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A substantial level of significance has been placed on renewable energy systems, especially photovoltaic (PV) systems, given the urgent global apprehensions regarding climate change and the need to cut carbon emissions. One of the main concerns in the field of PV is the ability to track power effectively over a range of factors. In the context of solar power extraction, this research paper performs a thorough comparative examination of ten controllers, including both conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers and artificial intelligence (AI) controllers. Various factors, such as voltage, current, power, weather dependence, cost, complexity, response time, periodic tuning, stability, partial shading, and accuracy, are all intended to be evaluated by the study. It is aimed to provide insight into how well each controller performs in various circumstances by carefully examining these broad parameters. The main goal is to identify and recommend the best controller based on their performance. It is notified that, conventional techniques like INC, P&O, INC-PSO, P&O-PSO, achieved accuracies of 94.3, 97.6, 98.4, 99.6 respectively while AI based techniques Fuzzy-PSO, ANN, ANFIS, ANN-PSO, PSO, and FLC achieved accuracies of 98.6, 98, 98.6, 98.8, 98.2, 98 respectively. The results of this study add significantly to our knowledge of the applicability and effectiveness of both AI and traditional MPPT controllers, which will help the solar industry make well-informed choices when implementing solar energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable Energy (RE) is becoming more important and dominant for a cost-effective and sustainable power supply. Due to this, accurate forecasting and efficient grid integration have become even more critical in recent times. This study offers a unique approach at the optimum level by combining Machine-Learning (ML) techniques in RE prediction and grid integration. The key objective of this research is to use the inherent complexity of RE data by exploring various ML approaches. These techniques include Neural Networks (NN), Decision Trees (DT), and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The suggested approach incorporates several methods into an ensemble model that maximizes the advantages of each method to improve accuracy during forecasting. This study also provides curtailments using a grid integration technique that minimizes imbalances and adjusts dynamically to anticipated energy generation. In this research, the simulation findings demonstrate that the combined model performs better than individual ML techniques based on RE data, by achieving the highest accuracy of R² score of 98.9%, as compared with other models such as SVR and DTs of 82.7% and 97.1%, respectively. This method optimizes grid operations and improves prediction accuracy, lowering costs and increasing energy efficiency. This research adds exceptional value to the field of RE by developing a versatile model applicable to various energy sources and integration with the grid. There are various issues while integrating renewable energy with the grid, such as uncertainty, unpredictability, and intermittent. These issues can be resolved by implementing ML techniques. Using ML techniques enables to tackle the significant issues in renewable energy forecasting, facilitating more resilient and sustainable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]