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Aim: This study investigated the relationship between newborn feeding behaviour and feeding type among month-old babies and explored maternal and neonatal factors associated with breastfeeding rates at 1 month of age., Methods: This observational study was conducted in Japan with healthy mothers and full-term newborns. Newborn feeding behaviours were assessed using the Japanese Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (IBFAT) within approximately 1 day of birth. Obstetric and newborn characteristics, including newborn feeding behaviours, were investigated in relation feeding type (breast milk or mixed milk) at 1 month of age., Results: This study included 176 mother-newborn pairs. IBFAT scores were significantly higher in the breast-milk group (Median (M) = 10.5, Interquartile Ranges (IQR): 9.0-11.0) than in the mixed-milk group (M = 10.0, IQR: 7.5-11.0) (P = 0.046). Additionally, the sucking pattern of breastfeeding was showing a greater distribution of higher scores in the breast-milk group (M = 2.0, IQR: 2.0-2.5) than in the mixed-milk group (M = 2.0, IQR: 1.5-2.5) (P = 0.015). Compared to mothers who received epidural analgesia or synthetic oxytocin, primiparas who did not receive them were more likely to breastfeed (epidural analgesia: (33.3% vs. 65.8%, P = 0.004); synthetic oxytocin: (42.0% vs. 78.6%, P = 0.018)). For multiparas, Apgar and IBFAT scores were associated with feeding type at 1 month of age., Conclusions: This study found that newborns' effective and sustained sucking within 1 day of birth is an important factor for breastfeeding at 1 month of age. When assessing feeding type, maternal factors such as epidural analgesia should be the focus for primiparas, while neonatal factors such as feeding behaviour should be prioritised for multiparas., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians).)

Backgroud Aims: Regenerative therapies employing cell therapy products (CTPs) have attracted considerable attention. Biodistribution (BD) evaluation of CTPs is mainly performed to clarify the cell survival time, engraftment, and distribution site. This evaluation is crucial for predicting the efficacy and safety profiles of clinical studies based on non-clinical BD study outcomes. However, no internationally unified method has been established for assessing cell BD after administration. Here, we aimed to standardize the BD assay method used for CTPs, conducting the following evaluations using the same protocol across multiple study facilities: (1) in vitro validation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) analyses using the primate-specific Alu gene, and (2) in vivo BD studies after the intravenous administration of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to immunodeficient mice, commonly used in non-clinical tumorigenicity studies., Methods: Quality control samples were prepared and analyzed by adding a fixed number of human-derived cells to several mouse tissues. The respective quantitative performances of the qPCR and ddPCR methods were compared for accuracy and precision. hMSCs were intravenously administered to immunodeficient mice, and tissues were collected at 1, 4, and 24 h after administration., Results: Both methods demonstrated an accuracy (relative error) generally within ±50% and a precision (coefficient of variation) generally less than 50%. While differences in calibration curve ranges were observed between qPCR and ddPCR, no significant differences in quantification were found among the assay facilities. The BD of hMSCs in mice was evaluated at seven facilities (qPCR at three facilities; ddPCR at four facilities), revealing similar tissue distribution profiles in all facilities, with the lungs showing the highest cell distribution among the tissues tested., Conclusions: Quantitative evaluation of qPCR and ddPCR using Alu sequences was conducted, demonstrating that the test method can be adapted for BD evaluation., Competing Interests: Declarations of competing interest The authors have no commercial, proprietary or financial interest in the products or companies described in this article except for YY, who is an employee of Bio-Rad Laboratories., (Copyright © 2024 International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The efficacy of antifibrotic agents in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been demonstrated and early introduction is recommended, especially in patients with preserved performance status (PS). We aimed to determine the proportion of untreated IPF cases using real-world data and to assess the factors associated with non-intervention., Methods: A prospective observational study using questionnaires was performed on 518 patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and their attending physicians who visited a clinic, general hospital, or tertiary respiratory center between December 2019 and October 2020. Patients responded with subjective symptoms and PS, whereas physicians responded with diagnosis, treatment, and reasons for their treatment choices. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using age, sex, BMI, medical facility, specialized tests, and symptom severity., Results: We included 207 patients with IPF. Among them, 168 has a good PS (≤2), which could be indicative of treatment; 130 (77.4%) were not treated with antifibrotic agents. The PCA revealed a trend consistent with that of antifibrotic agent therapy and the distribution of medical facilities, with a treatment intervention rate of 16% in general hospitals and 62% in tertiary respiratory centers. In general hospitals, low symptom severity (PS, mMRC, and no use of long-term oxygen therapy) was a relevant factor for non-intervention with antifibrotic agents (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Antifibrotic treatment interventions varied by facility in cases with good PS. Patients with milder symptoms are not being treated early in general hospitals and more collaboration between general hospitals and specialized facilities is necessary., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest M.A. (Maki Asami-Noyama) received subsidies from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd. The other authors have no conflicts of interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aim: Several skin disorder symptoms may appear in infants, each resulting from a different inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the relationship between skin cytokine levels and skin symptoms in newborns., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tokyo and Oita, two Japanese cities. The participants were healthy, 1-month-old infants and their parents. Symptoms including erythema, papules, dryness, and exudate/yellow scaling on infant faces were evaluated as outcomes. Cytokine levels (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17) were measured by skin blotting. A multilevel analysis using a mixed-effects model was conducted to account for regional differences., Results: A total of 231 infants (119 from Tokyo and 112 from Oita) participated in this study. Erythema, papules, dryness, and exudate/yellow scaling were present in 59 (25.5%), 133 (57.6%), 37 (16.0%), and 16 (6.9%) of the infants, respectively. In terms of the associations between symptoms and cytokines, there was a significant association between papules and IL-8 positivity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-3.47) even after adjustment for differences in barrier function, area, and skin care., Conclusions: This study demonstrated that cytokines were linked to skin conditions, even after accounting for regional differences and genetic factors. This suggests that different symptoms point to the involvement of various cytokines in skin conditions in neonates, with mechanisms varying based on the symptoms. These findings could aid in developing specific preventive strategies in the future., (© 2024 The Author(s). Skin Research and Technology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: The therapeutic potential of psychedelics for various mental disorders has gained significant interest. Previous studies have highlighted that psychedelics induce psychoactive effects, including challenging aspects of experiences. These experiences are assessed using the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), yet its Japanese version has been unavailable. This study aimed to create a Japanese version of the CEQ., Methods: We followed the "Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation." Initially, two Japanese psychiatrists independently conducted the forward translations. These were then reconciled into a single version, which was back-translated into English. The original authors reviewed this back-translation for accuracy, leading to revisions through continuous dialogue until the original authors approved the final version., Results: The final, approved back-translated version of the CEQ is presented in the figure., Conclusions: This study developed a Japanese version of the CEQ, enabling the assessment of challenging experiences during psychedelic-assisted therapy for Japanese speakers. Further studies are needed to assess the reliability and validity of this newly translated version., (© 2024 The Author(s). Neuropsychopharmacology Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology.)

Aim: Although the antidepressant effect of ketamine on treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has been frequently reported in North American and European countries, evidence is scarce among the Asian population. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous ketamine in Japanese patients with TRD., Methods: In this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, 34 Japanese patients with TRD were randomized to receive either intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo, administered over 40 min, twice a week, for 2 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score from baseline to post-treatment. Secondary outcomes included changes in other depressive symptomatology scores and remission, response, and partial response rates. We also examined the association between baseline clinical demographic characteristics and changes in the MADRS total score., Results: Intention-to-treat analysis indicated no significant difference in the decrease in MADRS total score between the groups (-8.1 ± 10.0 vs -2.5 ± 5.2, t[32] = 2.02, P = 0.052), whereas per-protocol analysis showed a significant reduction in the ketamine group compared to the placebo group (-9.1 ± 10.2 vs -2.7 ± 5.3, t[29] = 2.22, P = 0.034). No significant group differences were observed in other outcomes. Adverse events were more frequent in the ketamine group than in the placebo group, and no serious adverse events were reported. A higher baseline MADRS total score and body mass index were associated with a greater reduction in the MADRS total score., Conclusion: Intravenous ketamine outperformed placebo in Japanese patients with TRD who completed the study, suggesting that ketamine could alleviate depressive symptoms of TRD across diverse ethnic populations., (© 2024 The Author(s). Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2024 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.)

Although endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is beneficial in improving asthma symptoms, its impact on the lung function in patients with asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis remains unclear. We herein report a case of severe asthma with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis, in which ESS substantially improved airflow limitation and concomitantly reduced fractional exhaled nitric oxide and blood eosinophil counts. ESS likely relieved airflow limitation by suppressing type 2 inflammatory pathways. This case highlights ESS as a promising strategy for achieving clinical remission in patients with severe asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis.

Perinatal cohort studies with a prospective longitudinal design are critical for determining the effects of early-life exposures on offspring's health outcomes. The Sri Lanka Mother and Newborn Growth cohort study aims to investigate the impact of maternal nutritional and psychosocial factors on newborns' birth weight in the Sri Lankan context. This paper presents the methodology of participant recruitment, follow-ups, an overview of measurements, and planned data analyses. This study included a nationally representative sample of Sri Lankan pregnant women recruited in their first trimester of pregnancy. Follow-up assessments were conducted once during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and after the baby's birth, prospectively tracking the women's dietary intake, mental health, hemoglobin concentrations, and gestational weight gain data. Once the participants delivered their babies, the data on gestational age, sex of the newborn, birth weight, length and occipitofrontal circumference at birth, and mode of delivery were collected. Between August 2022 and August 2023, we recruited 2000 first-trimester pregnant women to the cohort and continued to follow up with them until the baby's birth. The response rates were 90.4%, 81.4%, and 75.2% in the first, second, and third follow-ups. We plan to analyze the data in July 2024. We expect this study to provide valuable insights into various early-life exposures affecting neonatal birth weight. The study's findings will serve as a valuable information resource for a broader scientific community, enabling the development of effective policies to prevent low-birth-weight deliveries in low-resource settings.

Introduction: There have been few reports of patients for whom a cancer gene panel test for solid tumors revealed the simultaneous presence of BRCA mutation and microsatellite instability (MSI)-high status. BRCA mutations have been reported in 13% of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients, and 3.1% of prostate cancer cases are MSI-high/mismatch repair deficient., Case Presentation: A 71-year-old man with a history of urinary retention was referred to our department for clinically suspected prostate cancer and a high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (141 ng/mL). MRI revealed features of prostate cancer invading the bladder, seminal vesicles, and rectum. A histopathological examination of a transperineal needle biopsy specimen obtained from the prostate revealed adenocarcinoma. Bone scintigraphy revealed multiple metastases. The patient was treated with abiraterone acetate combined with androgen deprivation therapy followed by local radiation. Rectal wall thickening and lymph node metastasis were also observed, and docetaxel was administered. A cancer gene panel test was positive results for BRCA2 mutation with a MSI-high. After six courses of docetaxel, lymph node enlargement was observed and olaparib was initiated. Two months later, the metastatic lesions showed enlargement and the PSA level increased. Subsequently, pembrolizumab was administered. At 2 to the patient months after the initiation of pembrolizumab administration, PSA levels decreased to <0.025 ng/mL and the rectal lesions and lymph node metastases disappeared. The patient was continuing to receive pembrolizumab without any apparent adverse events or exacerbations, 9 months after initiation., Conclusion: We herein report a case in which pembrolizumab treatment resulted in a complete response in a CRPC patient with both a BRCA2 mutation and an MSI-high status., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest in association with the present study., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Aim: We conducted a meta-analysis comparing the invasiveness of automatic lancet devices, which can collect adequate amount of blood at shallow puncture depths, with conventional manual lance devices (lancet or needle) to statistically identify less invasive instruments for neonatal heel lance., Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL, and Ichushi databases for studies comparing the invasiveness between automatic lancet and manual lancet or needle in term and preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care unit., Results: This review included 9 out of 449 searched articles, with 673 neonates. Automatic lancet had significantly lower pain scores (standardised mean difference: -2.0, 95% confidence interval: -3.3 to -0.7), heart rate (mean difference: -8.0, 95% confidence interval: -13.8 to -2.1), cry duration (mean difference: -21.5, 95% confidence interval: -32.5 to -10.4), number of punctures (mean difference: -0.6, 95% confidence interval: -1.1 to -0.2), and duration of procedures (mean difference: -37.7, 95% confidence interval: -75.2 to -0.2) than manual lancet or needle. Furthermore, peripheral oxygen saturation was significantly higher in automatic lancet than in manual lancet or needle (mean difference: 4.5, 95% confidence interval: 0.5-8.5)., Conclusion: Automatic heel lancet devices were less invasive than manual heel lance devices (lancet or needle)., (© 2024 The Authors. Acta Paediatrica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Foundation Acta Paediatrica.)

Background: Many patients with heart disease potentially have comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, there are not enough opportunities for screening, and the qualitative differentiation of shortness of breath (SOB) has not been well established. We investigated the detection rate of SOB based on a visual and qualitative dynamic lung hyperinflation (DLH) detection index during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and assessed potential differences in respiratory function between groups., Methods: We recruited 534 patients with heart disease or patients who underwent simultaneous CPET and spirometry (369 males, 67.0 ± 12.9 years) to scrutinize physical functions. The difference between inspiratory and expiratory tidal volume was calculated (TV E-I) from the breath-by-breath data. Patients were grouped into convex (decreased TV E-I) and non-convex (unchanged or increased TV E-I) groups based on their TV E-I values after the start of exercise., Results: Among the recruited patients, 129 (24.2%) were categorized in the convex group. There was no difference in clinical characteristics between the two groups. The Borg scale scores at the end of the CPET showed no difference. VE/VCO 2 slope, its Y-intercept, and minimum VE/VCO 2 showed no significant difference between the groups. In the convex group, FEV1.0/FVC was significantly lower compared to that in the non-convex group (69.4 ± 13.1 vs. 75.0 ± 9.0%). Moreover, significant correlations were observed between FEV1.0/FVC and Y-intercept (r=-0.343), as well as between the difference between minimum VE/VCO 2 and VE/VCO 2 slope (r=-0.478)., Conclusions: The convex group showed decreased respiratory function, suggesting a potential airway obstruction during exercise. A combined assessment of the TV E-I and Y-intercept of the VE/VCO 2 slope or the difference between the minimum VE/VCO 2 and VE/VCO 2 slopes could potentially detect COPD or airway obstruction., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are essential carrier particles in drug delivery systems, particularly in ribonucleic acid delivery. In preparing lipid-based nanoparticles, microfluidic-based ethanol injection may produce precisely size-controlled nanoparticles. Ethanol is critical in LNP formation and post-treatment processes and affects liposome size, structure, lamellarity, and drug-loading efficiency. However, the effects of time-dependent changes in the ethanol concentration on the structural dynamics of liposomes are not clearly understood. Herein, we investigated ethanol-induced lipid bilayer changes in liposomes on a time scale from microseconds to tens of seconds using a microfluidic-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurement system coupled with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The time-resolved SAXS measurement system revealed that single unilamellar liposomes were converted to multilamellar liposomes within 0.8 s of contact with ethanol, and the d -spacing was decreased from 6.1 (w/o ethanol) to 4.4 nm (80% ethanol) with increasing ethanol concentration. We conducted 1 μs MD simulations to understand the molecular-level structural changes in the liposomes. The MD simulations revealed that the changes in the lamellar structure caused by ethanol at the molecular level could explain the structural changes in the liposomes observed via time-resolved SAXS. Therefore, the post-treatment process to remove residual ethanol is critical in liposome formation., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

ERGIC-53 transports certain subsets of newly synthesized secretory proteins and membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Despite numerous structural and functional studies since its identification, the overall architecture and mechanism of action of ERGIC-53 remain unclear. Here we present cryo-EM structures of full-length ERGIC-53 in complex with its functional partner MCFD2. These structures reveal that ERGIC-53 exists as a homotetramer, not a homohexamer as previously suggested, and comprises a four-leaf clover-like head and a long stalk composed of three sets of four-helix coiled-coil followed by a transmembrane domain. 3D variability analysis visualizes the flexible motion of the long stalk and local plasticity of the head region. Notably, MCFD2 is shown to possess a Zn 2+ -binding site in its N-terminal lid, which appears to modulate cargo binding. Altogether, distinct mechanisms of cargo capture and release by ERGIC- 53 via the stalk bending and metal binding are proposed., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Psychedelics have garnered increased attention as potential therapeutic options for various mental illnesses. Previous studies reported that psychedelics cause psychoactive effects through mystical experiences induced by these substances, including an altered state of consciousness. While this phenomenon is commonly assessed by the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ30), a Japanese version of the MEQ30 has not been available. The aim of this study was to develop the Japanese version of the MEQ30., Methods: We adhered to the "Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation" in our translation process. Two Japanese psychiatrists independently performed forward translations, from which a unified version was derived through reconciliation. This version was subsequently back-translated into English and reviewed by the original authors for equivalency. The iterative revision process was carried out through ongoing discussions with the original authors until they approved the final back-translated version., Results: The final, approved back-translated version of the MEQ30 is presented in the accompanying figure. Additionally, the authorized Japanese version of the MEQ30 is included in the Appendix A., Conclusions: In this study, we successfully developed a Japanese version of the MEQ30. This scale will facilitate the assessment of mystical experiences associated with psychedelic-assisted therapy among Japanese speakers. Further research is warranted to evaluate the reliability and validity of this newly translated scale., (© 2023 The Authors. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology.)

Aim: Psychedelics have recently gained attention as potential therapeutic agents for various psychiatric disorders. Previous research has highlighted that a diminished sense of self, commonly termed "ego-dissolution" is a pivotal feature of the psychedelic-induced state. While the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI) is a widely acknowledged instrument for measuring this phenomenon, no Japanese version has been available. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the EDI., Methods: We adhered to the "Guidelines for Best Practices in the Translation and Cultural Modification Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes Instruments: Document from the ISPOR Committee on Translation and Cultural Modification" during our translation approach. Two Japanese psychiatrists independently conducted initial translations, and a consolidated version was achieved via mutual agreement. This version was then back-translated to English and assessed by the original authors for consistency. The repetitive modification process was conducted in continuous dialogues with the original authors until they accepted the concluding back-translated version., Results: The finalized, approved back-translated version of the EDI is presented in the accompanying figure. In addition, the authorized Japanese version of the EDI is included in the Appendix., Conclusions: In this study, we successfully developed the Japanese version of the EDI. This instrument will assist in assessing ego-dissolution experiences associated with psychedelic-assisted therapy among Japanese speakers. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the reliability and validity of this newly translated instrument., (© 2024 The Authors. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology.)

Social support is an important factor in reducing fear of childbirth (FOC). Recently, the Internet and Social Networking Services (SNS) have become new forms of social support. However, it is unclear whether such support can reduce pregnant women's fear. This study aimed to investigate the association between FOC and social support through the Internet and SNS in pregnant women. A cross-sectional study using a web-based questionnaire including questions about FOC, social support, the Internet and SNS usage, psychological variables, and sociodemographic variables was conducted. Data from 111 participants were analyzed. A greater number of social support from people who are often seen during pregnancy, and becoming relieved by interaction with others through the Internet and SNS were negatively associated with FOC. This study showed that face-to-face social support was associated with lower FOC, while social support through the Internet and SNS was not. Further research is needed on how to use Internet and SNS to reduce FOC in pregnant women., (© 2024 The Authors. Nursing & Health Sciences published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

A lipid cubic phase encompassing a cross-linked siloxane structure was formed by the self-assembly of a synthetic organoalkoxysilane lipid in water. The spontaneous sol-gel reaction of the alkoxysilane moiety on the lipid head group produced an organic-inorganic hybrid material with a double gyroid Ia 3 d cubic structure.

Gestational anemia (GA) is a global health concern with a remarkably high prevalence in Japan, which is associated with various maternal and neonatal outcomes. This study aimed to explore whether GA and non-anemic iron deficiency (NAID) during the third trimester is associated with maternal characteristics, nutrient intake, low birth weight (LBW), and preterm birth. Participants were categorized into GA, NAID, and normal groups, based on serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels. Nutrient intake was assessed using the Brief Diet History Questionnaire. Data from 317 pregnant women were analyzed, including 110 (34.7%), 151 (47.6%), and 56 (17.6%) women in the GA, NAID, and normal groups, respectively. Factors associated with GA included being multipara ( p < 0.001) and not taking any type of iron supplements in the third trimester ( p = 0.043). The normal group had a significantly higher proportion of preterm birth and LBW than the GA and NAID groups. The GA group had a significantly higher energy intake than the normal group ( p = 0.044). Overall, energy and micronutrient intake were significantly below the estimated average requirement in the dietary reference intakes for Japanese. Health care professionals need to consider nutritional advice that can prevent GA by focusing on overall micronutrients, not just energy intake.

Aim: To describe national standard care for newborn bathing and its influential factors., Methods: A global survey was conducted using a web-based questionnaire. The targeted countries were 166 member countries of either the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) or the International Council of Nurses (ICN). An eligible person included someone well informed of midwifery education/training or neonatal care, including newborn bathing, in their country. To examine the factors associated with the standard care for newborn bathing, information on mean annual temperature, precipitation, gross domestic product per capita, and basic water coverage was collected as external factors. Student's t tests and Chi-square tests were used for analysis., Results: Care standards were identified in 46 countries: seven from Africa, eight from the Americas, 15 from Asia, 14 from Europe, and two from Oceania. In most countries, newborns were bathed with warm water in a tub within 10 min. Bathing frequency, moisturization, and use of soap or cleanser varied by country. There were significant associations between bathing frequency and temperature and between moisturization and precipitation., Conclusion: The national standard care for newborn bathing in each country was unique. Standard bathing care was associated with the climate. More consideration should be given to the differences in standard care for newborn bathing between countries when interpreting existing studies and conducting future studies on neonatal skin care., (© 2023 The Authors. Japan Journal of Nursing Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Academy of Nursing Science.)