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Currently， there are fewer studies on the effect of rare earths on the corrosion resistance of DH36 ship plate steel.Herein， the effect of the addition of rare earth Ce on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of DH36 ship plate steel was studied by metallographic microscope， scanning electron microscope， electrochemical workstation and X-ray diffractometer.Results showed that Ce had a significant refining effect on the grain size of the test steel； The addition of Ce modified the Al2O3， MnS and Al2O3＋MnS inclusions in the steel to CeAlO3＋MnS，Ce2O3 inclusions，and the stress around rare earth inclusions significantly decreased，reducing the active zone where corrosion occurred.Moreover， the addition of Ce increased the self-corrosion potential of the test steel and reduced the self-corrosion current density.After immersed in 3.5%NaCl solution for 5 d， the corrosion current density of the test steel decreased from 8.431×10-5 A/cm2 without the addition of rare earth Ce to 2.384×10-5 A/cm2 with the Ce content of 0.009 2%； The addition of Ce declined the content of γ-FeOOH in the corrosion products，while increased the content of α-FeOOH and Fe3O4.All of test results indicated that the increase of Ce content would improve the corrosion resistance of the test steel.

To study the effect of rare earth Y on the corrosion resistance of low alloy steel， low alloy steel with different rare earth contents was obtained by adding rare earth Y to DH36 low alloy steel.Then， the effect of simulated marine environment on the corrosion resistance of DH36 ship plate steel was investigated using 3.5%NaCl solution as the corrosive medium.The effects of rare earth Y on the corrosion resistance of DH36 steel were investigated using immersion tests， laser confocal microscopy， scanning electron microscopy (SEM)， X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD)，electrochemical testing and other methods.The residual stress between inclusions unmodified by rare earth and inclusions modified by rare earth and the steel substrate was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)， and the effect of inclusions on the corrosion resistance of low alloy steel was determined.Results showed that rare earths could refine grains， modify inclusions， reduce the peripheral stress of rare earth inclusions， reduce the occurrence of microcracks and micropores， and thus reduce the corrosion sensitivity of low alloy steel in simulated marine environments.The addition of Y could shift the corrosion potential positively， decrease the corrosion current density， and reduce the appearance of pitting pits on the surface of the test steel in the early stage of corrosion，thereby reducing the active area where corrosion occurred.Moreover， the addition of rare earth Y significantly declined the content of γ-FeOOH in the corrosion products， increased the content of Fe3O4 and α-FeOOH， and enhanced the stability and compactness of the rust layer.Furthermore， the addition of Y also increased the thickness of the rust layer， more effectively hindering the entry of Cl-.Hence，the addition of rare earth Y could effectively improve the corrosion resistance of low alloy steel.When the mass fraction of rare earth was 0.004 3%，the best corrosion resistance of the test steel was achieved.

Objective To establish and compare the characteristics of mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC) induced by inflammation and gene mutation. Methods Inflammation-induced colorectal cancer mouse model was established using azoxymethane (AOM) combined with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The transgenic CRC mouse model carrying Kras gene mutation and Apc conditional knockout mutation was established by intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg tamoxifen into KPC mice. The changes of body weight, fecal appearance and blood feces were observed during the modeling period. Colonic tissue samples were collected during the time points of CRC modeling, and then embedded and sectioned to observe tumor formation. HE and immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 were used to observe the pathological changes. Tandem dimer Tomato (tdTomato) was employed to determine the CDX2 expression in the colonic epithelial cells. CRC crypts were isolated and cultured to get tumor organoids, then compared with healthy colonic enteroids. Results It took about 50 d to establish AOM/DSS-induced CRC model, and the visible tumors were mainly observed at the distal colon close to the anus and at the middle section of colon. However, only about 8 d was needed for KPC mice to develop CRC, with the masses mostly locating in the proximal colon. In AOM/DSS model, disordered structure was observed in the distal tumor sites, and the KPC model had thickened and disrupted proximal mucosa and irregularly arranged tissues, with many undifferentiated epithelial cells. There were more Ki67+ proliferative cells in the tumor tissues than the para-tumor tissues in AOM/DSS model, and larger amount of these cells were seen in the tumor in proximal section, but the distal colonic epithelium remained healthy proliferation. In addition, tdTomato+CDX2-expressing colonic epithelia cells were observed mainly at the proximal colonic epithelium. Both AOM/DSS and KPC mice were capable to culture organoids of CRC. Conclusion AOM/DSS-induced CRC model presents the inflammatory process of CRC development, and it is suitable to the CRC study concerning chronic inflammation. The KPC CRC model is due to higher proliferative capacity of proximal colonic segment, in which CDX2 expressing higher than in the distal segment, so it is more convenient to Kras mutation related CRC study. These 2 CRC models can be alternatively adopted depending on different aims.

Understanding the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and their heterostructures is pivotal for advancing the development of flexible semiconductor devices, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is widely applied to study these properties. However, current uncertainties persist regarding the efficacy of empirical potentials in MD simulations to accurately describe the intricate performance of complex interfaces within heterostructures. This study addresses these challenges by developing an interatomic potential based on deep neural networks and first-principles calculations. Specifically focusing on MoS2/WS2 heterostructures, our approach aims to predict Young's modulus and thermal conductivities. The potential's effectiveness is demonstrated through the validation of structural features, mechanical properties, and thermodynamic characteristics, revealing close alignment with values derived from first-principles calculations. A noteworthy finding is the substantial influence of the load direction on Young's modulus of heterostructures. Furthermore, our results highlight that the interfacial thermal conductance of the MoS2/WS2 heterostructures is considerably larger than that of graphene-based interfaces. The potential developed in this work facilitates large-scale material simulations, bridging the gap with first-principles calculations. Notably, it outperforms empirical potentials under interface conditions, establishing its significant competitiveness in simulation computations. Our approach not only contributes to a deeper understanding of TMDs and heterostructures but also presents a robust tool for the simulation of their mechanical and thermal behaviors, paving the way for advancements in flexible semiconductor device manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain the influence of anisotropy and energy evolution characteristics on wellbore stability, the acoustic and mechanical anisotropy characteristics of shales are studied through various experiments, including scanning electron microscopy, ultrasonic pulse transmission, and uniaxial compression experiments, with the Longmaxi Formation shale in the southern area of the Sichuan Basin as the research object. The energy evolution characteristics of the Longmaxi Formation shale under different bedding angles are analyzed. The influence of anisotropy on the wellbore stability of shale formation is discussed on this basis. The results show that the acoustic and mechanical parameters, failure mode, and energy evolution characteristics of shale have significant anisotropy. Furthermore, the P-wave and S-wave time differences decrease with an increase in bedding angle. The compressive strength and Poisson’s ratio decrease first and then increase with an increase in bedding angle. Meanwhile, the elastic modulus gradually increases with an increase in bedding angle. Rock samples with different bedding angles show diverse failure modes in mechanical tests, including splitting, shear, and shear-splitting failure. The total energy and elastic energy decrease first and then increase with an increase in bedding angle. Finally, the formation anisotropy affects the wellbore stability: the higher the formation anisotropy, the more vulnerable is the wellbore to instability.

The flexibility of soft open point (SOP) in spatial power regulation enhances the distribution network's (DN) integration of large‐scale renewable energy sources. However, the high cost of SOP and its limited capability for temporal power regulation impede its widespread adoption. Given the rapid expansion of 5G base stations (BSs), utilizing their energy storage to participate in DN planning and operation optimization provides a promising solution. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimal planning method of SOP in DN, considering collaborations with 5G BSs. The objective is to enhance DN's power regulation in both temporal and spatial dimensions, while minimizing the investment cost of SOP and fully utilizing the unused capacity in base station energy storage (BSES). Firstly, the flexible regulation models of SOP and 5G BS are established, with the real‐time dispatchability of BSES formulated. Then, a bi‐level optimization model is proposed, where the planning layer aims to minimize the total cost, while the operational layer aims to decrease the average voltage deviation. Additionally, an improved Shapley value method based on interactive power is developed for benefit allocation, which enhances the engagement of 5G BSs to participate in DN regulation. The effectiveness of proposed method is validated by simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonhomogeneity of conglomerate in terms of organization and the complexity of fracture extension make the design and effective implementation of fracturing in conglomerate reservoirs challenging. Considering the limitations of physical experiments and two‐dimensional (2D) numerical modeling, this paper adopts the continuum‐discontinue element method (CDEM) to carry out numerical simulation of three‐dimensional (3D) conglomerate fracturing considering pore‐fracture seepage. By introducing multiple parameters to quantify the correlation between fracture geometry, fracture complexity, and damage mode, the evolution mechanism of fracture morphology under the influence of multiple factors is systematically investigated. The results show that the numerical simulation experiments can control the variables well, but the random distribution of gravel leads to the unpredictability of fracture extension, and the concluding patterns obtained still show large fluctuations. The high permeability of the gravel promotes the development of gravel‐penetrating fractures but has less effect on the overall morphology of the fractures. High‐strength gravel promotes the development of branching fractures in the initiation phase, which acts as a barrier to expanding fractures, and the most complex fracture development occurs when the gravel strength is approximately 4–5 times that of the matrix. In the weakly cemented state, fracture development around the gravel contributes to the shear failure of the conglomerate, but the strength of the cemented interface has no obvious control on the overall fracture morphology. The correlation between gravel content and conglomerate damage mode is significant, with the highest degree of fracture complexity occurring when the gravel content is approximately 30%. Stress differential is the most significant controlling factor affecting fracture morphology, followed by minimum principal stress. When the stress difference reaches 8 MPa, the fracture morphology begins to stabilize, and too high a stress difference will cause the phenomenon that the fracture stops expanding, affecting the fracturing effect. A high level of minimum stress promotes tensile failure in conglomerate, and the scale and complexity of fracture decrease. High injection displacement promotes branch fracture development and reduces the effect of in situ stress on fracture extension, and too high a displacement leads to inhibition of main fracture development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical absorbers based on Tamm plasmon states are known for their simple structure and high operational efficiency. However, these absorbers often have limited absorption channels, and it is challenging to continuously adjust their light absorption rates. Here, we propose a Tamm plasmon state optical absorber composed of a layered stack structure consisting of one-dimensional topological photonic crystals and graphene nano-composite materials. Using the four-by-four transfer matrix method, we investigate the structural relationship of the absorber. Our results reveal that topological interface states (TISs) effectively excite the optical Tamm state (OTS), leading to multiple absorption peaks. This expands the number of absorption channels, with the coupling number of the TIS determining the transmission quality of these channels—a value further adjustable by the period number of the photonic crystals. Tuning the filling factor, refractive index, and thickness of the graphene nano-composite material allows for a wide range of control over the device's absorption rate, from 0 to 1. Additionally, adjusting the defect layer thickness, incident angle, and Fermi energy enables us to control the absorber's operational bandwidth and the switching of its absorption effect. This work presents a new approach to expanding the tunability of optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Wheat gluten is a high‐quality, low‐priced, and nutritious plant protein. Applications of wheat gluten protein could be expanded by improving its solubility through enzymatic modifications. Herein, we investigated the effect of proteolytic processing on the physicochemical properties of wheat gluten protein. Findings: The degree of hydrolysis, trichloroacetic acid‐soluble nitrogen (TCA‐SN), and peptidyl nitrogen content of the enzymatic digestion products increased, and the TCA‐SN content exceeded 60% in all cases. The ζ‐potentials of all products after enzymatic digestion were significantly decreased and were negative. Three enzymatic solutions increased the stability of the solution system and the surface hydrophobicity of the enzymatic products to different degrees. The products after enzymatic digestion by alkaline protease had better antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: This study provides theoretical support for expanding the applications for wheat protein to achieve the added value of wheat products and enhance the utilization rate of these readily available raw materials. Significance and Novelty: This study investigates the dual enzyme stepwise enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat gluten protein by alkaline protease and neutral protease, which increases the water‐soluble protein content of wheat gluten protein. The resulting hydrolysate has a high peptide nitrogen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease mainly affecting young individuals. Testing for antiphospholipid antibodies is recommended for young patients who are suspected to have APS. Yet, it is hard to differentiate APS from other acquired thrombophilia disorders in elderly-onset APS patients. This study aim to investigate the characteristics and prognosis of elderly-onset APS. Methods: This is an observational cohort study. Thrombotic APS patients who underwent follow-ups between 2009 and 2022 were included. Elderly-onset APS patients (onset age ≥60 years) were compared to non-elderly-onset APS patients (onset age <60 years) and matched cases of elderly non-APS patients (age ≥60 years with thrombosis). Results: A total of 161 APS patients were included in this study, 45 (28.0%) were elderly-onset APS. Stroke (35.6% vs. 18.1%, p =.018) was more common at disease onset in elderly-onset APS patients. Compared to non-elderly-onset patients, elderly-onset APS patients were associated with a higher number of cardiovascular risk factors. Elderly-onset APS patients showed significantly lower positive rate (51.1% vs. 71.6%, p =.014) and ratios [1.24 (1.01–1.38) vs. 1.37 (1.16–1.77), p =.004] of lupus anticoagulant. Elderly-onset APS patients had a significantly higher 10-years cumulative all-cause mortality (p <.001) and APS-related mortality than non-elderly-onset patients (p =.002) and elderly non-APS patients (p =.040). Conclusions: Elderly-onset APS patients have unique disease characteristics with higher 10-years cumulative all-cause mortality and APS-related mortality. Early recognition and control of comorbidities may reduce the recurrence of thrombosis and mortality in elderly-onset APS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]