In 3/15 statements, agreement was higher than 75%: (i) FDG was considered useful in NET, irrespective of grade, in case of mis-matched lesions (detectable on diagnostic CT but negative/faintly positive on SST PET/CT), especially if PRRT is contemplated (80%); (ii) in NET G3 if curative surgery is considered (82%); and (iii) in NEC prior to surgery with curative intent (98%). FDG use in NET G3, even in the presence of matched lesions, as a baseline for response assessment was favoured by 74%. Four statements obtained more than 60% consensus: (i) FDG use in NET G3 if locoregional therapy is considered (65%); (ii) in neuroendocrine carcinoma before initiating active therapy as a baseline for response assessment (61%); (iii) biopsy to re-assess tumour grade prior to a change in therapeutic management (68%) upon detection of FDG-positivity on the background of a prior G1-2 NET; (iv) 67% were in favour to reconsider PRRT to treat residual SST-positive lesions after achieving complete remission on FDG of the SST-negative disease component. Multidisciplinary opinion broadly supports the use of FDG PET/CT for characterisation of disease biology and to guide treatment selection across a range of indications, despite the lack of full consensus in many situations. This may reflect existing clinical access due to lack of reimbursement or experience with this investigation, which should be addressed by further research., (© 2023 British Society for Neuroendocrinology.)