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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients often experience dysregulated inflammation, particularly when compounded by comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether T2D influences the profile of memory T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and the gene expression of transcription factors such as T-bet (Tbx21), GATA3, RORyT (RORC), and FOXP3 in CKD patients. Methods: Twenty-two CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis were selected for the study. Flow cytometry was used to identify naïve T cells, Tregs (CD4+CD25+CD127-), central memory T lymphocytes (CCR7+CD45RA-), effector memory T lymphocytes (CCR7-CD45RA-), and TEMRA cells (CCR7-CD45RA+). The expression of helper T cell differentiation regulatory genes was assessed using real-time RT-PCR. Results: Both helper and cytotoxic effector memory T cell populations were found to be higher than naïve lymphocytes in CKD patients, regardless of T2D status. However, Tregs were significantly more frequent in diabetic CKD patients (5.1 ± 2.6%) compared to non-diabetic patients (2.8 ± 3.1%). In terms of transcription factor expression, a significant correlation was observed between T-bet and FOXP3 in diabetic patients, and between RORyT and FOXP3 in non-diabetic patients. Conclusions: While T2D does not notably alter the distribution of memory T cells in CKD patients, it significantly impacts the frequency of Tregs and their correlation with pro-inflammatory transcription factors like T-bet (Tbx21) and RORyT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hygienic behavior is a social health mechanism displayed by honey bee workers of Apis mellifera by which dead or diseased brood is removed from the hive. Such behavior is known to be induced by olfactory cues. The efficiency of hygienic behavior toward drone brood cells is significantly lower than that of worker brood cells. A possible explanation for this difference lies in the cell wax cap of drone brood, which may act as a barrier to the diffusion of characteristic odors associated with diseased brood. The aim of this research was to explore the importance of drone cell wax cap as an interfering factor in the diffusion of chemical signals within honey bee colonies. To this end, brood removal percentages were compared among several types of brood: pin-killed worker, pin-killed drone, pin-killed worker with a healthy drone wax cap, healthy worker with a pin-killed drone wax cap, and healthy worker covered with a healthy drone wax cap. Results showed that the removal behavior did not differ between cells with pin-killed worker and pin-killed worker with a healthy drone wax cap, but was significantly higher towards healthy worker pupae covered with dead drone wax cap compared to the negative control (healthy worker pupa covered with a healthy drone cell wax cap). Present evidence suggests that chemical signals associated with the dead drone brood would be less volatile and retained to some extent in the wax cap, and partially explain the differential hygienic behavior between both types of brood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]