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Plant architecture is the determining factor of yield in many crops. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is an important oilseed crop worldwide, but the genetic basis underlying plant architecture in this species remains elusive. Here, we characterized the dwarf mutant dwarf and compact 1 (dac1) from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenized population of rapeseed cv. Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11). dac1 has multiple morphological defects, such as dwarfism, narrow branch angles, delayed flowering, and dark-green, crinkled leaves. We identified the underlying gene, which encodes a glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like protein homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2)-LIKE 1 (BIL1), and named this gene BnaC04. BIL1. A C-to-T mutation in BnaC04. BIL1 changes proline at position 314 of the encoded protein to leucine (P314L), affecting the degradation of BnaC04. BIL1, and which represses plant architecture in a dosage-dependent manner via brassinosteroid signaling. We identified an 11-bp core sequence and one pivotal base in the promoter region of BnaC04. BIL1 that affect its expression. Importantly, heterozygotes of dac1 displayed single-locus overdominance, resembling a proposed ideotype for rapeseed. Our findings demonstrate that a gain-of-function mutation in BnaC04. BIL1 contributes to ideal plant architecture, representing a valuable resource for rapeseed breeding. • The dwarf rapeseed mutant dac1 displayed multiple morphological defects, such as delayed flowering and crinkled leaves. • A GSK3-like protein was identified as the underlying gene to dac1 morphological defects. • The heterozygotes of dac1 resembled a proposed ideotype for rapeseed breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We report a novel coupling catalytic dehydration strategy with low energy cost. • The water in chloride hydrate were used as reactant to participate in WGS reaction. • Low water contained MgCl 2 (∼0.64H 2 O) was obtained via this coupling process at 433 K. • The amount of hydrolysis reaction by-product MgOHCl was maintained at very low level. • The autocatalytic mechanism and universality of such novel strategy was revealed. Thermal dehydration process is an indispensable unit operation involving most of the fields in industry. Driven by the imperious demands in energy consumption reduction and quality improvement, we developed a coupling catalytic dehydration strategy, in which the water in the chloride hydrate was directly used as the reactant to participate in water–gas shift reaction. The autocatalytic process is depended on the chemical reactivity of water interacted with the surrounding atoms in certain degree. The thermodynamic minimum temperatures of dehydration could be reduced significantly by coupling WGS reaction compared to the direct dehydration. With the guidance of thermodynamic calculation, an extremely challenging process of bischofite dehydration was performed experimentally. Study demonstrates that the residual crystallized water number was reduced to 0.64 by coupling WGS reaction at 433 K, while there is still 1.54 via the direct dehydration under the N 2 atmosphere. Meanwhile, the amount of by-product MgOHCl is maintained at quite low level, which well solves the seesaw relationship between dehydration and hydrolysis side reaction in traditional process. Subsequently, the autocatalytic mechanism was revealed that CO reacted with the surficial OH group ligated with magnesium to product CO 2 and H 2 , in which the formate species serve as active intermediate species. Furthermore, the universality of such novel strategy was revealed by coupling CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O dehydration with WGS reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]