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Background: Anticoagulation can prevent most strokes in individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF); however, many people presenting with stroke and known AF are not anticoagulated. Language barriers and poor health literacy have previously been associated with decreased patient medication adherence. The association between language barriers and initiation of anticoagulation therapy for AF is uncertain. Aims: The aims of this study were to determine whether demographic factors, including non‐English primary language, were (1) associated with not being initiated on anticoagulation for known AF prior to admission with stroke, and (2) associated with non‐adherence to anticoagulation in the setting of known AF prior to admission with stroke. Methods: A multicentre retrospective cohort study was conducted for consecutive individuals admitted to the three South Australian tertiary hospitals with stroke units over a 5‐year period. Results: There were 6829 individuals admitted with stroke. These cases included 5835 ischaemic stroke patients, 1333 of whom had pre‐existing AF. Only 40.0% presenting with ischaemic stroke in the setting of known pre‐existing AF were anticoagulated. When controlling for demographics, socioeconomic status and past medical history (including the components of the CHADS2VASC score and anticoagulation contraindications), having a primary language other than English was associated with a lower likelihood of having been commenced on anticoagulant for known pre‐stroke AF (odds ratio: 0.52, 95% confidence interval: 0.36–0.77, P = 0.001), but was not associated with a differing likelihood of anticoagulation adherence. Conclusions: A significant proportion of patients with stroke have pre‐existing unanticoagulated AF; these rates are substantially higher if the primary language is other than English. Targeted research and interventions to minimise evidence‐treatment gaps in this cohort may significantly reduce stroke burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]