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High temperatures significantly injure the flowering, pollination, fruit growth, and quality of plants. Photosynthesis, the fundamental process supporting plant life, is crucial. Nevertheless, the quantitative evaluation of the physiological activity of the photosynthetic system of Nanfeng tangerine (NT) plants under high-temperature conditions remains a challenge. This research utilized NT plants, a distinctive citrus variety in Jiangxi Province, as the experimental subject. The study investigated the effects of varying degrees of high-temperature stress and duration on 16 photosynthetic physiological parameters of NT plants. The study examined the impact of four varying high-temperature treatment levels (32/22 °C, 35/25 °C, 38/28 °C, and 41/31 °C) for durations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, respectively. Principal component analysis was utilized to identify the key indicators of photosynthetic physiological activity in NT plants, with Fv/Fm, Pmax, LCP, H2O2, MDA, and POD being selected as key parameters. The high-temperature stress index model previously constructed was used to calculate the high-temperature stress index value of the NT plants exposed to varying degrees and durations of high temperature, in order to provide a comprehensive assessment of the photosynthetic system of NT plants under high-temperature stress. Subsequently, the high-temperature stress levels were categorized into five levels based on the calculated values: Level 0 for 0 < HSI ≤ 2, Level 1 for 2 < HSI ≤ 4, Level 2 for 4 < HSI ≤ 6, Level 3 for 6 < HSI ≤ 8, and Level 4 for HSI > 8. The research results provide valuable data for agricultural meteorological departments to carry out disaster risk zoning and risk assessment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]