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Objective: The Traumatic Grief Inventory‐Self Report Plus (TGI‐SR+) measures the most recent prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptom sets defined in the 11th edition of the International Statistical of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD‐11) and the text revision of the fifth edition of the Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5‐TR). However, the TGI‐SR+ has not yet been translated and validated in Chinese. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the TGI‐SR+. Methods: We examined the Chinese TGI‐SR+'s factor structure, internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, known‐groups validity, and optimal clinical cut‐off scores in 443 Chinese bereaved adults. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the two‐factor models showed the best fit for the Chinese TGI‐SR+ items assessing ICD‐11 and DSM‐5‐TR prolonged grief symptoms. Items assessing ICD‐11 and DSM‐5‐TR prolonged grief symptoms demonstrated good internal consistency. Associations of TGI‐SR+ scores with symptom levels of prolonged grief (assessed by the International Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale), posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression supported convergent and discriminant validity. Associations with background/loss‐related variables provided evidence for known‐groups validity. Cut‐off points for probable ICD‐11 PGD (liberal scoring rule), probable ICD‐11 PGD (conservative scoring rule), and probable DSM‐5‐TR PGD were ≥67, ≥75, and ≥68, respectively. Discussion: The Chinese TGI‐SR+ appears to be a reliable and valid measure to assess prolonged grief symptoms per ICD‐11 and DSM‐5‐TR among Chinese bereaved adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies examining prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in people bereaved during the COVID‐19 pandemic are focused on psychopathology. However, mental health encompasses both absence of psychopathology and presence of well‐being. This is the first study examining symptom profiles of early PGD and subjective mental well‐being in 266 Dutch adults recently bereaved during the pandemic. Early PGD and well‐being indicators were assessed with the Traumatic Grief Inventory–Self Report Plus and the World Health Organization–Five Well‐Being Index, respectively. Latent class analysis identified four classes: low PGD/high well‐being (32%), low PGD/moderate well‐being (24%), moderate PGD/high well‐being (23%) and high PGD/low well‐being class (21%). People in the poorer mental health classes were more likely to be female, lower educated, suffering from a mental disorder, have a poor health status, closer kinship to the deceased, and higher risk of severe COVID‐19. Classifying adults according to symptom profiles of negative and positive outcomes provides a more complete picture of mental health in bereaved people and offers potential intervention targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: A prior study with people exposed to a traumatic event indicated that posttraumatic anger is a multidimensional construct that consists of five factors comprising anger at (a) the criminal justice system, (b) other people, (c) the self, and (d) a perpetrator and (e) a desire for revenge. Preliminary evidence shows that anger at the self and perpetrators is related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Expanding the focus from trauma victims to people exposed to a traumatic loss of a significant other, for example, due to road traffic accidents, may enhance our knowledge on factors that are amenable to change in the treatment of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and PTSD., Method: We examined the (a) factor structure of the 20-item Posttraumatic Anger Questionnaire in 209 Dutch people bereaved by road traffic accidents using confirmatory factor analysis and (b) associations between the posttraumatic anger factors and PGD and PTSD using structural equation models., Results: The expected five-factor structure of the Posttraumatic Anger Questionnaire was supported. Anger at the self was related to greater PGD (β = .35) and PTSD (β = .50) symptoms over and above known risk factors of distress. A desire for revenge (β = .20) was uniquely and positively associated with PTSD symptoms., Conclusion: Pending replication of our findings in longitudinal studies, we conclude that anger subtypes relate differently to distress after traumatic loss. Anger toward the self seems the most detrimental type of anger and may therefore be an important target in treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Firefighters face regular exposure to potentially traumatic events, which is associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Despite the high comorbidity, there remains limited understanding of the co-occurrence of PTSD and depression in terms of symptom patterns. Due to the unique stressors added by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is relevant to also understand this comorbidity in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: This study aimed to identify PTSD and depression symptom profiles in firefighters, and correlates thereof, using latent profile analysis (LPA). Method: 139 Dutch Firefighters (93% male) completed self-report surveys prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (T1) and after the outbreak COVID-19 pandemic (T2) on PTSD, depression, COVID-19 related stressors and other relevant correlates. Results: LPA demonstrated the best fit for a three-profile solution for PTSD and depression at T2 encompassing a low symptom profile (35%), a moderate symptom profile (46%), and an elevated symptom profile (19%). Profiles displayed mostly below clinical range scores for both PTSD and depression at T2. PTSD severity at T1, depression severity at T1, loneliness at T2, COVID-19-related stressors at T2 were significantly and positively related to PTSD and depression symptom profiles at T2. Conclusion: Our results shed light on the resilience of firefighters. Even in light of COVID-19 pandemic, firefighters seemed to maintain generally low levels of psychopathology. Despite firefighters' overall resilience, our findings highlight loneliness and the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as potential risk factors for increased severity of PTSD and depression symptoms.

Background: Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has been added to the ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. The Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report Plus (TGI-SR+) assesses self-rated PGD intensity as defined in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. The TGI-SR + is available in multiple languages, but has not been validated yet in Norwegian. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Norwegian TGI-SR + . Method: Bereaved adults ( N  = 307) whose child or sibling died ≥6 months ago due to a sudden or violent loss completed the TGI-SR + and measures for posttraumatic stress, depression, and precursor PGD symptoms. We examined the factor structure and internal consistency of the ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR PGD items. Convergent validity and known-groups validity was evaluated. Probable PGD cases, pair-wise agreement between diagnostic scoring rules for both PGD criteria-sets, and cut-off scores were calculated. Results: The 1-factor model for ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR PGD showed the best fit and demonstrated good internal consistency. Convergent validity was supported by strong associations between summed ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR PGD scores and summed posttraumatic stress, depression, and precursor prolonged grief scores. Known-groups validity was supported by PGD intensity being related to educational level and time since loss. The perfect pair-wise agreement was reached using the ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR PGD diagnostic scoring rules. The optimal cut-off score for detecting probable PGD cases, when summing all TGI-SR + items, was ≥73. Conclusions: The Norwegian TGI-SR + seems a valid and reliable instrument to assess ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR PGD intensity after losing a child or sibling under traumatic circumstances.