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Sulfonamides are not only widely applied in clinics but also highly valued in animal husbandry. Recently, it has become common for sulfonamide residues to exceed the standard limits in food, which can affect human health. Current regulations limit these residues. Therefore, we constructed a new limit test method to rapidly determine the levels of sulfonamide residues. Six sulfonamides were detected using the latest method called TLC-SERS, namely, sulfamethasone (A), sulfamethazine (B), sulfadoxine (C), sulfamethoxydiazine (D), sulfamethoxazole (E), and sulfathiazole (F). The optimal conditions for SERS detection were investigated for these six drugs, and the separation effects of different TLC spreaders on them were compared. Then, we successfully established a separation system using dichloromethane–methanol–ammonia in a ratio of 5:1:0.25 (v/v/v), which provided good separation effects on the six drugs. The residues were preliminarily separated via TLC. A silver sol solution was added to the spot on the silica gel G plate at the corresponding specific shift values, and SERS detection was performed. The sample solution was placed on the spot under a 532 nm laser, and the SERS spectrum was collected and analyzed for the six sulfonamides. The results showed obvious variations in the SERS spectrum among the six sulfonamides, with the LODs being 12.5, 6.4, 6.3, 7.1, 18.8, and 6.2 ng/mL from A to F, respectively, and an RSD of <3.0%. Within 48 h, the SERS signal for each sulfonamide drug was kept stable, with an RSD of <3.0%. The detection results of 20 samples using the TLC-SERS method were consistent with those obtained by UPLC-MS/MS. The established TLC-SERS method is simple and fast, providing a useful reference for the rapid detection of residue limits in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes using electrochemical approaches is an appealing alternative to conventional thermocatalytic strategies, as it efficiently utilizes water as the hydrogen source at ambient temperature. However, the precise modulation of atomic and electronic structures of catalytic Pd active sites remains a persistent challenge, particularly in enhancing the conversion yield of alkynes and improving the selectivity of alkenes. Here, we synthesize Pd nanoparticles anchored onto the surface of the defective two-dimensional Fe2O3 support, referred to as Pd/Fe2O3 catalysts, to conduct the electrocatalytic semi-hydrogenation of alkynes. Intriguingly, we observed the reconstruction of the atomic structure and configuration of Pd nanoparticles in the Pd/Fe2O3 catalysts due to metal–support interaction, caused by the hybridization of Pd d and O p orbitals. This interaction significantly weakens the binding strength of Pd sites in the Pd/Fe2O3 catalysts to the chemisorbed 4-aminophenylacetylene and reactive hydrogen intermediates. Consequently, Pd/Fe2O3 catalysts achieve a high conversion rate (99%) and selectivity (99%) in the semi-hydrogenation of 4-aminophenylacetylene coupled with high faradaic efficiency, outperforming both benchmark commercial Pd/C and other reference catalysts. Additionally, terminal alkynes featuring diverse functionalized groups, including those with easily reducible or passivated functionalities, can be efficiently semi-hydrogenated using Pd/Fe2O3 catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the well-posedness of stochastic variational inequalities on ℝ d with discontinuous drift coefficients. First, a case that drift coefficients are only integrable on (0 , T) × ℝ d is considered. Utilizing Girsanov's theorem, Zvonkin's transform and Yamada–Watanabe's principle, we derive the weak well-posedness if d > 1 and strong well-posedness if d = 1. Second, if the drift coefficients are piecewise Lipschitz continuous and d = 1 , strong well-posedness is also obtained by virtue of a transform which regularizes the discontinuous drifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the crystal structure is essential to address the reliance on serendipity for facilitating the discovery and design of high‐performance high‐entropy oxides (HEOs). Here, three classic algorithms‐based machine learning models to predict the crystal structure of HEOs are successfully established and analyzed by combining five metrics, and the XGBoost classifier shows excellent accuracy and robustness with ACC and F1 scores up to 0.977 and 0.975, respectively. SHAP summary plot indicates that the anion‐to‐cation radius ratio (rA/rC) has the greatest impact on crystal structure, followed by difference in Pauling and Mulliken electronegativities (ΔχPauling and ΔχMulliken). It is noteworthy that the rA/rC, ΔχPauling, and ΔχMulliken lower than 0.35, 0.1, and 0.2, respectively, tend to lead to a fluorite crystal structure, whereas rock‐salt and spinel crystal structures are always formed. This work is expected to facilitate the discovery and design of HEOs with tailorable crystal structures and properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Optical clone" represents an advanced conceptualization of traditional holography, transcending the dichotomy between reality and virtuality by replicating authentic three‐dimensional optical images for display purposes. Holographic true threedimensional display technology is thus acknowledged globally as a pinnacle future display modality. The systems demonstrated in this paper are flat‐panel "optical clone" holographic true threedimensional display and the space floating holographic threedimensional display system, which surmounted the significant challenge of substituting dual‐beam coupling with single‐beam direct writing in hologram inscription systems, paving the way for compatibility with existing two‐dimensional display technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Trollius chinensis Bunge has a long history of use in China as traditional Chinese medicine and functional tea for the treatment of respiratory infections, such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis and bronchitis. Pharyngitis can impact the entire throat and adjacent lymphoid tissues, and may lead to significant systemic complications. However, the active components and mechanism of Trollius chinensis Bunge for treating acute pharyngitis remains unclear., Aim of the Study: Trollius chinensis Bunge is recognized in China both as a medicinal herb and a functional tea. Research into its properties aimed to establish its effectiveness against pharyngitis and to pinpoint the active components and mechanism., Materials and Methods: A 70% ethanol extract from the herb was prepared, which was refined using chromatography through a column containing D101 macroporous resin and varying ethanol solutions. The efficacy of the initial and refined extracts was tested using a rat model of ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis. Pathological examination, HE staining and ELISA were applied to screen activity fraction. The compounds were isolated by silica gel, sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC chromatography from active fraction. All of the isolated compounds were assessed for anti-inflammatory activity by acting on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity of compounds was detected by CCK-8 assay. The Griess reaction was applied to evaluate the inhibitory effects of isolated compounds on NO production in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and PGE 2 levels in macrophage supernatant were detected by ELISA. Molecular docking and western blot analysis were applied to study the anti-inflammatory mechanism of active compound., Results: The fraction extracted with 30% ethanol proved particularly effective, significantly reducing pharyngitis symptoms. This was evidenced by decreased levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and PGE 2 ) and visible improvements in the pharyngeal tissue histology. In pursuit of pharyngitis treatments, 23 phenolic acids and 13 flavonoids were isolated from the 30% ethanol fraction and identified using spectral analysis. Of these, three were newly discovered compounds and eight were first-time isolates from the Trollius genus. These compounds were further investigated for their ability to suppress nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells triggered by lipopolysaccharide. Compounds 3, 19, and 26 exhibited strong anti-inflammatory properties. HPLC analysis of the 30% ethanol fraction revealed that orientin was the predominant component, accounting for 44.4% of this fraction. Western blot analysis demonstrated that orientin reduced the expression levels of the protein p-p65 relative to p65, p-IκBα relative to IκBα and iNOS, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect potentially through the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway., Conclusion: The finding of this study provided strong support for the use of T. chinensis as a potential functional food for treating pharyngitis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no known competing financial interest or personal relationship that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To explore the corn silk's effect and possible mechanism on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by untargeted metabolomics. Newly diagnosed patients with T2DM admitted to the endocrinology department of the author's hospital from March 2020 to September 2021 were chosen and then allocated to either the intervention or the control group (NC) randomly. Patients in the intervention group were administered corn silk in the same way as the patients in the NC were given a placebo. A hypoglycemic effect was observed, and an untargeted metabolomics study was done on patients of both groups. Compared with the NC, the glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose of patients in the intervention group significantly decreased after 3 months of treatment (P < .05), identified using tandem mass spectrometry, and analyzed by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. A total of 73 differential metabolites were screened under the conditions of variable important in projection value >1.0 and P < .05. Differential metabolites are mainly enriched in signaling pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, purine metabolism, and endocrine resistance. Through untargeted metabolomic analysis, it is found that corn silk water extract may reduce blood glucose in patients with T2DM through multiple pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and purine metabolism., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)