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Two Gram-stain-negative, straight rods, non-motile, asporogenous, catalase-negative and obligately anaerobic butyrate-producing strains, HLW78 T and CYL33, were isolated from faecal samples of two healthy Taiwanese adults. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA and DNA mismatch repair protein MutL ( mutL ) gene sequences revealed that these two novel strains belonged to the genus Faecalibacterium . On the basis of 16S rRNA and mutL gene sequence similarities, the type strains Faecalibacterium butyricigenerans AF52-21 T (98.3-98.1 % and 79.0-79.5 % similarity), Faecalibacterium duncaniae A2-165 T (97.8-97.9 % and 70.9-80.1 %), Faecalibacterium hattorii APC922/41-1 T (97.1-97.3 % and 80.3-80.5 %), Faecalibacterium longum CM04-06 T (97.8-98.0% and 78.3 %) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ATCC 27768 T (97.3-97.4 % and 82.7-82.9 %) were the closest neighbours to the novel strains HLW78 T and CYL33. Strains HLW78 T and CYL33 had 99.4 % both the 16S rRNA and mutL gene sequence similarities, 97.9 % average nucleotide identity (ANI), 96.3 % average amino acid identity (AAI), and 80.5 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values, indicating that these two strains are members of the same species. Phylogenomic tree analysis indicated that strains HLW78 T and CYL33 formed an independent robust cluster together with F. prausnitzii ATCC 27768 T . The ANI, AAI and dDDH values between strain HLW78 T and its closest neighbours were below the species delineation thresholds of 77.6-85.1 %, 71.4-85.2 % and 28.3-30.9 %, respectively. The two novel strains could be differentiated from the type strains of their closest Faecalibacterium species based on their cellular fatty acid compositions, which contained C 18 : 1  ω 7 c and lacked C 15 : 0 and C 17 : 1  ω 6 c , respectively. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic test results demonstrated that the two novel strains HLW78 T and CYL33 represented a single, novel species within the genus Faecalibacterium , for which the name Faecalibacterium taiwanense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HLW78 T (=BCRC 81397 T =NBRC 116372 T ).

A novel coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strain (H164 T ) was isolated from soymilk in Taiwan. Comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the H164 T strain is a member of the genus Staphylococcus . We used multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and phylogenomic analyses to demonstrate that the novel strain was closely related to Staphylococcus gallinarum , Staphylococcus nepalensis , Staphylococcus cohnii , and Staphylococcus urealyuticus . The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between H164 T and its closest relatives were <95% and <70%, respectively. The H164 T strain could also be distinguished from its closest relatives by the fermentation of d -fructose, d -maltose, d -trehalose, and d -mannitol, as well as by the activities of α-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase. The major cellular fatty acids were C15:0 iso and C15:0 anteiso, and the predominant menaquinones were MK-7 and MK-8, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids and predominant menaquinones were C 15:0 iso and C 15:0 anteiso and MK-7 and MK-8, respectively. In conclusion, this strain represents a novel species, named Staphylococcus hsinchuensis sp. nov., with the type strain H164 T (=BCRC 81404 T = NBRC 116174 T ).