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Abstract The generation of radicals through photo-Fenton-like reactions demonstrates significant potential for remediating emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in complex aqueous environments. However, the excitonic effect, induced by Coulomb interactions between photoexcited electrons and holes, reduces carrier utilization efficiency in these systems. In this study, we develop Cu single-atom-loaded covalent organic frameworks (CuSA/COFs) as models to modulate excitonic effects. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence and ultrafast transient absorption spectra reveal that incorporating acenaphthene units into the linker (CuSA/Ace-COF) significantly reduces exciton binding energy (E b). This modification not only enhances peroxymonosulfate adsorption at Cu active sites but also facilitates rapid electron transfer and promotes selective hydroxyl radical generation. Compared to CuSA/Obq-COF (E b = 25.6 meV), CuSA/Ace-COF (E b = 12.2 meV) shows a 39.5-fold increase in the pseudo-first-order rate constant for sulfamethoxazole degradation (0.434 min−1). This work provides insights into modulating excitonic behavior in single-atom catalysts via linker engineering for EOCs degradation.

Abstract The tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is recognized as a potential prognosis factor for breast cancer and is strongly associated with response to immunotherapy. Inducing TLS neogenesis can enhance the immunogenicity of tumors and improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. However, our understanding of TLS associated region at the single-cell level remains limited. Therefore, we employed high-resolution techniques, including single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST), and a TLS-specific signature to investigate TLS associated regions in breast cancer. We identified eighteen cell types within the TLS associated regions and calculated differential expression genes by comparing TLS associated regions with other areas. Notably, macrophages in the TLS associated regions exhibit lineage transformation, shifting from facilitators of immune activation to supporters of tumor cell growth. In terms of cell–cell communication within the TLS associated regions, KRT86+ CD8+ T cells, HISTIH4C+ cycling CD8+ T cells, IFNG+ CD8+ T cells, and IGKV3-20+ B cells demonstrate strong interactions with other cells. Additionally, we found that APOD+ fibroblast and CCL21+ fibroblast primarily recruit T and B cells through the CXCL12-CXCR4 ligand-receptor signaling pathway. We also validate these findings in four independent breast cancer datasets, which include one cell-level resolution dataset from the 10 × Xenium platform and three spot-level datasets from the 10 × Visium platform.

Abstract Neuroepithelial cell transforming gene 1 (NET1) is a member of the Ras homologue family member A (RhoA) subfamily of guanine nucleotide exchange factors and a key protein involved in the activation of Rho guanosine triphosphatases, which act as regulators of cell proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, and cell movement and are crucial for cancer spread. Research has shown that NET1 can regulate the malignant biological functions of tumour cells, such as growth, invasion, and metastasis, and it is closely related to the progression of pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, and liver cancer. However, the comprehensive role and mechanistic function of NET1 in other types of cancer remain largely unexplored. A deeper understanding of the role of NET1 may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cancer progression and metastasis. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of NET1 in cancer biology. The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases were utilized to analyse the differential expression of NET1 in normal and cancer tissues. The prognostic value of NET1 in cancer was evaluated through log-rank tests and Cox regression models. Further analysis was conducted to assess the relationships between NET1 expression and clinical features, as well as its diagnostic value. We investigated potential factors contributing to genetic alterations in NET1 to elucidate the role of NET1 in cancer progression. We also explored the relationships between NET1 and genes associated with epigenetic modifications, oncogenes, and tumour characteristics, such as RNA stemness scores (RNAss), DNA stemness scores (DNAss), the tumour mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI). Additionally, we analysed the associations between NET1 expression and immune cell infiltration, immunoregulatory genes, and sensitivity to therapeutic drugs. We conducted gene set enrichment analysis to further investigate the signalling pathways that might be affected by changes in NET1. The prognostic value of NET1 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) was further validated using real-world and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data. Finally, through both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we confirmed that the overexpression of NET1 contributed to the malignant progression of TNBC cells, and we explored the potential mechanism by which NET1 regulates malignant biological behaviour through cellular experiments. Our study revealed a higher expression level of NET1 in 18 types of tumour tissues than in their corresponding normal tissues. Specifically, we observed high expression of NET1 in LIHC, LUSC, PAAD, and BRCA tumour tissues, which was associated with a poor prognosis. In terms of gene alterations, “amplification”, “mutation”, and “deep deletion” were identified as the main types of changes occurring in NET1. Among these, “amplification” was predominantly observed in LIHC, LUSC, PAAD, and BRCA. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between copy number variations and the NET1 expression level in various tumours, including LIHC, LUSC, PAAD, and BRCA. We also discovered that NET1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of genes related to epigenetic modification in almost all types of cancer and was related to the expression levels of numerous oncogenes. In certain tumours, a significant positive correlation was noted between the expression of NET1 and TMB, MSI, DNAss, and RNAss. Intriguingly, in most tumours, NET1 expression was strongly negatively correlated with the levels of infiltrating natural killer cells and M1 macrophages. Moreover, NET1 expression was significantly positively correlated with the expression of immune genes in nearly all types of cancer. An analysis of single-cell data revealed that NET1 was expressed primarily in malignant tumour cells in most tumours, with little to no expression in immune cells. Additionally, the expression level of NET1 was associated with sensitivity to various therapeutic drugs. Data from GEO and real-world studies indicated high expression of NET1 in TNBC tissues, which was correlated with a poor prognosis. Cellular experiments indicated that NET1 could regulate the proliferation, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis of TNBC cells. Furthermore, NET1 may mediate the malignant proliferation of tumour cells through the AKT signalling pathway. NET1 can serve as a potential prognostic marker for LIHC, LUSC, PAAD, and BRCA tumours. Real-world data further suggest that NET1 can also serve as a prognostic indicator for TNBC. High expression of NET1 may contribute to the malignant proliferation of TNBC cells, potentially through the AKT signalling pathway. Moreover, NET1 may contribute to the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment that can promote tumour progression. Therefore, targeting NET1 may represents a promising approach for inhibiting tumour progression.

Abstract Background The high comorbidity and symptom overlap of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD), has led to the study of their shared and disorder-specific neural substrates. However, the morphometric similarity network (MSN) differences among these disorders remain unknown. Methods MSN derived from T1-weighted images in patients of GAD, PTSD, and SAD, and health controls (HC) using a Siemens 3T magnetic resonance imaging system. Covariance analysis and post hoc tests were used to investigate group differences. In addition, the relationship between MSN and clinical characteristics was analyzed. Results Increased morphometric similarity (MS) between left bankssts (BA22, superior temporal cortex, STC) and right precentral gyrus, and decreased MS between left precentral gyrus and right cuneus_part1/part2, and between right rostral middle frontal cortex (rMFC) and right STC were common in GAD and PTSD relative to HC and SAD. Compared to the other three groups, SAD exhibited disorder-specific alterations of increased MS between right rMFC and right STC, and between left cuneus and right inferior parietal cortex. Additionally, increased regional MSN in left precentral gyrus was found in PTSD compared to HC and SAD. A mild positive correlation of the MS value between left bankssts and right precentral gyrus and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores (uncorrected p = 0.041) was found in PTSD. Conclusions Our study provides the first evidence for common and distinct brain MSN abnormalities underlying the pathophysiology of GAD, PTSD, and SAD, which may aid in differential diagnosis and determining potential disorder-specific intervention targets.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), recognized as both an edible vegetable and health tea, has been consumed for thousands of years. Chemical research indicates GP primarily contains active ingredients including saponins, polysaccharides, and flavonoids. Notably, saponins and polysaccharides are among the main active components of GP, which have been extensively utilized in medicine, food, healthcare, and cosmetics due to their bioactivities including anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. We conducted searches in various online databases, including Elsevier, Springer, PubMed, Web of Science, and China Knowledge Network (CNKI), to gather literature on the traditional uses, structural characteristics, and biological activities of the active ingredients of GP published prior to October 2024. In this review, GP saponins were categorized and GP polysaccharides discovered in the last ten years were highlighted. Then, the bioactivities of GP are summarized and lays a solid foundation for its development as a functional health food.

Glucose is a key biomarker of diabetes, and effective glucose monitoring methods are crucial to the prevention and management of diabetes. Therefore, in this paper, Fe 3 O 4 /DEX/PDA@Au (Raman reporters) @Au nanocomposites were synthetized that with DTNB (5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic)), MMTA (2-mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazole acetic acid), MBA (4-mercaptobenzoic acid) and 4-Mpy(4-Mercaptopyridine) were used separately as Raman reporters. Fe 3 O 4 and PDA (Polymerized dopamine) could supply more high surface area of active sites and high SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) substrate, which has high stability and reproducibility. Dextran coating is an effective way to prepare biocompatible materials TEM, XRD, TG and VSM were used to analyze the size, morphology and magnetic properties of the nanocomposites. Fe 3 O 4 /DEX/PDA@Au(Raman reporters)@Au that integrates a multi-hotspot structure and magnetic separation techniques were studied the enhancement effect of Raman spectra, and glucose solutions with different concentrations were tested. Furthermore, the optimal Fe 3 O 4 /DEX/PDA@Au(Raman reporters)@Au nanocomposites were supplied as SERS substrates for detection of glucose accurately and quickly in sweat. SERS signal intensity is linearly correlated with glucose concentration within the measurement range of 5 × 10 -3 to 10 mM, and the minimum detectable concentration is 5 µM. The Fe 3 O 4 /DEX/PDA@Au(Raman reporters)@Au nanocomposites exhibit high reliability, specificity and repeatability of the strategy were then verified by practical detection of sweat., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Bis-urea-based gellants have garnered considerable attention due to their capacity to form all kinds of gels in solvents for multiple applications. Nevertheless, the range of applicable solvents is limited, and the synthesis process is complicated. Herein, we report a one-step synthesis process of bis-urea-based gellants (Bu( n )) for gelling nonpolar organic solvents, including high-energy fuels. Importantly, the critical gelation concentration (CGC) of Bu( n ) decreases with the increase of alkyl chain length, and that of Bu18 is lower than 0.1 wt % in various hydrocarbon fuels. The discrepant gelation performance of gellants in solvents was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation and spectral characterizations. The results indicate that the electrostatic interaction between urea groups is vital to constructing a gellant framework, and the wide van der Waals (vdW) surface provided by alkyl groups helps to immobilize solvents. The nonbonding interactions between gellant molecules facilitate the formation of a 3D fibrous network structure, which further accumulates into a cambium layer structure. Due to the excellent gelation performance of gellants in fuels, the gel fuels perform the rheological characteristics of shear thinning and thixotropic recovering with calorific value remaining, thus demonstrating potential for application.

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission provides original observations to different institutions for the production of various monthly time-variable gravity field models (TVGFMs). Aiming to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio of TVGFMs, we determine to combine them in the spatial domain. This combination comprises two approaches: one combines spherical harmonic coefficient (SHC) solutions, and the other combines SHC and mascon (mass concentration) solutions together. For each approach, we employ four old weighting schemes and one new scheme named oceanic accuracy weighting. We then assessed the combined models through both internal and external validations. In external validation, we compare the Caspian Sea level changes derived from the combined models with those obtained from satellite altimeter. Our results reveal an improvement of the SHC combination using variance component estimation (VCE) weighting compared to any single SHC solution. Moreover, we found enhanced performance in the combined models with the incorporation of mascon solutions, particularly employing the oceanic accuracy weighting. These findings underscore the efficacy of model combination in improving performance, and emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate weighting strategies for integrating GRACE solutions. Specifically, we recommend VCE weighting scheme for combining SHC solutions only and oceanic accuracy weighting scheme for integrating mascon and SHC solutions., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Clinical electives are a compulsory part of many medical courses, enabling students to gain exposure to foreign health systems. The COVID-19 pandemic led to a surge in the development in virtual elective programmes, for which there had been a sparse evidence base. This is the first systematic review assessing the implementation, advantages and disadvantages of virtual elective programmes for medical students., Methods: The systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Databases were searched, capturing results from the past 10 years for original evaluations of electives where medical students engaged in a fully virtual programme with another institution, with no restrictions on location. Descriptive, quantitative and qualitative data were extracted by two independent reviewers., Results: Fourteen articles were included for review. All the articles were published between 2020 and 2023. All studies were conducted in the United States of America. The average length of the virtual electives in the studies was 3 weeks, and a variety of teaching formats including virtual clinics, seminars and one-on-one meetings were implemented. Logistical considerations and challenges in delivering virtual electives included the variability in students' learning styles, reduction in patient interactions and technological challenges., Discussion: Most included studies derived that these virtual electives would play a role in the future, possibly replacing in-person electives. Positive attributes of virtual electives included increasing diversity of social backgrounds, high student satisfaction and interest and reducing harms to the environment. However, further research is required to thoroughly evaluate the efficacy of virtual electives in medical education., (© 2024 The Author(s). The Clinical Teacher published by Association for the Study of Medical Education and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Chronic stress could impair ovarian reserve through hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to reduced oocyte quality and endocrine dysfunction. The ovarian renin-angiotensin system (OVRAS) modulates follicular development, and excessive activation of the ACE-AngII-AT1R axis increases oxidative stress, disrupting ovarian function. This study investigates OVRAS's role in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and explores the protective effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA). Female mice were subjected to CUS (10 intervention methods were randomly applied to mice according to low, medium, and high frequency) and CGA treatment. Hormone levels, estrous cycles, ovarian morphology, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were evaluated. Results demonstrated that CUS overactivated the ACE-AngII-AT1R axis, increasing oxidative stress and apoptosis in granulosa cells (GCs). CGA improved ovarian function, reduced oxidative stress, and downregulated ACE-AngII-AT1R axis activity. CGA may alleviate stress-induced DOR by mitigating oxidative stress and apoptosis via modulation of the ACE-AngII-AT1R axis., (© 2025 The Author(s). Molecular Nutrition & Food Research published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

To clarify the impact of drought stress during germination on proso millet's physiological responses and metabolic features, this study used physiological and targeted-like metabolomics methods. With Longmi No. 7 (drought-tolerant, L1) and Longmi No. 15 (drought-sensitive, L2) as materials, we studied the enzyme activities, osmotic adjustment substances, and differential metabolites of proso millet. Results showed that under drought stress, L1's enzyme activities and osmotic adjustment substance contents were significantly higher than L2's, especially at 48-h treatment. 1085 known metabolites were identified from 24 samples, under normal germination, L1's main differential metabolites (amino acids, flavonoids, phytohormone, lipids, sugars, etc.) were enriched in amino acid, lipid, sugar, and energy metabolism pathways. L2's (amino acids, sugars, flavonoids, etc.) were in sugar, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism pathways. At 24-h treatment, the metabolic pathways of L1 were mainly concentrated in carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism, while those of L2 were mainly in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. At 48 h, the metabolic pathways of L1 were mainly in carbohydrate, energy and lipid metabolism, and those of L2 were mainly in carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites and amino acid metabolism. Under stress, L1's main differential metabolites were organic acids, sugars, flavonoids, amino acids, etc.; L2's were phytohormones, organic acids, sugars, flavonoids, amino acids. This study provides a new direction for the development of proso millet sprouts. Meanwhile, it offers new ideas and theoretical bases for the development of functional foods and the regulation of nutritional components of proso millet., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2025 The Author(s). Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered one of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices due to cost-effectiveness and high safety. However, the uncontrolled dendrite growth and the intolerance against low temperatures hinder the application of AZIBs. Herein, hydrogen-bonding-rich dulcitol (DOL) is introduced into the ZnSO 4 , which reshaped the hydrogen-bond network in the electrolyte and optimized the solvation sheath structure, effectively reducing the amount of active water molecules and inhibiting hydrogen evolution and the parasitic reaction at the zinc anode. In addition, higher adsorption energy DOL preferentially adsorbs on the surface of the zinc anode, guiding the uniform deposition of Zn 2+ and inhibiting the formation of dendrites. DOL also enhances the interaction between free and free water and improves the resistance to freeze of the electrolyte. Consequently, the Zn//Zn symmetric cells assembled with DOL are extremely stable cycled for 2000 h at 2 mA cm -2 . The NH 4 V 4 O 10 (NVO)//Zn full cell showed more excellent specific capacity of 183.07 mAh g -1 after 800 cycles. Even at the low temperature of -10 °C, the cell still maintains 155.95 mAh g -1 capacity after 600 cycles. This work provides a new strategy for the subsequent study of AZIBs with high stability at low temperatures., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Study Objective: Difficult airway management is a significant challenge in clinical anesthesia, critical care, and emergency medicine. Inadequate management can lead to severe complications including organ damage and death. This study assessed the variability in difficult airway management across China and focused on how patient and operator factors influenced outcomes in operating rooms., Design: A multicenter observational cross-sectional study., Setting: This study was conducted from November 2022 to November 2023 and included 25 secondary and tertiary hospitals across various regions in China., Patients: In the total of 181,399 general anesthesia patients, 384 (0.21 %) were identified as having difficult airways., Interventions: Data were gathered from a specialized questionnaire comprising four sections with 27 questions and analyzed using logistic regression in SPSS to identify key factors that influenced effective management of difficult airways., Measurements: This study focused on preoperative assessment, anesthesia selection, intubation attempts, and contingency planning for difficult airway management practices among anesthesiologists., Main Results: In anticipated difficult airways, rapid sequence induction was used in 51.7 % of the cases, maintaining spontaneous breathing under general anesthesia in 11.1 %, and awake intubation in 36 %. For unanticipated difficult airways, 95.9 % of the anesthesiologists opted for rapid sequence induction. Limited mouth opening was the most common cause of difficult airways and obesity and ankylosing spondylitis were identified as significant factors. The logistic regression analysis identified the type of difficult airway, anesthesiologist experience, and assessment methods as key factors influencing the first attempt intubation success., Conclusions: The accuracy of difficult airway assessment and first attempt intubation success is influenced by both patient-related factors and the anesthesiologist's expertise. Regional and institutional variability in decision-making and tool selection underscores the critical need for standardized guidelines and comprehensive training to enhance airway management outcomes across diverse clinical settings in China., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Two-dimensional (2D) room-temperature chiral multiferroic and magnetic topological materials are essential for constructing functional spintronic devices, yet their number is extremely limited. Here, by using the chiral and polar HPP (HPP = 4-(3-hydroxypyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-ol) as an organic linker and transition metals (TM = Cr, Mo, W) as nodes, we predict a class of 2D TM(HPP) 2 organometallic nanosheets that incorporate homochirality, room-temperature magnetism, ferroelectricity, and topological nodes. The homochirality is introduced by chiral HPP linkers, and the change in structural chirality induces a topological phase transition of Weyl phonons. The room-temperature magnetism arises from the strong d - p spin coupling between TM cations and HPP doublet anions. The ferroelectricity is attributed to the breaking of spatial inversion symmetry in the lattice structure. Additionally, by adjusting the type of TMs, these nanosheets show rich and tunable band structures. Notably, all predicted materials are topologically nontrivial, featuring a quadratic nodal point around the Fermi level.

Rare diseases, affecting ~350 million people worldwide, pose significant challenges in clinical diagnosis due to the lack of experienced physicians and the complexity of differentiating between numerous rare diseases. To address these challenges, we introduce PhenoBrain, a fully automated artificial intelligence pipeline. PhenoBrain utilizes a BERT-based natural language processing model to extract phenotypes from clinical texts in EHRs and employs five new diagnostic models for differential diagnoses of rare diseases. The AI system was developed and evaluated on diverse, multi-country rare disease datasets, comprising 2271 cases with 431 rare diseases. In 1936 test cases, PhenoBrain achieved an average predicted top-3 recall of 0.513 and a top-10 recall of 0.654, surpassing 13 leading prediction methods. In a human-computer study with 75 cases, PhenoBrain exhibited exceptional performance with a top-3 recall of 0.613 and a top-10 recall of 0.813, surpassing the performance of 50 specialist physicians and large language models like ChatGPT and GPT-4. Combining PhenoBrain's predictions with specialists increased the top-3 recall to 0.768, demonstrating its potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy in clinical workflows., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Hyponatremia (< 135 mmol/L) is the most common electrolyte disturbance in patients with stroke. However, few studies have reported the relationship between hyponatremia at admission and outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT). This study is aimed to explore the association between hyponatremia and clinical outcomes following MT., Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at our center. The primary outcome was postoperative malignant brain edema (MBE). The secondary outcomes included mortality and adverse function at the 90-day follow-up, which were defined as modified Rankin scale scores of 6 and > 2, respectively. Patients were classified into hyponatremia and nonhyponatremia groups based on their serum sodium concentration at admission before drug use. The occurrence of MBE was evaluated via computed tomography after MT, and 90-day outcomes were obtained through in-person interviews at the clinic or via telephone. Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the associations among postoperative MBE, 90-day mortality, adverse function and hyponatremia., Results: A total of 342 patients were enrolled into the study, of whom 52 (15.2%) had hyponatremia, 86 (25.1%) developed postoperative MBE, 93 (27.2%) died within 90 days after MT, and 201 (58.8%) had adverse functions at the 90-day follow-up. Multivariate analysis revealed that hyponatremia was significantly associated with postoperative MBE (odds ratio [OR] 3.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.66 - 9.23, p = 0.002), 90-day mortality (OR 5.49, 95% CI 2.48 - 12.14, p < 0.001), and 90-day adverse function (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.29 - 8.12, p = 0.012). In addition, mediation analysis revealed that postoperative MBE may partially account for the 90-day mortality/adverse function of patients with hyponatremia (regression coefficients changed by 18.6% and 23.9%, respectively)., Conclusion: Hyponatremia is an independent predictor of postoperative MBE, 90-day mortality, and adverse function. Correction of hyponatremia may reduce the postoperative MBE to improve the prognosis of patients., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Suining Central Hospital (KYLLKS20240174). Informed consent was obtained from the participants or their legal representatives. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Perovskite quantum dots (QDs) are promising optoelectronic materials. The large surface area provides an opportunity for ligand engineering to protect the QDs, while also impeding the charge transport in the QD array. Here, the solvent-mediated growth of a hierarchical zero-dimensional (HZD) architecture between CsPbI 3 QDs is reported. The HZD architecture is grown on the CsPbI 3 QD film through a feasible method rather than introducing intricate molecules into the CsPbI 3 QD solution. Acetonitrile solvent with high polarity strips lead iodide from the QD surface, and then the lead iodide reacts with the phenethylamine iodide to form HZD architecture. The HZD architecture acts as a "charge bridge" to enhance the coupling between CsPbI 3 QDs, resulting in improved photoelectric properties. As a result, the optimized device achieves a high-power conversion efficiency of 15.4%, remarkably higher than the 14% of the control device. This work demonstrates the significance of surface chemistry for perovskite QDs and provides a feasible strategy for realizing high-performance perovskite QDs-based optoelectronic devices., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Objectives: To examine the prevalence of food addiction (FA) among children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to explore the association between executive function and FA., Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 1,021 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years and their parents participated in this study and completed the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale, Yale Food Addiction Scale and Executive Function Behavior Rating Scale., Results: Among the 1,021 children, 139 had both a parent-reported diagnosis of ADHD and met the cutoffs of the VADPRS score; 99 were considered to have food addiction (FA) according to their YFAS scores. After adjusting for age, sex, family income level, parental education level, paternal accompaniment time (hours per week the father spent with the child), maternal accompaniment time (hours per week the mother spent with the child), weekly exercise time, weekday screen time, and sleep time, children with ADHD had significantly higher FA scores compared to children without ADHD (B coefficient = 1.66; 95% CI = 0.19-3.12; p = 0.027). Additionally, FA scores increased with each quartile of executive function level, showing stronger associations at higher levels. Specifically, the B coefficients were 1.01 (95% CI = -0.29-2.30, p = 0.13) for the second quartile, 3.78 (95% CI = 2.49-5.08, p < 0.001) for the third quartile, and 7.18 (95% CI = 5.89-8.47, p < 0.001) for the fourth quartile., Conclusions: In this cross-sectional study, we found a higher prevalence of FA, as well as a significant association between executive function and FA in children and adolescents with ADHD. These findings provide a new perspective for the early prevention of FA in children with ADHD., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: To investigate the effects of bone density, plate bending degree and proximal screw type on the stress fracture of clavicle hook., Methods: Three sows weighing between 45 and 50 kg were selected, from which a total of 40 rivs were collected. The 15 ribs of sows were divided into 3 groups according to bone density and bone hardness with 5 rivs in each group. And then the 3 groups were fixed with 6-hole collarbone hook plates and 3 locking screws. Measure the maximum torsion force when the ribs were fractured by force. The same size 15 rids were divided into 3 groups, named forward bending group, 0° group(the angle between the plate surface and the rib surface) and reverse bending group. All fixed with 6-hole collarbone hook plates and locking screws to measure the maximum torsion force of rib stress fracture. Then the same size 10 rids were divided into 2 groups, the normal screw group and the locking screw group with 5 ribs in each group. Both groups were fixed with 6-hole collarbone hook plates and screws. The normal screw group was a normal screw, fixed in proximal end, and two locking screws. The locking screw group was fixed by locking screws. Measure the maximum torsion force of the two groups when the ribs fracture by force., Results: In the bone density experiment, the torque force of hard bone group (104.51±6.27) N was greater than the normal bone group (75.04±3.81) N( t =8.979, P <0.05). The force of normal bone group was greater than the osteoporosis group (49.99±2.12) N( t =12.832, P <0.05). In the bending collarbone hook experiment, the order of the torque force generated by each group as follow:the forward bending group (343.59±6.18) N greater than the 0° group (106.01±5.29) N( t =65.279, P <0.05) greater than the reverse bending group (95.82±4.12) N( t =3.398, P <0.05). The force of the normal screw group (98.68±0.70) N was greater than the locking screw group (50.20±0.95) N( t =91.484, P <0.05). The data comparisons of each group were statistically significant., Conclusion: Bone density, plate bending degree and proximal screw type had an impact on stress fracture of clavicle hook plate. Higher bone density, forward bending of the steel plate, and ordinary screws in proximal end can reduce the rates of stress fractures of clavicle hooks.

Background: Recent advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing have greatly expanded our knowledge of the heterogeneous nature of tissues. However, robust and accurate cell type annotation continues to be a major challenge, hindered by issues such as marker specificity, batch effects, and a lack of comprehensive spatial and interaction data. Traditional annotation methods often fail to adequately address the complexity of cellular interactions and gene regulatory networks., Results: We proposed scMCGraph, a comprehensive computational framework that integrates gene expression with pathway activity to accurately annotate cell types within diverse scRNA-seq datasets. Initially, our model constructs multiple pathway-specific views using various pathway databases, which reflect both gene expression and pathway activities. These pathway-specific views are then integrated into a consensus graph. The consensus graph is subsequently utilized to reconstruct the multiple pathway views. Our model demonstrated exceptional robustness and accuracy across various analyses, including cross-platform, cross-time, cross-sample, and clinical dataset evaluations., Conclusions: scMCGraph represents a significant advance in cell type annotation. The experiments have demonstrated that introducing pathway information significantly improves the learning of cell-cell graphs, with their resulting consensus graph enhancing the predictive performance of cell type prediction. Different pathway databases provide complementary data, and an increase in the number of pathways can also boost model performance. Extensive testing shows that in various cross-dataset application scenarios, scMCGraph consistently exhibits both accuracy and robustness., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Aim : To explore the clinical value of miR-193a-5p in neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and its role in ARDS cell model in vitro . Methods : RT-qPCR was utilized to detect miR-193a-5p level. Correlation analysis was implemented to assess the correlation between miR-193a-5p and clinical indicators (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, LUS). Human lung epithelial cells induced by LPS were used to construct ARDS cell model. The effects of miR-193a-5p on cell viability, apoptosis and inflammation were evaluated by CCK-8, flow cytometry and ELISA. The target gene of miR-193a-5p was predicted and verified by StarBaseV2.0 and luciferase reporter gene, respectively. Results : MiR-193a-5p level in the ARDS group was down-regulated. MiR-193a-5p levels were negatively correlated with clinical indicators. In vitro studies revealed that up-regulation of miR-193a-5p significantly improved LPS-induced apoptosis, inflammation and viability inhibition. Conclusion : The expression of miR-193a-5p was decreased in neonatal ARDS, it is negatively correlated with the pro-inflammatory factors levels.

Direct regeneration, which involves replenishing lithium in spent cathode materials, is emerging as a promising recycling technique for spent lithium iron phosphate (s-LFP) cathodes. Unlike solid-state regeneration, the aqueous relithiation method consumes less energy, ensures even lithium replenishment, and significantly recovers the capacity of s-LFP. However, liquid-phase lithium replenishment formulations are generally less standardized. In this study, we propose designing principles for hydrothermal relithiation recipes to achieve efficient relithiation while ensuring a high yield of relithiated LFP products, assisted by various electrochemical techniques. This led to the discovery of an economical hydrothermal relithiation approach. Specifically, using sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3 ) as the reducing agent and LiOH as the lithium source in the hydrothermal precursor, we achieved complete relithiation at a mild hydrothermal temperature of 90 °C with a high yield (only 3.1% mass loss) of relithiated LFP products. The regenerated LFP recovers approximately 29% of its capacity and exhibits remarkable capacity retention (98.9%). This research highlights a significant advancement in the efficient hydrothermal regeneration of s-LFP, presenting a green and economically viable method for LFP recycling and setting a benchmark for sustainable battery recycling technologies.

To explore techniques, advantages and disadvantages of 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization technology combined with transcranial neuroendoscopy in ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. Retrospective analysis of clinical data of patients with hydrocephalus treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery using 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing positioning technology combined with transcranial neuroendoscopy in our hospital from October 2021 to March 2023. A total of 33 patients with complete data were collected, including 19 males and 14 females, aged 10-81 years. Pre operative use of 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization, and intraoperative use of neuroendoscopy assisted catheterization to complete ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. The drainage tube position was confirmed by brain CT and 3D Slicer reconstruction after operation, of which 30 cases were located in the frontal horn or center of the ipsilateral lateral ventricle, and 3 cases were located in the frontal horn or center of the contralateral lateral ventricle. All patients were successfully catheterized and well positioned. According to the unique ventricular system characteristics of each hydrocephalus patient, the 3D Slicer reconstruction technology was used to determine the individualized puncture point and direction, measure the puncture depth, accurately locate the puncture through the 3D printing guide plate, and accurately send the tip of the ventricular catheter into the frontal or central part of the lateral ventricle with the assistance of neuroendoscopic visualization, which improved the success rate of the operation and reduced the risk of tube blockage. At the same time, our team has newly developed a puncture point ("Cai's point"), which has a puncture path in a non-vascular area and can reduce the risk of puncture bleeding. However, further prospective clinical research is needed to determine its routine location., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: All patients or family members have signed informed consent forms for surgery. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Clinical Research, Our Hospital (WDRY2022-K099). Patient or family member consent statement: Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal on request. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Uniform seed germination is crucial for consistent seedling emergence and efficient seedling production. In this study, we identified a seed-expressed protein in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), lateral organ boundaries domain 40 (SlLBD40), that regulates germination speed. CRISPR/Cas9-generated SlLBD40 knockout mutants exhibited faster germination due to enhanced seed imbibition, independent of the seed coat. The expression of SlLBD40 was induced during the imbibition process, particularly in the micropylar endosperm, suggesting its role in endosperm weakening. Gene ontology analysis of RNA-seq data indicated that differentially expressed genes were enriched in cell wall-related processes. SlLBD40 directly targeted genes encoding cell wall remodeling enzymes implicated in endosperm weakening, including expansin 6 (SlEXP6), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 23 (SlXTH23), and endo-β-mannanase 1 (SlMAN1). Our findings shed light on the role of endosperm weakening in regulating seed germination and propose potential gene targets for improving germination in species constrained by endosperm strength., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The incidence of depression is increasing in adolescents, who are at a stage of education and therefore more concerned about their cognitive changes. We tried to preserve the rapid relief of depressive symptoms in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) while causing less cognitive impairment, thus designing the hybrid-ECT (HECT), a modified ECT therapy. Here, we report a case study of a 14-year-old male student with major depressive disorder (MDD) suffering from severe suicidality and significant impairment in social functioning who achieved effective antidepressant effects with HECT and improved cognitive function. HECT showed safety and effectiveness in adolescent MDD patient., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Zhang, Li, Wang, Xie and Zeng.)

Cecropin AD (CAD), a hybrid antimicrobial peptide composed of the first 11 residues of cecropin A and last 26 residues of cecropin D, is a promising antibiotic candidate. Therefore, an efficient and convenient method for producing CAD is necessary for commercial applications. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been widely used as a platform for gene delivery and exogenous protein expression. In this study, we constructed a recombinant NDV that expresses CAD. To obtain high expression of the CAD peptide, tandem repeats of the cad gene were inserted into the genomes of the thermostable NDV strain TS09-C using reverse genetic technology. The thermostable recombinant NDV, namely rTS-CAD 3 , showed thermostability and growth kinetics similar to those of their parental strain. A bacteriostatic test showed that rTS-CAD 3 inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) in vitro. We further determined the bacteriostatic effects of rTS-CAD 3 expressed CAD against S. aureus in skin wound infections. The results showed that rTS-CAD 3 subcutaneously injection improved wound healing and reduced S. aureus decolonization. In summary, our results indicate that the rTS-CAD 3 expressing CAD peptide is a potent antimicrobial agent against S. aureus and E. coli and may be applied to accelerate wound healing in farm animals., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pathological vascular remodeling (VR) is characterized by structural and functional alterations in the vascular wall resulting from injury, which significantly contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The vascular wall consists primarily of endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and adventitial fibroblasts (AFs), whose interactions are crucial for both the formation of the vascular system and the maintenance of mature blood vessels. Disruptions in the communication between these cell types have been implicated in the progression of VR. This review examines the complex interactions between ECs, VSMCs, and AFs in the context of CVD development, emphasizing a relatively underexplored yet potentially critical mechanism. This interaction framework likely extends to the broader cellular dialogue in the pathogenesis of CVDs, suggesting novel therapeutic strategies for intervention., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no financial conflicts of interest or personal relationships that could have influenced the work presented in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks, as personal protective equipment (PPE) against the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), have been widely used worldwide. How to properly dispose of used PPE has brought a huge challenge to the ecosystem and human health. Here we proposed a laser flash pyrolysis (LFP) strategy to upcycle the used polypropylene(PP) face mask to vinylidene-terminated PP wax (PP-VDT) and further functionalized for compatibilizer application. Carbon black (0.2 wt%) was mixed with masks as a light absorbent to improve photothermal conversion efficiency. An infrared laser was adopted as the thermal source to quickly depolymerize the used PP face mask within just several milliseconds. The pyrolysis fragments quickly vaporized out to form PP-VDT with high selectivity (average terminal vinylidene per molecular chain was up to 1.55). The PP-VDT appeared as white solid particles which were clean and high purity. In addition, PP-VDT as polymer precursors could be further functionalized by thiol-ene chemistry to hydroxyl-terminated PP (PP-OH) and isocyanate-terminated PP (PP-HMDI), which could be used as compatibilizer in PLA/PP blends to decrease the size of the dispersed PP phase and to improve tensile strength. Therefore, this LFP technique was an effective upcycling method for PP face masks to obtain value-added products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Many analytical methods have been developed for performing targeted metabolomics. By combining multiple analytical techniques, comprehensive coverage of the metabolome can be achieved. We combined multiple analytical techniques to comprehensively and quantitatively characterize the widely studied NIST human plasma reference material, SRM 1950. Our goal was to provide a large, well-validated list of confident metabolite concentration values (i.e., benchmarks) to assist the metabolomics community in its calibration and comparison efforts. We used four analytical platforms: high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, direct injection tandem MS (DI-MS/MS), liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-MS/MS), and inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP-MS). Eight validated analytical assays were run, yielding accurate quantitative measurements for 728 unique metabolites or metabolite species. Through computer-aided literature mining, we identified another 330 unique metabolites previously quantified in SRM 1950. We compared NIST-certified values along with literature-derived concentrations/ranges to the metabolite concentrations measured by our four platforms and eight assays. From these assays/platforms, we generated a list of high-confidence concentration values of 1058 metabolites or metabolite species in SRM 1950 including data for 60 amino acids/related compounds, 48 bile acids, 72 amines/sugars/alcohols, 21 metals, 8 catecholamines, 11 vitamins, 92 organic acids, 40 fatty acids/steroids/nucleobases/indole derivatives, 5 polyfluorinated compounds, 7 carotenoids, 39 acylcarnitines, 76 oxylipins, 13 sterols, and 566 lipids/lipid species. This data set represents the most complete quantitative characterization of SRM 1950. An online database (SRM1950-DB) containing 1058 plasma metabolites/metabolite species in SRM 1950, their structures, HMDB IDs, mass, chemical class, concentrations, references, and reliability is freely available at https://srm1950-data.wishartlab.com.

In this study, we used desert soil from Gansu, China, as a sample to propose a method for designing hyperspectral stealth coatings against desert soil backgrounds within the spectral range of 400-2500 nm, and the corresponding coating was prepared. Firstly, the correlation between the composition and typical spectral detected characteristics of the desert soil was systematically analyzed. It was found that the color and the spectrum of the desert soil in the range of 400-1000 nm were influenced by different types of iron oxides. The main spectral characteristic and reflection intensity at 1000-2500 nm were impacted by quartz and montmorillonite. Subsequently, the design method for hyperspectral stealth coatings was developed by analyzing the differences in spectral and structural characteristics between the coatings and the soil. The prepared coating exhibited similar color and spectral shape to the soil in the range of 400-1000 nm, with comparable spectral features around 1414 nm, 1915 nm, 2212 nm, 2250 nm, and 2346 nm. The correlation coefficient and the spectral cosine angle between the reflectance spectra of the coating and the soil within the 400-2500 nm wavelength were calculated to be 0.989 and only 0.05 radians, respectively. The effectiveness of the coating in achieving excellent camouflage against the desert soil background was confirmed through the analysis of multispectral images and thermal infrared temperature. This study holds significant importance for the application of hyperspectral stealth techniques in desert soil scenarios., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Postinfectious cough was a common clinical symptom, which troubled patients and increased economic burden. The efficacy of pharmacotherapy for this symptom was unsatisfactory. This study aimed to explore the intervention effect of intensified mask-wearing on patients with post-upper respiratory tract infection cough and its role in reducing the economic burden of patients., Methods: As a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial, a total of 46 eligible patients with postinfectious cough were selected from local hospital, from November 2023 to February 2024. They were randomized into a control group (n = 21) and an experimental group (n = 25). Both groups received routine diagnosis and treatment, and the experimental group additionally received wearing medical surgical masks for >8 hours every day. All patients were followed up by on-site evaluation or telephone follow-up every 3 days for 3 weeks. We used a cough evaluation test to evaluate symptoms, recorded mask-wearing duration, and adjusted the treatment plan., Results: There were no statistically significant differences in age, gender, course of disease, cough severity, and time of wearing face masks in the early stage between 2 groups (P > .05). Three people (12.0%) in the experimental group were excluded from the study because of substandard wearing face masks. The average daily mask-wearing time of the experimental and control groups were: 9.7 ± 0.9 versus 1.2 ± 2.2 hours (P < .001). There was a statistically significant difference in cough severity scores between 2 groups on the 9th day of follow-up, 6.6 ± 2.0 versus 8.0 ± 2.5 (P < .05), the markedly effective and total effective rates were: 86.4% versus 57.1% and 31.81% versus 38.09 % (P <.05). The treatment time for all patients in 2 groups to achieve effectiveness was: 10.1 ± 4.6 versus 13.0 ± 4.1 days (P < .05). The final medical expenditure of 2 groups were 289.4 (185.2, 782.2) CNY versus 717.5 (548.5, 1582.2) CNY (P < .05)., Conclusion: The compliance of patients with intensive wearing face masks was high. The intensive wearing of face masks had a good intervention effect on the treatment of postinfectious cough, which could effectively reduce cough symptoms of patients, shorten the course of the disease, and reduce medical expenditure., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2025 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Graph representation learning has been leveraged to identify cancer genes from biological networks. However, its applicability is limited by insufficient interpretability and generalizability under integrative network analysis. Here we report the development of an interpretable and generalizable transformer-based model that accurately predicts cancer genes by leveraging graph representation learning and the integration of multi-omics data with the topologies of homogeneous and heterogeneous networks of biological interactions. The model allows for the interpretation of the respective importance of multi-omic and higher-order structural features, achieved state-of-the-art performance in the prediction of cancer genes across biological networks (including networks of interactions between miRNA and proteins, transcription factors and proteins, and transcription factors and miRNA) in pan-cancer and cancer-specific scenarios, and predicted 57 cancer-gene candidates (including three genes that had not been identified by other models) among 4,729 unlabelled genes across 8 pan-cancer datasets. The model's interpretability and generalization may facilitate the understanding of gene-related regulatory mechanisms and the discovery of new cancer genes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

In this work, the electrochemical biosensor based on the subtle combination of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), CRISPR/Cas14a, and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was developed for the detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)-derived exosomes. Due to the synergistic effect of the following factors: the powerful elongation capacity of TdT for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with 3-hydroxy terminus, the outstanding trans-cleavage ability of CRISPR/Cas14a specifcally activated by the crRNA binding to target DNA, and the excellent separation ability of MNPs, the developed electrochemical biosensor exhibited high sensitivity for the detection of NPC-derived exosome, with a linear range from 6.0 × 10 2  ∼ 1.0 × 10 5 particles/mL and a limit of detection as lown as 80 particles/mL. In addition, this electrochemical biosensor successfully distinguished exosomes from NPC patients and healthy individuals. This electrochemical biosensor opens up a new pathway for the early diagnosis of NPC. Abbreviations: NPC, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; CRISPR/Cas, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins system; PAMs, Protospacer adjacent motifs; RCA, Rolling circle amplification; CHA, Catalytic hairpin assembly; LAMP, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification; TdT, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase; SgRNA, Single guide RNA., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Studying climate change's impact on vegetation canopy growth and senescence is significant for understanding and predicting vegetation dynamics. However, there is a lack of adequate research on canopy changes across the lifecycles of different vegetation types. Using GLASS LAI (leaf area index) data (2001-2020), we investigated canopy development (April-June), maturity (July-August), and senescence (September-October) rates in Northeast China, focusing on their responses to preseason climatic factors. We identified that early stages saw canopy development acceleration, with over 71% of areas experiencing such acceleration in April and May. As the vegetation grew, the accelerating canopy development slowed down, and the canopy reached its maturation earlier. By analyzing the partial correlation between canopy growth and preseason climatic factors, it was identified that changes in canopy growth were most significantly affected by preseason air temperature. A positive correlation was observed in the early stages, which shifted to a negative correlation during canopy maturation and senescence. Notably, the transition timing varied among different vegetation types, with grasslands (June) occurring earlier than forests (July) and farmlands (August). Additionally, grassland canopy growth showed a stronger response to precipitation than forests and farmlands, with a lagged effect of 2.50 months. Our findings improve understanding of vegetation canopy growth across different stages, holding significant importance for ecological environmental monitoring, land-use planning, and sustainable development.

Numerous studies indicate that Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (SC) has anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) effects, and its processed products are commonly used in clinical practice. However, limited reports exist on the mechanisms of polysaccharides from its vinegar products and their role in T2DM. We purified a novel polysaccharide from vinegar-processed Schisandra chinensis (VSC) and used intestinal microbiota 16S rRNA analysis and metabolomics to study changes in T2DM mice after vinegar-processed Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide (VSP) intervention, aiming to elucidate how VSP alleviates T2DM. VSP has shown significant therapeutic effects in T2DM mice, which can regulate the imbalance of glucose and lipid metabolism, alleviate pancreatic and liver damage, restore the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and inhibit the inflammatory response. Serum metabolomics and microbiological analysis showed that VSP could significantly regulate 104 endogenous metabolites and rectify gut microbiota disorders in T2DM mice. Additionally, VSP enhanced the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the expression of GPR41/43 in the colon of T2DM mice. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among specific gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and fecal SCFAs. Overall, these findings will provide a basis for further VSP development., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) plays a crucial role in enriching RNA functional and genetic information, and the identification of m 6 A modification sites is therefore an important task to promote the understanding of RNA epigenetics. In the identification process, current studies are mainly concentrated on capturing the short-range dependencies between adjacent nucleotides in RNA sequences, while ignoring the impact of long-range dependencies between non-adjacent nucleotides for learning high-quality representation of RNA sequences. In this work, we propose an end-to-end prediction model, called m 6 ASLD, to improve the identification accuracy of m 6 A modification sites by capturing the short-range and long-range dependencies of nucleotides. Specifically, m 6 ASLD first encodes the type and position information of nucleotides to construct the initial embeddings of RNA sequences. A self-correlation map is then generated to characterize both short-range and long-range dependencies with a designed map generating block for each RNA sequence. After that, m 6 ASLD learns the global and local representations of RNA sequences by using a graph convolution process and a designed dependency searching block respectively, and finally achieves its identification task under a joint training scheme. Extensive experiments have demonstrated the promising performance of m 6 ASLD on 11 benchmark datasets across several evaluation metrics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of NH 3 to N 2 is one of the most effective methods used to eliminate NH 3 emissions. However, achieving high conversion over a wide operating temperature range while avoiding over-oxidation to NO x remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a bi-metallic surficial catalyst (Pt S CuO/Al 2 O 3 ) with improved Pt atom efficiency that overcomes the limitations of current catalysts. It achieves full NH 3 conversion at 250 °C with a weight hourly space velocity of 600 ml NH 3 ·h -1 ·g -1 , which is 50 °C lower than commercial Pt/Al 2 O 3 , and maintains high N 2 selectivity through a wide temperature window. Operando XAFS studies reveal that the surface Pt atoms in Pt S CuO/Al 2 O 3 enhance the redox properties of the Cu species, thus accelerating the Cu 2+ reduction rate and improving the rate of the NH 3 -SCO reaction. Moreover, a synergistic effect between Pt and Cu sites in Pt S CuO/Al 2 O 3 contributes to the high selectivity by facilitating internal selective catalytic reduction., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: High concentration protein formulation (HCPF) development needs to balance protein stability attributes such as conformational/colloidal stability, chemical stability, and solution properties such as viscosity and osmolality., Methodology: A three-phase design is established in this work. In Phase 1, conformational and colloidal stability are measured by 384-well-based high-throughput (HT) biophysical screening while viscosity reduction screening is performed with HT viscosity screening. Collectively, the biophysical and viscosity screening data are leveraged to design the phase 2 of short-term stability study, executed using 96-well plates under thermal and freeze/thaw stresses. In phase 2, samples are analyzed by stability-indicating assays and processed with pair-wise Student's t-test analyses to choose the final formulations. In phase 3, the final formulations are then confirmed through a one-month accelerated stability in glass vials., Results: Using a model antibody A (mAb-A), the initial HT screening successfully established the 384-well based platform. A lead formulation was chosen from the second round based on statistical analyses and subsequently tested against the commercial formulation of mAb-A as a control. Compared to the control, the lead formulation reduced the viscosity of mAb-A by 30% and decreased subvisible particles after thermal stress by 80%., Conclusions: HT biophysical screening in 384-well plates was demonstrated to effectively guide the rational design of a high-throughput stability screening study using 96-well plates. This platform enables the identification of a high concentration formulation within seven weeks within the first two phases of study that strategically balance stability with solution properties, thus achieving a rapid development of HCPF., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of Interest: LX, MP, RM, MB, ZZ, CL, KR, SR, and YL are or were employees and/or shareholders of WuXi Biologics. Ethics and Consent Statement: Not applicable. Animal Research Statement: Not applicable., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Aim: To assess the prognostic utility of the albumin-to-gamma-glutamyltransferase ratio (AGR) in patients with high-grade glioma [World Health Organization (WHO) grade III and IV] and to develop a predictive nomogram., Material and Methods: Data from 185 patients diagnosed with high-grade gliomas, who underwent surgical treatment between March 2013 and December 2022, were retrospectively analysed. Patients were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts. The nomogram was developed using multivariate Cox regression analysis according to selected risk factors using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (i.e., ?LASSO?) regression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration curve, and C-index were used to assess the performance of the prediction model., Results: This study included data from 185 patients; six independent risk factors were identified and used to generate a prognostic nomogram: WHO grade, body mass index (BMI), smoking, platelet (PLT) count, fibrinogen (FIB) level, and AGR. The nomogram demonstrated considerable prognostic consistency and discrimination. The prognostic utility of AGR was identified in patients with glioma [hazard ratio 0.7876 (95% confidence interval 0.6471?0.9585); p=0.0172]., Conclusion: AGR was found to be a potential risk factor for predicting overall survival in patients with glioma after surgery. The nomogram integrated WHO grade, BMI, smoking status, PLT count, and FIB level. AGR provided clinical guidance for surgeons to predict survival rates in patients with glioma.

Hydrazine, as a crucial raw material in the fine chemical industry, plays an indispensable role in fuel, catalyst, pesticide and drug synthesis. Due to its good water solubility and high toxicity, hydrazine can cause irreparable damage to water and soil in the environment, and it can also be released by taking certain drugs, which brings potential risks to human health. Therefore, it is vital to develop a method that can specifically detect hydrazine in the environment and in vivo . As an effective analysis and detection tool, fluorescence probe has attracted extensive attention in recent years. In this review, we summarized and classified hydrazine fluorescence probes based on various reaction mechanisms, and discussed their structures and applications in the past ten years. At least, we briefly outline the challenges and prospects in this field.

Senescence, caused by cell-cycle arrest, is a hallmark of aging. Senescence has also been described in embryogenesis, wound healing, and acute injuries. Sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to organ dysfunction and mortality. Most of the pathophysiology of human sepsis is recapitulated in the mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis, developed by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In this report, we demonstrate a rapid onset of cellular senescence in the liver of mice subjected to CLP-induced sepsis, characterized by the upregulation of p21, p53, and other senescence markers, including SA-βgal. Using RNAscope, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry, we further confirm the emergence of p21-expressing senescence phenotype in the liver 24 h after sepsis induction. Senescence was observed in several cell types in the liver, including hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and macrophages. We determined the landscape of senescence phenotype in murine sepsis by single-cell sequencing, which further ascertained that this cell fate is not confined to any particular cell type but displays a heterogeneous distribution. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in mortality following sepsis when mice were treated with senolytics, a combination of dasatinib and quercetin, before the CLP surgery. Our experiments unequivocally demonstrated a rapid development of cellular senescence with sepsis and, for the first time, described the senescence landscape in the sepsis liver and the possible role of senescent cells in the worsening outcome following sepsis., (© 2024 The Author(s). Aging Cell published by Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Pseudorabies (PR), caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV), is highly contagious. Although qPCR is widely used for viral DNA detection, it struggles with low-level DNA identification and precise quantification. To address these issues, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has emerged as a more advanced method for detecting pathogens and providing absolute quantification of nucleic acids. The study introduces a ddPCR assay for accurate PRV quantification, addressing the challenges posed by the high GC content of the PRV genome. By optimizing factors such as primer and probe concentrations, annealing conditions, denaturation time, and cycle number, the assay overcomes limitations of traditional PCR techniques. The optimized ddPCR assay showed a wide linear dynamic range, with well-defined limits of blank (LOB) and detection (LOD). Testing confirmed the method's reproducibility, demonstrating its stability and reliability. This study provides key insights into optimizing ddPCR for GC-rich templates and serves as a useful reference for future experiments., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: All co-Authors declare that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Bionic visual systems require multimodal integration of eye-like photodetectors and brain-like image memory. However, the integration of photodetectors (PDs) and artificial optoelectronic synapses devices (OESDs) by one device remains a giant challenge due to their photoresponse discrepancy. Herein, a dual-functional integration of PDs and OESDs based on VO 2 /WO 3 heterojunctions is presented. The device can be able to realize a dual-mode conversion between PDs and OESDs through tuning the bias voltage. Under zero bias voltage, the device exhibiting excellent photodetecting behaviors based on the photovoltaic effect, showing a high self-powered photoresponsivity of 18.5 mA W -1 and high detectivity of 7.5 × 10 10 Jones with fast photoresponse. When the external bias voltages are applied, it can be acted as an OESD and exhibit versatile electrical and photonic synaptic characteristics based on the trapping and detrapping effects, including synaptic plasticity and learning-experience behaviors. More importantly, benefiting from the excellent photosensing ability and transporting properties, the device shows ultralow-power consumption of 39.0 pJ and a 4 × 4 OESDs array is developed to realize the visual perception and memory. This work not only supplies a novel route to realize complex functional integration just in one device, but also offers effective strategies for developing neuromorphic visual system., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Pummelo (Citrus maxima) is one of the most important citrus crops and have genetically contributed sweet orange, lemon and most citrus cultivars. It has been cultivated for c. 4000 years in China and is also distributed in many Southeast Asian countries. Nevertheless, the origin and dispersal of pummelo remain elusive. We conducted whole-genome sequencing for 290 pummelo accessions from China and Southeast Asia (SEA). Our findings indicated that pummelo was originated in Yunnan province. The divergence of the China-SEA accessions occurred c. 2000 years ago and the divergence was likely facilitated through the Maritime Silk Road. We detected the divergence of genomic regions associated with fruit flavor and color, indicating different selection by human activities in different regions. A gene encoding lycopene cyclase 2 (LCYB2) exhibited a high degree of divergence in expression and sequence between red-flesh and white-flesh pummelos. A SNP in the coding region of LCYB2 resulted in a reduction in lycopene β-cyclizing enzyme activity, leading to the accumulation of lycopene and the development of the red-flesh trait. This study reveals the origin and evolutionary history of pummelo and provides insights into the genomic basis for the divergence of fruit flavor and color., (© 2024 The Author(s). New Phytologist © 2024 New Phytologist Foundation.)

Background: Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is associated with back pain; back pain is a world-wide contributor to poor quality of life, while necroptosis has the characteristics of necroptosis and apoptosis, however, its role in IDD is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify biomarkers associated with necroptosis in IDD., Purpose: To explore biomarkers associated with necroptosis in IDD, reveal the pathogenesis of IDD, as well as provide new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease., Study Design/settings: Retrospective cohort study. Our study employs scRNA-seq coupled with MR analysis to investigate the causal relationship between necroptosis and IDD, laying a foundational groundwork for unveiling the intricate pathogenic mechanisms of this condition., Methods: Data quality control and normalisation was executed in single-cell dataset, GSE205535. Then, different cell types were obtained by cell annotation through marker genes. Subsequently, chi-square test was employed to assess the distribution difference of different cell types between IDD and control to screen key cells. AUCell was applied to calculate necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) scores of all cell types, further key cells were divided into high and low NRGs groups according to the median AUC scores of different cell types. Afterwards, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within the 2 score groups were screened. Then, the genes that had causal relationship with IDD were selected as biomarkers by univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Finally, the expression of biomarkers in different cell types and pseudo-time analysis was analyzed separately., Results: In GSE205535, 16 different cell populations identified by UMAP cluster analysis were further annotated to 8 cell types using maker genes. Afterwards, 53 DEGs were screened between the high and low NRGs groups. In addition, 9 genes with causal relationship with IDD were obtained by univariate MR analysis, further multivariate MR analysis proved that NT5E and TMEM158 had a direct causal relationship with IDD, which were used as biomarkers in this study. This study not only found that the expression levels of NT5E and TMEM158 were higher in IDD group, but also found that fibrochondrocytes and inflammatory chondrocytes were the key cells of NT5E and TMEM158, respectively. In the end, the biomarkers had the same expression trend in the quasi-time series, and both of them from high to low and then increased., Conclusions: NT5E and TMEM158, as biomarkers of necroptotic apoptotic IDD, were causally associated with IDD., Clinical Significance: The understanding of chondrocytes as key cells provides new perspectives for deeper elucidation of the pathogenesis of IDD, improved diagnostic methods, and the development of more effective treatments. These findings are expected to provide a more accurate and personalised approach to clinical diagnosis and treatment, thereby improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients with IDD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)