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For a minority of alcohol users, the initial sip of alcohol marks the start of a life-threatening process. This thesis studies cognitive mechanisms pertinent to alcohol addiction and its development, using a spectrum of individuals that range from healthy social drinkers, through people with hazardous use, to those suffering from alcohol addiction. Decision making can be altered in addiction, but less is known on the direct pharmacodynamic effects of alcohol intake in healthy people. Study 1 addressed decision making under the effects of moderate alcohol intoxication in healthy social drinkers using established behavioral economics tasks. The investigated processes encompassed both personal and social aspects of decision making. Within the personal domain, impulsivity and risk taking were investigated, while in the social domain, prosocial attitudes along with moral judgment were assessed. Moderate alcohol intoxication was found to impact only the social domain, leading to increased prosocial and utilitarian behaviors, but did not affect measures of impulsivity. Choosing alcohol over other natural rewards despite negative consequences is a central phenomenon of alcohol addiction. Two studies of this thesis investigated choice preference for alcohol compared to snack, using a cost manipulation paradigm, in light and heavy drinkers. Study 2 was a laboratory experiment whereas Study 3 was an imaging experiment for characterization of neural substrates. Cost was an important predictor of choice, as in both groups, alcohol choice was sensitive to cost in a parametric manner. This was mirrored in the brain by activity in value-based and salience regions, including orbitofrontal cortex and insula. In Study 2 we found that heavy drinkers showed generally higher alcohol choice preference and attenuated cost sensitivity. Failure to replicate this finding in Study 3, was possibly due to the artificial scanner environment. Craving is a key component in the cycle of addiction

Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att undersöka hur yrkesrollen controller har utvecklats men även hur den utvecklas i framtiden. Detta har studerats med hjälp av professionsteorin där utgångspunkten är att undersöka hur professionaliseringen av controllerns yrkesroll ser ut. Studien utgår från ett strategiskt urval eftersom att studien grundar sig i en specifik yrkesroll. Urvalet innefattar tolv respondenter från sju olika företag där alla respondenter har eller arbetar som controller. För att undersöka syftet har studien utgått från en analysmodell med sex specifika professionskriterier. Studien utgår utifrån en induktiv ansats. Studien visar att yrkesrollen befinner sig i en förändringsfas och håller på att utvecklas bort från sin ursprungliga definition och innebörd. Yrkesrollen utvecklas främst i takt med teknologin och hållbarheten men även i regulatoriska krav. Studien indikerar att controllern i nuläget inte kan identifieras som en profession men i takt med utvecklingen går yrkesrollen mer mot en profession. I nuläget kan den ses mer som en semiprofession eller pre profession. Tidigare forskning har lagt stort fokus på att identifiera vilken utveckling yrkesrollen står inför, där teknologin har varit en utstickande faktor. I denna studie ansågs det vara av betydelse att studera vilka utvecklingsfaktorer som en controller möter i praktiken, samt hur och på vilket sätt teknologin har implementeras i deras roll. Vidare finns det inte någon tydlig forskning kring controller som profession i förhållande till utvecklingsfaktorer vilket denna studie även ska bidra med. Studiens förslag till framtida forskning är en bredare urvalsgrupp samt en mer djupgående studie där observationer även förekommer., This qualitative study aims to investigate how the role of the controller has but also how it develops in the future. The starting point of the study is to investigate how the professionalization of the controller role looks like. This will be studied with the help of the profession theory. The study is based on the strategic sample because it is based on a specific role, in this case the controller. The sample includes twelve respondents from seven different companies where all the respondents have or work as a controller. To investigate the purpose, the study has been based on an analysis model with six specific profession criteria. The study is based on an inductive approach. The study shows that the controller is in a phase of a change and is evolving away from its original definition and meaning. The controller is evolving mainly in line with technology and sustainability but also in regulatory requirements. The study indicates that the controller cannot be identified as a profession at present but as it develops the role is moving more toward a profession. At present it can be seen more as a semiprofession or preprofession. Previous research has great emphasis on identifying the developments facing the role, where technology has been an outlying factor. In this study, it was considered important to study which development factors that a controller encounters in practice, as well as how and in what way technology has been implemented in their role. Furthermore, there is no clear research on the controller as a profession in relation to development factors, which this study will also contribute to. The studies proposal for future research is a broader sample group and more in-depth study that also includes observations. Furthermore, this study is conducted in swedish.

Vår intention med arbetet är att upptäcka olika metoder för att främja arbetet med högläsning. Syftet med litteraturöversikten är därför att granska tidigare forskning som redogör för olika metoder om högläsning för att gynna elevernas läsförmåga. Detta syftet leder till forskningsfrågan som litteraturöversikten utgår ifrån: Vilka metoder för högläsning gynnar utvecklingen av elevers läsförmåga? Datainsamlingen består av systematiska sökningar genom söksträngar i olika databaser som bland annat ERIC (EBSCO), Swepub, Scopus och DiVA. Forskningen är både internationell och nationell. Tematisk analys används för att analysera datainsamlingen. Utifrån analysen identifieras teman som utgör våra rubriker i resultatdelen. Studiens resultat visar att interaktiv högläsning är en metod som gynnar elevers literacyutveckling. Även andra faktorer såsom valet av bok och vid vilken tidpunkt på dagen påverkar främjandet av läsutvecklingen. Slutsatsen av litteraturstudien är att interaktiv högläsning, val av bok och tidpunkt med flera, främjar läskunnigheten och förståelsen. Ett aktivt lärande bidrar till en ökad motivation hos eleverna., Our intention with this study is to discover different methods to promote the work with reading aloud. The purpose of this study is therefore to review previous research that outlines different approaches to reading aloud to benefit students' reading skills. This purpose leads to the research question on which this study is based: What methods of reading aloud benefit the development of students' reading skills? Data collection consists of systematic searches through search strings in various databases such as ERIC (EBSCO), Swepub, Scopus and Diva. The research is both international and national. Thematic analysis is used to analyze the data collection. Based on the analysis, themes are identified and form our headings in the results section. The results of the study shows that interactive reading aloud is a method that benefits students' literacy development. Other factors such as the choice of book and the time of day also influence the promotion of reading development. The conclusion of this study is that interactive reading aloud, choice of book and time of day, among others, promotes literacy and comprehension. Active learning contributes to increased motivation among students.