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Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm and 100 nm, respectively, have emerged as significantly hazardous contaminants in global environments. These particles originate from various sources, including industrial products, consumer goods, and the degradation of larger plastic debris. Micro (nano)plastics (MNPs) have become ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, raising concerns about their uptake and distribution within aquatic biota and their potential ecological impacts. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the transfer and hazards of MNPs in aquatic environments, with a focus on their toxicity to aquatic organisms, including size-dependent effects, tissue distribution within organisms, and trophic transfer along the food chain. Once ingested, MNPs can distribute within the organs and tissues, such as gastrointestinal tract, gills, liver, among others. Moreover, the ingestion of MNPs by primary consumers can lead to their transfer along the food chain, potentially causing bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The presence of MNPs poses significant risks to aquatic organisms, affecting their survival, growth, reproduction, and behavior. The size of particles plays a crucial role, with smaller particles often exhibiting more pronounced toxic effects. Understanding these aspects is essential for addressing the ecological consequences of plastic pollution and developing effective mitigation strategies. [Display omitted] • Micro (nano)plastics can be ingested by aquatic organisms due to their small size. • Micro (nano)plastics distribute across various tissues within aquatic organisms. • Micro (nano)plastics exert toxicity to aquatic organisms in a size-dependent manner. • Humans can come into contact with micro (nano)plastics through multiple routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Degree of Linear Polarization (DoLP) is a key dimension of information in polarization imaging. The quality of polarization images is greatly affected by imaging equipment and environmental factors. Therefore, an enhancement method for the DoLP image is proposed in this paper. First, a super-resolution reconstruction algorithm based on the Detail Enhancement Guided Image Filter is proposed to solve the problem of mosaicization and pseudo-polarization information caused by the degradation of spatial resolution and super-resolution reconstruction of DoFP imaging. Second, for the problem of rapid degradation of polarization image quality caused by hazy environment, a DoLP enhancement algorithm based on multi-channel difference Signal-to-Noise Ratio is proposed to improve the visual effect of polarization images in different scenes with hazy environment. The method proposed in this paper implements super-resolution reconstruction, demosaicing, pseudo-polarization information removal, and adaptive enhancement of DoLP images in DoFP systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish is currently considered a primary protein in the human diet, and the high demand for fish will stimulate the growth of aquaculture. However, a lack of high-quality fish feed (fishmeal) has led to a decline in the quality and yield of aquatic products. Therefore, an alternative high-quality protein source for fish meal is required to sustain the industry. This study assessed the effects of incorporating Spirulina platensis (SP) dried powder as a partial replacement for fishmeal and supplementing with S. platensis purified polysaccharides (PSP) on the growth, nutritional value, and health status of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, to address the challenges of fishmeal scarcity and promote sustainable development in fish aquaculture. Juveniles were fed four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing SP at 0% (SP0), 3% (SP3) and 6% (SP6) and PSP at 0.3% for 56 days. The results showed that both the SP3 and SP6 groups displayed significantly (P < 0.05) improved growth performance and lower hepatosomatic indices than the control diet (SP0). Whole-body crude protein and protein efficiency significantly increased in both the SP3 and SP6 groups compared with SP0 (P < 0.05). Conversely, crude lipid content notably (P < 0.05) decreased in SP3 (5.96%) and SP6 (5.41%) in contrast to SP0 (6.59%). The muscle amino acid composition of the PSP, SP3, and SP6 groups also improved significantly (P < 0.05) compared to that of the SP0. Liver SOD activity was significantly increased from 1.11 U/mg in SP0 to 1.22–1.24 U/mg in SP3 and SP6 (P < 0.05), while MDA levels declined accordingly. Serum triglyceride levels were significantly lower in SP3 than in SP0 (P < 0.05) but remained stable in the SP6 and PSP groups. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the SP3 and SP6 groups, but no significant effect was observed in the PSP group. Alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the PSP, SP3, and SP6 groups than in SP0. Aspartate aminotransferase activity in PSP and SP3 was significantly lower than in SP0 (P < 0.05), but showed no significant difference with SP6 (P > 0.05). Intestinal trypsin and amylase activities significantly improved in the PSP, SP3, and SP6 groups (P < 0.05), and lipase activities in PSP and SP3 increased significantly compared to those in SP0 (P < 0.05). The intestinal microbiome displayed significantly higher Shannon index scores for SP3 (0.83) and SP6 (0.93) than for SP0 (0.61). The relative abundances of the phylum Fusobacteria and genus Cetobacterium were significantly increased, whereas Proteobacteria and Plesiomonas were significantly decreased in the PSP and SP3 groups compared with that in SP0 (P < 0.05). The present study indicated that the replacement of fishmeal with 3–6% SP and 0.3% PSP addition could improve the growth performance, protein efficiency, muscle nutritional value, liver health, antioxidant capacity, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal microbiota diversity of the largemouth bass. Therefore, the partial replacement of SP or the addition of PSP has great potential in promoting healthy aquaculture of largemouth bass. • Effects of adding Spirulina dried powder (SP) and polysaccharide (PSP) to the diet of Micropterus salmoides were assessed. • Including 3% and 6% SP in the diet led to enhanced growth performance and improved protein efficiency. • Both SP and PSP resulted in reduced lipid deposition, enhanced liver health, and increased antioxidant capacity. • Both SP and PSP led to improvements in gut digestive enzymes and enhanced the nutritional value of fish muscle. • Both SP and PSP promoted greater biodiversity in gut microbiota and an increase in beneficial species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]