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Harsha Hemantha Kariyawasam,1,2 Dean Langan,3 Joanne Rimmer4– 6 1Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal National ENT Hospital, London, UK; 2Rhinology Section, Royal National ENT Hospital, London, UK; 3Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK; 4Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; 5Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; 6Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, AustraliaCorrespondence: Harsha Hemantha Kariyawasam, Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Rhinology Section, Royal National ENT Hospital London and UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, 47-49 huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DG, UK, Email harsha.kariyawasam@nhs.netAbstract: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is often severe, debilitating and difficult to treat. Recent randomised control trials (RCTs) of biologics that target key inflammatory pathways have demonstrated clinical efficacy in treating CRSwNP. Such RCTs must facilitate meta-analysis. Here we report the need for urgent improvement in double-blind randomised controlled trials of biologics in CRSwNP, having previously undertaken a systematic review and meta-analysis of such studies. The RCTs included in that systematic review did not conform to a standard study design. Patient selection criteria was not consistent in studies with several heterogeneous disease subgroups of CRSwNP patients present in each study. Different durations of treatment and variable outcome measures also made the comparative assessment of efficacy between different biologics difficult. Data presentation to allow extraction for meta-analysis was not always clear, such that on occasion selected data sets or even an entire RCT had to be excluded from further evaluation. As such, the high heterogeneity between studies made the overall interpretation of the findings difficult. We make an urgent call to design and conduct future RCTS of biologics in CRSwNP in a more standardised manner, and to present data in a clear way that is easily extractable. This will facilitate more inclusive and thus robust evaluation and interpretation via meta-analysis, which will in turn enable clearer insight into which CRSwNP patient subgroups might benefit from specific biologics and thus achieve better clinical outcomes.Plain Language Summary: Future randomised clinical trials should be performed in a more standardised manner, ensuring each trial team collects the same type of clinical information and outcome data at the required timepoints. All such trials should report the data in an easy-to-understand way. This will allow better meta-analysis interpretation of data.Primary researchers should aim to present summary statistics relating to outcomes separately for each arm of their project. This should also be reported separately at each evaluation timepoint.For numeric outcomes, this should include the mean, standard deviation and the number of observations that the summary is based on. For binary outcomes, the number of individuals experiencing the event should be reported alongside the number of observations that the summary is based on.Effect estimates and inferential statistics presented in a journal article are less ideal for meta-analysis. However, if researchers do choose this option, then estimates should be accompanied by a standard error or confidence interval. P-values can also be presented at the discretion of the researchers, but this does not best facilitate meta-analysis.Primary researchers should generally facilitate meta-analysis by presenting results in a flexible way that allows reviewers to change the type of effect measure (eg, to derive an odds ratio or a relative risk).Primary researchers should ensure that the corresponding author of the paper is available for questions via email.Keywords: biologics, nasal polyps, clinical trials, outcomes, standardisation

Additive manufacturing of metals often results in microstructural inhomogeneities, leading to the simultaneous or sequential activation of multiple deformation mechanisms. Real-time monitoring of these mechanisms is essential for understanding material behavior. While Digital Image Correlation (DIC) effectively evaluates strains during in-situ deformation, its accuracy diminishes at high strain levels, necessitating complementary techniques. This study integrates crystal orientation measurements from Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) with in-situ DIC to investigate deformation characteristics of wire arc directed energy deposited (WDED) single α-phase titanium. Quasi-in-situ tensile tests were conducted to model and validate twin traces focusing on twin system activation guided by crystal orientation and Schmid factor (m) calculations. The (011‾2) [01‾11] twin system displayed the maximum Schmid factor (m = 0.383), indicating a strong propensity for twinning, while the twin system (1‾102) [11‾01] exhibited the least m of 0.0015, exhibiting minimal twin activity during tensile deformation. The twin traces were validated using Schmid factor calculations, which reflect the tendency of preferential deformation twinning in WDED titanium. These findings reveal preferential deformation twinning behavior in WDED titanium, providing insights into the underlying deformation mechanisms and offering directions for the advancement of additively manufactured high-strength structural materials.

This study explored the body mass (BM) management practices among competitive male and female Olympic weightlifting athletes, hypothesizing that athletes compete in lighter weight categories than their habitual training weight (i.e., making weight). Utilizing a validated, anonymous survey, data were collected from 149 Olympic weightlifting athletes (>18 years; female = 94). The survey comprised five sections: demographics, training/competition history, weight history, source of influence, and BM management practices. The prevalence, magnitude, and methods employed for BM management were analyzed with subgroup analysis using one-way analysis of variance. Post hoc testing including Spearman's rho and chi-square analysis was completed when a significant effect was found. Three quarters (76%) of athletes acknowledged using chronic weight loss and/or acute weight loss strategies to make weight. Usual BM loss (2%–3%) in the week before competition was within recommended guidelines. Gradual dieting, fluid restriction, and low food weight, high-calorie options were the most commonly used BM management strategies. Female athletes were more likely to use gradual dieting (p =.043; r =.104) and were less likely to increase their exercise (p =.046; r = −.105) and utilize fasting (p =.038; r =.05) compared with their male counterparts. Women further identified dietitians/nutritionists (p =.006; r =.022) as a highly influential source of information. This research offers new insights into the BM management practices of Olympic weightlifting athletes, identifying that the majority of athletes compete at a BM lighter than their habitual training weight, achieved using a range of chronic weight loss and acute weight loss strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental disease is common in captive-managed macropods, including Bennett's wallabies, and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Dental extractions and debridement of diseased tissue is often necessary for those undergoing treatment for severe dental disease. Regional anesthesia of the dentition is considered standard of care for domestic animals undergoing orofacial surgery, however, it is not routinely performed in macropods due to limited information on dental anatomy and block approaches. Regional block descriptions for the infraorbital, maxillary, inferior alveolar, and mental blocks in domestic dogs and cats were evaluated and adapted for use in Bennett's wallabies based on descriptions of their anatomy and examination of 2 skulls. These approaches were then performed on cadaver heads with iohexol and methylene blue dye, and block placement was assessed on computed tomography scans and by gross dissection. All block approaches described in this study resulted in appropriate placement of regional anesthesia of the dentition in Bennett's wallabies. They can thus be used by clinicians to improve the intra and postoperative pain control of patients and provide a high level of veterinary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Timing is everything: complex (a)synchrony of heart–muscle interactions during exercise" published in the Journal of Physiology explores the physiological link between muscle and cardiac activity during exercise. The study by Garcia- Retortillo and Ivanov uses advanced analytical methods to analyze heart-muscle coupling during exhaustive exercise, focusing on the dynamic function of the cardiomuscular network and its relationship to fatigue. The research highlights the importance of understanding the interaction between different muscles and fiber types, as well as the impact of fatigue on coupling strength and performance. The study opens up new avenues for research in Network Physiology, shedding light on the integrative nature of exercise and the potential applications of these findings in training, disease management, and performance enhancement. [Extracted from the article]

Objective Methods Results Interpretation Evidence for an association between psoriasis and dementia is limited and conflicting. We aimed to investigate the association using large and representative population‐based data and describe risk by dementia subtype and over time.We compared dementia risk between people with and without psoriasis using an age‐, sex‐ and primary care practice‐matched cohort of adults aged ≥40 years from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum in England (1997–2021) linked to hospital admissions data, analysed with stratified Cox regression.Among 360,014 individuals with psoriasis and 1,799,617 without, psoriasis was associated with a small increased risk of all‐cause dementia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.06, 95% CI 1.04–1.08; absolute rate difference 24 per 100,000 person‐years). Strength of association increased with time since psoriasis diagnosis (e.g. aHR 0.99, 0.96–1.03 within 0 to 5 years; 1.20, 1.05–1.37 within 20 to 25 years). The association was stronger for vascular dementia (aHR 1.10, 1.06–1.14) than Alzheimer's dementia (aHR 1.03, 1.00–1.06). Hazard ratios were larger for severe psoriasis (all‐cause aHR 1.32, 1.25–1.39; vascular aHR 1.58, 1.44–1.74; Alzheimer's aHR 1.11, 1.02–1.21).Long‐term risk of all‐cause dementia and vascular dementia, but not Alzheimer's dementia, was slightly higher in people with psoriasis, but absolute risk differences were small. Risks were more substantially raised with time since psoriasis diagnosis and in severe psoriasis compared to mild to moderate psoriasis, suggesting a potential dose–response relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored body image among transgender and nonbinary adults, including their body appreciation, embodiment, general psychological distress, and gender identity-related pride. This study also considered participants’ pursuit of gender-affirming surgery and mental health services. This cross-sectional survey examined participants’ (N = 214; Mage = 28.57, SD = 9.50) body image and psychological well-being and how these may differ when considering participants’ interest in gender-affirming surgeries and gender-affirming mental health services. Transgender and nonbinary participants were similar in terms of their body image, but transgender participants had less psychological distress than nonbinary participants. Participants who had no interest in or had pursued a gender-affirming surgery were more likely to experience positive body image than those who desired but had not completed a gender-affirming surgery. Participants who had no interest in or had pursued mental health services also had more positive body images than those who desired treatment but had not pursued it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]