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Taoying Lu,1– 3 Mingyue Fan,1 Jianxiong Cai,4 Aolin Liu,1 Qianwen Xie,2,3 Xiaowen Zhou,1 Bei Chang,1 Lingjia Yin,2,3,5 Guli Jiang,6 Bin Sun,7 Wenyi Tang,7 Darong Wu4 1The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Outcome Assessment Research Team in Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3Outcome Assessment Research Team in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 4State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Cadre Health Management Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 7Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Cadre Health Management Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Darong Wu, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13808869436, Email darongwu@gzucm.edu.cnBackground: Dampness syndrome is a basic syndrome of many major and chronic diseases. Early screening and identification of dampness syndrome are important. The Dampness Syndrome Scale of Chinese Medicine (DSSCM) was developed to measure the occurrence and severity of dampness syndrome. The measurement characteristics of the DSSCM should be further validated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of the DSSCM based on a cross-sectional survey.Methods: The development of DSSCM was based on the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, expert consensus and clinical investigations. Participants were recruited from Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine and Guangzhou Cadre Health Management Center in Guangdong Province, China. All participants completed the baseline questionnaire and DSSCM. The reliability of the DSSCM was evaluated by internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability. The factor structure was tested with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), while discriminant validity was evaluated by calculating the difference between the total score of the DSSCM and its four dimensions for participants with or without dampness syndrome. We used a clinician’s diagnosis of dampness syndrome as a criterion to evaluate the criterion validity. Multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the associations among gender, age, height, and weight and dampness syndrome.Results: A total of 880 participants were enrolled for psychometric validation and 869 participants were included in the final analyses after exclusion. The mean age of the participants was 42.62± 12.86 years. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the four dimensions of the DSSCM were 0.809, 0.891, 0.816 and 0.780. The ICCs for the four dimensions of the DSSCM were 0.806, 0.674, 0.780 and 0.760. For validity, the results showed that the DSSCM had good content validity, discriminant validity and criterion validity. For the CFA, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.091; the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) was 0.074; the comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.766; and the Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) was 0.745. Weight was found to be associated with the total scores of the DSSCM and its three dimensions.Conclusion: The DSSCM has good reliability and validity to support its use as a tool for assessing the severity of dampness syndrome. This study provides empirical evidence for future updates to the DSSCM.Keywords: dampness syndrome, dampness syndrome scale of Chinese medicine, reliability, validity

Jing Sun,1 Tracy Lu,1 Yan Dang,1 Zigang Xu,2 Ying Liu2 1Medical & Scientific Affairs, Haleon (Formerly GSK Consumer Healthcare), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Center for Children‘s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ying Liu, Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Email ying_lemon@aliyun.comAbstract: Mupirocin, an antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens, is mainly used for the topical treatment of various skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Streptococcus around the world for decades. Nevertheless, the clinical application scope of mupirocin varies in different countries due to differences in their medical policies, prescription types, and drug resistance. According to the experience of Chinese doctors in the past few years, mupirocin presented low drug resistance rates, and could be used as a treatment option for various primary infections and secondary infections, with antibacterial effects in a broad application. In this review, we summarized the experience of mupirocin used in the Chinese population and discussed its clinical value to provide novel insights and inspiration for physicians.Keywords: experience, mupirocin, skin diseases, infectious

Rui Bai,1,2 Yuhang Sui,1,2 Tianqi Lu,1,2 Hua Chen,1,2 Gang Wang,1,2 Rui Kong,1,2 Hongtao Tan,1,2 Yongwei Wang,1,2 Guanqun Li,1,2 Bei Sun1,2 1Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Guanqun Li; Bei Sun, Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China, Email liguanqun@hrbmu.edu.cn; sunbei70@hrbmu.edu.cnPurpose: The effects of the step-jump approach on the survival and prognosis of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) patients have not yet been determined.Patients and Methods: Between November 2018 and June 2023, 188 patients were included in this study. There were 144 patients in the step-up group (the SU group) and 44 in the step-jump group (the SJ group). In the SU group, patients successfully treated with percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) alone were classified into the SU-1 group (n=101), while those requiring additional surgery after PCD were categorized into the SU-2 group (n=43). In the SJ group, patients who underwent minimally invasive necrosectomy (MIN) without PCD were assigned to the SJ-1 group (n=34), whereas those who initially underwent PCD followed by immediate open surgery were placed in the SJ-2 group (n=10). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to mitigate bias.Results: After PSM, a total of 34 pairs were successfully matched. A comparison of the SU group with the SJ-1 group (upfront MIN without PCD) revealed similar mortality rates (P=0.239); however, the incidences of multiple drug-resistant organisms (MDROs) (P=0.029) and surgical complications (P< 0.001) were significantly lower in the SJ-1 group. After comparing the SU-2 and SJ-2 groups (patients who underwent direct open necrosectomy without MIN after PCD failure), the incidences of surgical complications and MDRO in the SJ-2 group were significantly lower (P< 0.05).Conclusion: Compared with the step-up approach, the step-jump approach is safer and more effective and can significantly reduce the incidence of MDRO and surgical complications.Keywords: infected pancreatic necrosis, step-up approach, step-jump approach, propensity score match

Yanyi Wang,1,2,&ast; Juan Wen,1– 3,&ast; Tong Lu,1,2 Wei Han,2,4 Kai Jiao,5 Huang Li1,2 1Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 3Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia; 4Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Stomatology, Tangdu Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Wei Han, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, 30 Central Road, Nanjing, 210008, People’s Republic of China, Email doctorhanwei@hotmail.com Huang Li, Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, 30 Central Road, Nanjing, 210008, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-25-83620173, Fax +86-25-83620200, Email lihuang76@nju.edu.cnAbstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can deliver various bioactive molecules among cells, making them promising diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives in diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) have shown therapeutic potential similar to MSCs but with drawbacks such as lower yield, reduced biological activities, off-target effects, and shorter half-lives. Improving strategies utilizing biotechniques to pretreat MSCs and enhance the properties of released EVs, as well as modifying MSC-EVs to enhance targeting abilities and achieve controlled release, shows potential for overcoming application limitations and enhancing therapeutic effects in treating bone-related diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in functionalizing MSC-EVs to treat bone-related diseases. Firstly, we underscore the significance of MSC-EVs in facilitating crosstalk between cells within the skeletal environment. Secondly, we highlight strategies of functional-modified EVs for treating bone-related diseases. We explore the pretreatment of stem cells using various biotechniques to enhance the properties of resulting EVs, as well as diverse approaches to modify MSC-EVs for targeted delivery and controlled release. Finally, we address the challenges and opportunities for further research on MSC-EVs in bone-related diseases.Keywords: extracellular vesicles, mesenchymal stem cells, functional modification, bone-related diseases

Zixian Liu, Tianming Lu, Ruoning Qian, Zian Wang, Ruogu Qi, Zhengguang Zhang School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Zhengguang Zhang; Ruogu Qi, Email zhengguangzhang@njucm.edu.cn; rqi@njucm.edu.cnBackground: Cancer continues to be a prominent issue in the field of medicine, as demonstrated by recent studies emphasizing the significant role of autophagy in the development of cancer. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) provides a variety of anti-tumor agents capable of regulating autophagy. However, the clinical application of autophagy-modulating compounds derived from TCM is impeded by their restricted water solubility and bioavailability. To overcome this challenge, the utilization of nanotechnology has been suggested as a potential solution. Nonetheless, the current body of literature on nanoparticles delivering TCM-derived autophagy-modulating anti-tumor compounds for cancer treatment is limited, lacking comprehensive summaries and detailed descriptions.Methods: Up to November 2023, a comprehensive research study was conducted to gather relevant data using a variety of databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Web of Science, and CNKI. The keywords utilized in this investigation included “autophagy”, “nanoparticles”, “traditional Chinese medicine” and “anticancer”.Results: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of nanotechnology in overcoming delivery challenges and enhancing the anti-cancer properties of autophagy-modulating compounds in TCM. The evaluation is based on a synthesis of different classes of autophagy-modulating compounds in TCM, their mechanisms of action in cancer treatment, and their potential benefits as reported in various scholarly sources. The findings indicate that nanotechnology shows potential in enhancing the availability of autophagy-modulating agents in TCM, thereby opening up a plethora of potential therapeutic avenues.Conclusion: Nanotechnology has the potential to enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of autophagy-modulating compounds in traditional TCM, through regulation of autophagy.Keywords: autophagy, nano-delivery, anti-cancer, traditional Chinese medicine

Yuling Gao,1 Yanrui Zhao,1 Hanzhou Wang,1 Xiaopei Xu,1 Zhexian Cheng,2 Tianchao Lu,1 Yang Liu,1 Junlin Zhou1 1Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital of Capital Medical University, Bejing, People’s Republic of China; 2Preventive Dentistry Department, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Junlin Zhou; Yang Liu, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Gongtinan Road 8&num;, Beijing, 100020, People’s Republic of China, Email junlinzhou_article@outlook.com; y0ring1996@163.comBackground: This study aimed to create three-dimensional heat map and study the characteristic of fracture lines and represented fragments of OTA/AO type 43C pilon fractures.Methods: CT scan was performed in105 fractures diagnosed with OTA/AO type 43C pilon fractures between January 2017 and December 2022. Three-dimensional pilon fracture maps were created and converted into fracture heat maps. CT scan graphic parameters including the fracture line height, α angle, β angle, the ratio of the area and size of bone fragment represented by the fracture line to the total articular surface were measured.Results: The study included 105 patients with 91 males and 14 females. The fractures included C1 (n=16), C2 (n=23), and C3 (n=66). There was no statistically different among the most parameters except in the fracture-line height of the anterior fracture line (p=0.03) and the sagittal fracture line (p=0.02) between C2 and C3 pilon fractures. The average size of the anterolateral fragment, occupied approximately 13.5% of the articular surface area, was (11.5± 2.8) mm × (20.5± 6.3) mm with the average height of 29.8 mm. The average size of the posterolateral fragment, occupied approximately 13.0% of the articular surface area, was (15.7± 4.6) mm × (19.3± 4.0) mm with the average height of 19.1 mm.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the articular surface fracture lines in the C type pilon fracture are formed by fixed main fracture lines. The understand of morphological and distribution characteristics of the fracture lines and size of fragments in OTA/AO type 43C pilon fractures would help the surgeons take suitable approach and fixation.Keywords: pilon fractures, heat map, three-dimensional reconstruction, classification

Qiuyan Guo,1,2,&ast; Tianming Lu,1,3,&ast; Min Zhang,4,&ast; Qixin Wang,1,2 Minghong Zhao,2,5 Tongchun Wang,6 Maobo Du1 1Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China; 2Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China; 4Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China; 5Laboratory Medicine, Guizhou Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China; 6Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Shandong Wendeng Orthopedic Hospital, Wendeng, Shandong, 264400, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Maobo Du, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China, Email mbdu@icmm.ac.cnBackground and Objective: Peptic ulcer is a high incidence gastrointestinal disease in China. Berberine (BBR) is a natural product isolated from the Chinese herb Coptis chinensis Franch that has protective effects in digestive diseases. We aimed to evaluate the ability of BBR to attenuate acute gastric ulcer induced by one-time administration of ethanol in the rat.Methods: Tissue pathological morphology, macroscopic score, ulcer healing rate, and serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) were used to determine the efficacy of BBR and evaluated to identify the optimal dosage. Subsequently, transcriptome and metabolome sequencing were conducted in Control, Model, and optimal dosage groups to explore the pathogenesis of the disease and the mechanism of action of the drug. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), as well as those of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to verify the results of transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses.Results: BBR significantly improved the pathological morphology of gastric ulcers, increased the macroscopic score and healing rate, decreased serum levels of NO, IL-6, and PGE2, and increased serum levels of IL-10, thus effectively alleviating gastric ulcer severity. Transcriptome results showed that the therapeutic effect of BBR was mainly mediated by the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway at the gene level, which is closely associated with inflammation and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The differentially accumulated metabolite prostaglandin E1, which is a negative regulator of ROS, was significantly up-regulated after BBR administration. The validation results indicated that BBR pretreatment increased SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities, while reducing levels of the oxidative products MDA and MPO.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that BBR exerts a protective effect on acute gastric ulcer by promoting tricarboxylic acid cycle-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism. Keywords: Berberine, acute gastric ulcer, transcriptome, untargeted metabolomics

For most molecules the spin-coupled generalized valence bond (SCGVB) wavefunction accounts for the effects of non-dynamical electron correlation. The remaining errors in the prediction of molecular properties and the outcomes of molecular processes are then solely due to dynamical electron correlation. In this article we extend our previous studies of the effects of dynamical electron correlation on the potential energy curves and spectroscopic constants of the AH and AF (A = B–F) molecules to the homonuclear diatomic molecules, A2 (A = C–F). At large R the magnitude of ΔEDEC(R), the correlation energy of the molecule relative to that in the atoms, increases nearly exponentially with decreasing R, just as we found in the AH and AF molecules. But, as R continues to decrease the rate of increase in the magnitude of ΔEDEC(R) slows, eventually leading to a minimum for C2–O2. Examination of the SCGVB wavefunction for the N2 molecule around the minimum in ΔEDEC(R) did not reveal a clear cause for this puzzling behavior. As before, the changes in ΔEDEC(R) around Re were found to have an uneven effect on the spectroscopic constants of the A2 molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens (L.), renowned for its medicinal properties such as lowering blood uric acid, anti-inflammatory effects, and anti-allergy effects, contains a variety of beneficial compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, and essential oils. Among these, rosmarinic acid stands out for its remarkable ability to reduce blood uric acid levels. The study has introduced an innovative approach to extract and quantify rosmarinic acid from Perilla leaves, employing a straightforward extraction method with quick analysis. The optimized extraction method involves using ultrasound for 10 minutes with 70% ethanol. For chromatographic analysis, a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was utilized with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in a ratio of 27:73 (v/v), flowing at 1.2 mL/min for 7 minutes. This methodology underwent thorough validation following the Association Of Of ficial Analytical Collaboration guidelines, demonstrating a limit of quantification of 0.1 μg/mL. Furthermore, it exhibits excellent linearity within the concentration range of 10-100 μg/mL, supported by a high correlation coefficient of 0.9988. The procedure is applied to quantitatively determine the rosmarinic acid contents inPerilla leaves across 17 provinces in Vietnam, revealing Ho Chi Minh City to have the most abundant concentration of this compound. Research on the growth stages of Perilla frutescens has revealed that the flowering stage exhibits the highest levels of rosmarinic acid. These findings are pivotal for evaluating the quality of raw materials and optimizing the use of Perilla frutescens as a medicinal herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A germanium p-channel Schottky barrier metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (SB-MOSFET) with germanium–platinum Schottky contacts is demonstrated experimentally. The fabrication process has a low thermal budget of 450 ° C and requires neither intentional doping nor ion implantation. At a temperature of 4 K, the p-channel SB-MOSFET turns on at a gate voltage of −1.6 V and shows a peak mobility of 500 cm2/V s at a carrier density of 3 × 1012 cm–2. Under high drain–source bias voltages, the device operates in an unconventional mode where the current is limited by the source contact. Injection of carriers from the source contact to the germanium channel is controlled by the gate bias, which modulates the Schottky barrier capacitively. The transconductance in this mode deviates from and is significantly higher than the value expected for a conventional MOSFET with the same geometry, mobility, and capacitance. Based on four-point current–voltage measurements, we present a theoretical band diagram of the device and give a physical picture for the observed high currents and transconductances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study of the small lithium molecules Li2+,0,− and Li3+,0,− focuses on the nature of the bonding in these molecules as well as their structures and energetics (bond energies, ionization energies, and electron affinities). Valence CASSCF (2s,2p) calculations incorporate nondynamical electron correlation in the calculations, while the corresponding multireference configuration interaction and coupled cluster calculations incorporate dynamical electron correlation. Treatment of nondynamical correlation is critical for properly describing the Li2,3+,0,− molecules as well as the Li− anion with dynamical correlation, in general, only fine‐tuning the predictions. All lithium molecules and ions are bound, with the Li3+ and Li2+ ions being the most strongly bound, followed by Li3−, Li2, Li2− and Li3. The minimum energy structures of Li3+,0,− are, respectively, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and a linear structure. The results of SCGVB calculations are analyzed to obtain insights into the nature of the bonding in these molecules. An important finding of this work is that interstitial orbitals, a concept first put forward by McAdon and Goddard in 1985, play an essential role in the bonding of all lithium molecules considered here except for Li2. The interstitial orbitals found in the Li3+,0 molecules likely give rise to the non‐nuclear attractors/maxima observed in these molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study of the small lithium molecules Li2+,0,− and Li3+,0,− focuses on the nature of the bonding in these molecules as well as their structures and energetics (bond energies, ionization energies, and electron affinities). Valence CASSCF (2s,2p) calculations incorporate nondynamical electron correlation in the calculations, while the corresponding multireference configuration interaction and coupled cluster calculations incorporate dynamical electron correlation. Treatment of nondynamical correlation is critical for properly describing the Li2,3+,0,− molecules as well as the Li− anion with dynamical correlation, in general, only fine‐tuning the predictions. All lithium molecules and ions are bound, with the Li3+ and Li2+ ions being the most strongly bound, followed by Li3−, Li2, Li2− and Li3. The minimum energy structures of Li3+,0,− are, respectively, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and a linear structure. The results of SCGVB calculations are analyzed to obtain insights into the nature of the bonding in these molecules. An important finding of this work is that interstitial orbitals, a concept first put forward by McAdon and Goddard in 1985, play an essential role in the bonding of all lithium molecules considered here except for Li2. The interstitial orbitals found in the Li3+,0 molecules likely give rise to the non‐nuclear attractors/maxima observed in these molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In vitro slow-growth storage has long played an important role in maintaining valuable horticultural materials. It is particularly applicable to the conservation of virus-free materials recovered from meristem culture or shoot-tip cryotherapy. In this study, the apple cultivar ‘Yanfu-6’ and the rootstock genotype ‘Qingzhen-1’ obtained from a virus disinfection program were compared during the establishment of in vitro slow-growth storage programs. At room temperature (25℃), combining with 4.5% sucrose or 0.5% mannitol, extended the conservation period of ‘Yanfu-6’ and ‘Qingzhen-1’to 5 and 9 months, respectively. Decreasing the temperature to 12℃ led to further reduced shoot growth, extending the conservation period to 9 months for ‘Yanfu-6’, while more than 80% of ‘Qingzhen-1’ shoots could be recovered after one year of storage. Similarly, high rooting and acclimatization success levels were obtained for ‘Qingzhen-1’ after one-year storage at 12℃, as well as for the plants that underwent monthly subcultures, but not for ‘Yanfu-6’. The inability to root in ‘Yanfu-6’ was overcome by micrografting onto rootstock ‘Qingzhen-1’, which resulted in a rooting percentage of 83% and an acclimatization success of 77%. In the analysis of genetic stability by next-generation sequencing, reduced levels of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (InDels) were detected in ‘Qingzhen-1’ shoots recovered after one-year storage at 12℃, as compared with shoots that underwent regular subcultures. These results highlight the use of in vitro slow-growth program assisted with micrografting for the conservation of valuable horticultural species.

Abstract Somatic variations can give rise to bud sports with advantageous traits, serving as the foundation for bud sport breeding in perennial plants. Here, we report a fully phased genome assembly of ‘Fuji’ apple, enabling comprehensive identification of somatic variants across 74 clonally propagated ‘Fuji’ varieties. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that spur-type and early-maturation traits in ‘Fuji’ sport varieties arise from multiple independent events. Several putative functional somatic variants have been identified, including a spur-type-specific deletion in the promoter of the TCP transcription factor gene MdTCP11. DNA methylation level of the deletion-associated miniature inverted-repeat transposable element is lower in spur-type varieties compared to standard-type varieties, while the expression of MdTCP11 is significantly higher. Overexpression of MdTCP11 in apple decreases plant height, highlighting its important role in the development of spur-type apple varieties. This study sheds light on the cloning history of ‘Fuji’ and provides valuable resources for apple breeding.

Abstract Parkinsonian tremor (PT) and Essential tremor (ET) exist as upper limb tremors in clinical practice. Notably, their types of trembling share similar presentations and overlapping frequencies. To enhance objectivity and efficiency in the diagnosis of these two diseases, there is a pressing need for more objective tremor classification procedures. This study proposes a novel multimodal fusion network based on a cross-attention mechanism (MFCA-Net) to automate the classification of upper limb tremors between PTs and ETs. To this end, 140 patients with PTs and ETs were recruited, and acceleration and surface electromyography (sEMG) signals were collected from the forearm during tremor episodes. To comprehensively capture the global and local features of input signals, a multiscale convolution in MFCA-Net was designed. Furthermore, the cross-attention mechanism was applied to fuse the features of the two input signals. The results demonstrate that the final classification accuracy exceeded 97.18% when MFCA-Net was used. Compared with the single acceleration signal and single sEMG signal inputs, the recognition accuracies increased by 18.91% and 10.04%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed MFCA-Net in this study serves as an objective and potential tool for assisting clinicians in the diagnosis of PT and ET patients.

Abstract Aim The present work set out to classify cell subpopulations related to liver metastasis from gastric cancer (GC) and the mechanisms of their interactions with other immune cell subpopulations. Background GC is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity and liver metastasis. Exploring the mechanism of liver metastasis of GC from the perspective of heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) might help improve the efficacy of GC treatment. Objective Based on the cellular subpopulation characteristics of GC with liver metastasis, the regulatory mechanisms contributing to GC progression were analyzed, with special focuses on the roles of signaling pathways, transcription factors (TFs) and ligand–receptor pairs. Methods The GSE163558 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to collect single-cell transcriptomic data of GC patients and their metastasis groups for cell clustering and relevant analyses. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GC and GC liver metastasis groups were screened and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. SCENIC analysis was used to mine TFs that affected cellular subpopulations during liver metastasis from GC. The relative expression levels of TFs in GC were determined using qRT-PCR. Transwell and wound healing assays were utilized to verify the regulation of the TFs on the migration and invasion of GC cells. Interaction network between the cellular subpopulations was developed applying CellChat. Results Single-cell clustering was performed to group six major cell subpopulations, namely, Myeloid cells, B cells, Mast cells, Epithelial cells, Fibroblasts, and TNK cells, among which the number of TNK cells was significantly increased in the GC liver metastasis group. Differentially enriched pathways of TNK cells between GC and GC liver metastasis groups mainly included IL-17 and Pi3k–Akt signaling pathways. TNK cell subsets could be further categorized into CD8 T cells, Exhausted T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and Treg cells, with the GC liver metastasis group showing significantly more CD8 T cells and NKT cells. FOS and JUNB were the TFs of TNK cell marker genes that contributed to liver metastasis from GC and the invasion and migration of GC cell lines. Significant differences in immune cell communication ligand–receptor pairs existed between the GC and GC liver metastasis groups. Conclusion This study revealed the critical role of TNK cell subsets in GC with liver metastasis applying single-cell transcriptomics analysis. The findings provided an important theoretical basis for developing novel therapies to inhibit liver metastasis from GC.

Abstract The endothelium-dependent vascular injury, a primary pathological feature of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension. This study aimed to explore the role and underlying mechanisms of G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) in the pathogenesis of Ang II-induced hypertension. For in vivo studies, GPR39 knockout (KO) mice (C57BL/6 J, male) were generated and administered Ang II for 4 weeks. GPR39 expression was upregulated in the aorta of hypertensive patients and mice. The ablation of GPR39 mitigated vascular fibrosis, augmented endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and inhibited endothelial inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mice. Additionally, GPR39 KO decreased NOD-like receptor protein 3 (Nlrp3) gene expression in Ang II-stimulated endothelial cells. Notably, Nlrp3 activation counteracted the therapeutic benefits of GPR39 KO. We identified the potential ligand of GPR39 using structure-based high throughput virtual screening (HTVS) and validated its antihypertensive function in vitro and in vivo. The small molecule ligand Z1780628919 of GPR39 can also reduce Ang II-induced hypertension and improve vascular function. GPR39 KO and the small molecule ligand Z1780628919 potentially downregulates Nlrp3, thereby mitigating vascular fibrosis, endothelial inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This effect contributes to the alleviation of Ang II-induced hypertension and the rectification of vascular dysfunctions. These findings suggest new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Abstract Background Ferroptosis represents a nonapoptotic type of programmed cell death induced by excessive intracellular iron accumulation. Ferroptosis is an essential driver of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) are a novel type of nanoparticle with superior antiapoptotic capacity and excellent biocompatibility. However, the effect of tFNAs on Aβ triggered ferroptosis, cognitive and synaptic impairments in AD remains unknown. Methods N2a cells were treated with Aβ combined with/without tFNAs. Cell viability and levels of Fe2+, lipid peroxidation, MDA, LDH, and GSH were examined. RNA sequencing was applied to explore dysregulated ferroptosis related genes. Seven-month-old APP/PS1 mice were intranasally administrated with tFNAs for two weeks. Fluorescence imaging was used to detect the tFNAs distribution in the brain. Novel object recognition (NOR) test followed by Morris water maze (MWM) was used to test the learning and memory performance of mice. Golgi staining, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine synaptic plasticity. Results tFNAs promoted cell viability and GSH levels, reduced the levels of Fe2+, lipid peroxidation, MDA, and LDH in N2a cells treated with Aβ. RNA sequencing revealed that tFNAs reversed the promotive effect of Aβ on ferroptosis driver Atf3 gene and suppressive effect on ferroptosis suppressors Rrm2 and Furin genes. Fluorescence imaging confirmed the brain infiltration of tFNAs. tFNAs rescued synaptic and memory impairments, and ferroptosis in seven-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions Collectively, tFNAs inhibited Aβ-mediated ferroptosis and ameliorated cognitive and synaptic impairments in AD mice. tFNAs may serve as novel option to deal with AD. Graphical abstract

Abstract Background Hyperuricemia is independently associated with a poor prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, MI induces activation of the repair response in local fibroblasts, resulting in extracellular matrix accumulation that generates a stable fibrotic scar in the infarcted area. However, researchers have not determined whether hyperuricemia affects fibroblast activation and its involvement in postinfarction cardiac remodeling. Objectives We aimed to trigger hyperuricemia by administering potassium oxonate in a mouse model of MI to evaluate the role of hyperuricemia in MI pathogenesis. Methods Microarray datasets and single-cell sequencing data from gout patients, heart failure patients, and model mice were used to identify the underlying mechanisms responsible for the effect of hyperuricemia on MI progression. A hyperuricemia-related MI mouse model was established. Cardiac function was assessed, followed by sample collection and a uric acid assay. We conducted an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, histological detection, immunofluorescence, sequencing data processing, single-cell RNA-seq, and functional enrichment analysis. We then isolated and cultured cardiac fibroblasts and performed Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and shRNA-mediated lumican knockdown assays. Results Hyperuricemia decreased cardiac function, increased mortality, and aggravated adverse fibrosis remodeling in mice after MI. These outcomes were closely related to reduced levels of fibroblast-derived lumican. This reduction activated the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway to induce aberrant myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix deposition in the infarcted area. Furthermore, lumican supplementation or uric acid-lowering therapy with allopurinol alleviated hyperuricemia-mediated abnormal cardiac remodeling. Conclusion Hyperuricemia aggravates postinfarction cardiac remodeling by reducing lumican expression and promoting fibroblast phenotype transition. We highlight the clinical importance of lowering uric acid levels in hyperuricemia-related MI to prevent adverse ventricular remodeling.

Ying-Fei Yang,1 Yi-Jun Lin,2 Shu-Han You,3 Tien-Hsuan Lu,4 Chi-Yun Chen,5,6 Wei-Min Wang,1 Min-Pei Ling,7 Szu-Chieh Chen,8,9 Chung-Min Liao1 1Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; 2Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11230, Taiwan; 3Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan; 4Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung, 403514, Taiwan; 5Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; 6Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA; 7Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan; 8Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan; 9Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, TaiwanCorrespondence: Chung-Min Liao, Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Email cmliao@ntu.edu.twBackground: The emergence and progression of highly divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants have posed increased risks to global public health, triggering the significant impacts on countermeasures since 2020. However, in addition to vaccination, the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing, masking, or hand washing, on different variants of concern (VOC) remains largely unknown.Objective: This study provides a mechanistic approach by implementing a control measure model and a risk assessment framework to quantify the impacts of control measure combinations on the transmissions of five VOC (Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Omicron), along with a different perspective of risk assessment application.Materials and Methods: We applied uncontrollable ratios as an indicator by adopting basic reproduction number (R0) data collected from a regional-scale survey. A risk assessment strategy was established by constructing VOC-specific dose-response profiles to implicate practical uses in risk characterization when exposure data are available.Results: We found that social distancing alone was ineffective without vaccination in almost all countries and VOC when the median R0 was greater than two. Our results indicated that Omicron could not be contained, even when all control measure combinations were applied, due to its low threshold of infectivity (~3× 10− 4 plague-forming unit (PFU) mL− 1).Conclusion: To facilitate better decision-making in future interventions, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of how combined control measures impact on different countries and various VOC. Our findings indicate the potential application of threshold estimates of infectivity in the context of risk communication and policymaking for controlling future emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant infections.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern, basic reproduction number, modeling, non-pharmaceutical interventions, infection risk

Abstract As the role of RNA modification in gene expression regulation and human diseases, the “epitranscriptome” has been shown to be an important player in regulating many physiological and pathological processes. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of cancer drug resistance is becoming more and more frequent, especially in the case of cancer chemotherapy resistance. In recent years, research on relationship between post-transcriptional modification and cancer including drug resistance has become a hot topic, especially the methylation of the sixth nitrogen site of RNA adenosine-m6A (N6-methyladenosine). m6A modification is the most common post-transcriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNA, accounting for 80% of RNA methylation modifications. At the same time, several other modifications of RNA, such as N1-methyladenosine (m1A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), 3-methylcytosine (m3C), pseudouridine (Ψ) and N7-methylguanosine (m7G) have also been demonstrated to be involved in cancer and drug resistance. This review mainly discusses the research progress of RNA modifications in the field of cancer and drug resistance and targeting of m6A regulators by small molecule modulators, providing reference for future study and development of combination therapy to reverse cancer drug resistance.

Abstract [Objective] Through identification and analysis of disease resistance of the field- and indoorgrowing seedlings, the distribution of disease resistance of Gossypium barbadense germplasm resources was mastered, providing a basis for screening high resistant resources to Verticillium wilt. [Methods] 238 G. barbadense germplasm resources of our research group were used as objects. In 2023, the field plot test for the natural disease was carried out in KEL and AWT, and the resistance of G. barbadense resources to V. wilt was identified and evaluated by indoor inoculation. [Results] The genetic diversity of 15 indexes of 238 G. barbadense germplasm resources was analyzed. The coefficient of variation was ranged from 2.00% to 36.97%, with an average of 16.05%. Resistance identification in different environments showed that the coefficient of variation was ranged from 8.40% to 71.06%. Based on the analysis of four different environments, no germplasm resources with complete immunity and high resistance to V. wilt were identified, and 30 resistant materials, 194 resistant materials, and 14 susceptible materials were identified. [Conclusion] Most of the planting resources of G. barbadense have resistance to V. wilt. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and select germplasm resources with strong resistance to V. wilt from G. barbadense germplasm resources.

Abstract Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in severe, permanent functional changes and has become a global health priority due to its high incidence, cost, and disability rate. Current national epidemiological data on SCI in China are limited and outdated. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive, national cross-sectional investigation of SCI epidemiology in China. Methods This cross-sectional study included 3055 SCI participants aged 8 to 78 years, conducted from May to September 2023. Data collected encompassed demographic characteristics, employment status, etiology, years lived with disability (YLD), family structure, caregiving status, income, health insurance, paralysis type, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Descriptive statistics analyses were used to assess demographic and injury characteristics. Group differences were assessed using t-tests, one-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests. Significant factors were examined using multivariate regression analysis. Results The majority (88.9%) of respondents were aged 15 to 59 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.36:1. Car accidents caused 45.4% of tetraplegia cases, falls caused 35.9% of paraplegia cases, and myelitis was the leading cause of non-traumatic SCI. Among paraplegia participants, 65.5% had complete SCI, while 53.1% of tetraplegia participants had incomplete SCI. Functional improvement was reported by 9.58% of participants. Half (50.3%) of the respondents were unemployed, and 75% had incomes below the national average. HRQoL was significantly lower in the SCI population compared to controls, mainly influenced by injury site, income, age and etiology (p

【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution pattern of high fluoride groundwater in the Jilantai Desert Basin and explore the impact mechanism of groundwater overexploitation on fluoride dissociation, migration, and enrichment in oasis runoff areas. 【Method】 The hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater were analyzed by using SPSS 24.0 and ArcGIS software and on the basic of groundwater monitoring data and mining data from 1980 to 2020 in the Chahaertan oasis, the distribution and genesis of high fluoride groundwater were studied by methods such as Piper’s trilinear diagram, ion ratio, Gibbs diagram, and saturation index. 【Result】 The groundwater chemistry presented zonal distribution, and the concentration of TDS and ions of potassium, sodium ion, fluoride increased from mountain recharge region, oasis runoff area to the desert salt lake discharge region. and the concentration of F- ranged from 0.2 to 3.4 mg/L. In particular, the content of fluoride ion in groundwater around salt lake increased outward. Research result showed that the formation of groundwater hydrochemistry in desert basins was mainly influenced by natural factors such as weathering of fluorinated rocks and evaporation concentration. On the other hand, under excessive extraction of groundwater, poor quality groundwater of salt lakes with high content of fluoride ion invaded into aquifer in desert oases, the irrigation return water leached soil salt, and also affected the migration of fluorine. 【Conclusion】 The enrichment of fluoride in groundwater reflected degeneration of eco-environment in the Jilantai Desert Basin. Therefore, in order to mitigate these issues and maintain the ecological balance of desert oases, the amount of groundwater exploitation in Chahaertan oasis should be restricted to 7 million cubic meters per year, thereby restraining the worsening trend of groundwater contamination.

Abstract Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have emerged as an attractive tool for gene delivery, and demonstrated tremendous promise in gene therapy and gene editing—therapeutic modalities with potential “one-and-done” treatment benefits compared to conventional drugs. Given their tropisms for the central nervous system (CNS) across various species including humans, rAAVs have been extensively investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies targeting neurodegenerative disease. However, major challenges remain in the application of rAAVs for CNS gene therapy, such as suboptimal vector design, low CNS transduction efficiency and specificity, and therapy-induced immunotoxicity. Therefore, continuing efforts are being made to optimize the rAAV vectors from their “core” genetic payloads to their “coat” or capsid structure. In this review, we describe current approaches for rAAV vector design tailored for transgene expression in the CNS, summarize the development of CNS-targeting AAV serotypes, and highlight recent advancements in AAV capsid engineering, aimed at generating a new generation of rAAVs with improved CNS tropism. Additionally, we discuss various administration routes for delivering rAAVs to the CNS and provide an overview of AAV-mediated gene therapies currently under investigation in clinical trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective The main defects on metro tunnel inner wall are cracks and water seepage. Current detection methods based on manual and semi-automatic equipment have problems such as high intensity, low efficiency, and low reliability. The intelligence-based detection/identification algorithm and detection system should be studied to realize informative and intelligent detection for metro tunnel lining defects. Method The current status of metro tunnel defect inspection technology is analyzed, and a set of algorithms applicable to the identification of metro tunnel lining defects are put forward, mainly including image processing algorithm, defect category detection algorithm, and defect grading detection algorithm, etc. Four indexes are chosen to evaluate the detection effect of the identification algorithm. Furthermore, an intelligent detection system for metro tunnel lining defects based on deep learning method is established from both software and hardware aspects. Finally, the system is implemented on Beingjing Metro Line 3 to analyze the reliability of its on-site application. Result & Conclusion After the application of the intelligent detection system, the detection rate of metro tunnel lining crack defects reaches 91.95% with a false detection rate of 0.89%. The detection rate of seepage defect is 93.83% and the false detection rate 0.65%. This system can be used as the core intelligent detection platform of metro tunnel, effectively detecting various defects in metro tunnel.

To determine if a preoperative morphine/bupivacaine spinal injection prior to laparoscopic hysterectomy reduced postoperative pain and resulted in less opioid consumption during the hospital stay. A retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force Classification II-2). A single institution regional referral center (public hospital). Patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications. A preoperative morphine/bupivacaine spinal injection. Primary outcomes were pain scores on day of surgery (DOS) and postoperative day one (POD1) and inpatient opioid use. Pain scores were obtained using the 0 to 10 Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Opioids were converted to oral morphine milliequivalents (OME). Three hundred nineteen patients met criteria for inclusion: 192 received spinal anesthesia and 127 did not. Baseline demographics were similar between the two groups. Median pain scores were significantly lower in the treatment than the control group on DOS (2 vs. 6; p <0.001) and POD1 (2 vs. 4; p <0.001). Median opioid use was also significantly lower in the treatment than the control group on DOS (0 vs. 15.00 OME; p <0.001) and POD1 (0 vs. 7.5 OME; p <0.001). Median length of stay between the groups was not significantly different. Preoperative morphine spinal injection for laparoscopic hysterectomy led to significantly lower pain scores and inpatient opioid consumption. Preoperative spinal anesthesia for benign laparoscopic hysterectomy appears helpful for enhancing the postoperative experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Medication-related osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but severe side effect in patients treated with medications such as Bisphosphonates (BPs). Its pathophysiological mechanism needs to be more precise. Establishing preventive measures and treatment standards is necessary. This study aimed to develop a composite hydrogel scaffold constituted by methacrylated gelatin (GelMA), methacrylated heparin (HepMA) and PRF, and investigate its potential application value in the prevention of MRONJ. Methods GelMA, HepMA, and PRF were prepared using specific ratios for hydrogel scaffolds. Through mechanical properties and biocompatibility analysis, the release rate of growth factors and the ability to promote bone differentiation in vitro were evaluated. To explore the healing-enhancing effects of hydrogels in vivo, the composite hydrogel scaffold was implanted to the MRONJ rat model. Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological examination were conducted to evaluate the bone morphology and tissue regeneration. Results The Hep/GelMA-PRF hydrogel improved the degradation rate and swelling rate. It was also used to control the release rate of growth factors effectively. In vitro, the Hep/GelMA-PRF hydrogel was biocompatible and capable of reversing the inhibitory effect of zoledronic acid (ZOL) on the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1s. In vivo, the micro-CT analysis and histological evaluation demonstrated that the Hep/GelMA-PRF group exhibited the best tissue reconstruction. Moreover, compared to the ZOL group, the expression of osteogenesis proteins, including osteocalcin (OCN), type collagen I (Col I), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the Hep/GelMA-PRF group were all significantly upregulated (P

Objective(s): The material used for bone tissue repair needs to be simultaneously osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic. To overcome this problem, researchers combine hydroxyapatite (HA) with natural materials to improve properties. This paper compares the effects of angiogenesis and osteogenesis with different composites through in vivo experiments and characterization analysis. Materials and Methods: Chitosan/nHA (CS/nHA) and sodium alginate/nHA (SA/nHA) microspheres were synthesized via reverse-phase emulsification crosslinking and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Implanted into mouse thigh muscles, their angiogenic and osteogenic potentials were assessed after 8 and 12 weeks through various staining methods and immunohistochemistry. Results: The mean vascular density (MVD) of CS/nHA, CaP/nHA, and SA/nHA groups was (134.92±35.30) n/mm2, (159.09±22.14) n/mm2, (160.31±42.23) n/mm2 at 12 weeks, respectively. The MVD of the CaP/nHA and SA/nHA groups were significantly higher than that of the CS/nHA group. The collagen volume fractions (CVF) were 34.13%, 51.53%, and 54.96% in the CS/nHA, CaP/nHA, and SA/nHA groups, respectively. In addition, the positive expression area ratios of OPN and CD31 in the CaP/nHA and SA/nHA groups were also significantly higher than those in the CS/nHA group.Conclusion: The ability of SA/nHA composite microspheres in osteogenesis and angiogenesis is clearly superior to that of the CS/nHA group and is comparable to that of CaP/nHA, which has superior osteogenesis ability, indicating that SA/nHA composite microspheres have greater application prospects in bone tissue engineering.