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Abstract Tilletia indica Mitra causes Karnal bunt (KB) in wheat by pathogenic dikaryophase. The present study is the first to provide the draft genomes of the dikaryon (PSWKBGD-3) and its two monosporidial lines (PSWKBGH-1 and 2) using Illumina and PacBio reads, their annotation and the comparative analyses among the three genomes by extracting polymorphic SSR markers. The trancriptome from infected wheat grains of the susceptible wheat cultivar WL711 at 24 h, 48h, and 7d after inoculation of PSWKBGH-1, 2 and PSWKBGD-3 were also isolated. Further, two transcriptome analyses were performed utilizing T. indica transcriptome to extract dikaryon genes responsible for pathogenesis, and wheat transcriptome to extract wheat genes affected by dikaryon involved in plant-pathogen interaction during progression of KB in wheat. A total of 54, 529, and 87 genes at 24hai, 48hai, and 7dai, respectively were upregulated in dikaryon stage while 21, 35, and 134 genes of T. indica at 24hai, 48hai, and 7dai, respectively, were activated only in dikaryon stage. While, a total of 23, 17, and 52 wheat genes at 24hai, 48hai, and 7dai, respectively were upregulated due to the presence of dikaryon stage only. The results obtained during this study have been compiled in a web resource called TiGeR ( http://backlin.cabgrid.res.in/tiger/ ), which is the first genomic resource for T. indica cataloguing genes, genomic and polymorphic SSRs of the three T. indica lines, wheat and T. indica DEGs as well as wheat genes affected by T. indica dikaryon along with the pathogenecity related proteins of T. indica dikaryon during incidence of KB at different time points. The present study would be helpful to understand the role of dikaryon in plant-pathogen interaction during progression of KB, which would be helpful to manage KB in wheat, and to develop KB-resistant wheat varieties.

Let R be a commutative ring with unity. The prime ideal sum graph [Formula: see text] of the ring R is the simple undirected graph whose vertex set is the set of all nonzero proper ideals of R and two distinct vertices I and J are adjacent if and only if I + J is a prime ideal of R. In this paper, we study some interplay between algebraic properties of rings and graph-theoretic properties of their prime ideal sum graphs. In this connection, we classify non-local commutative Artinian rings R such that [Formula: see text] is of crosscap at most two. We prove that there does not exist a non-local commutative Artinian ring whose prime ideal sum graph is projective planar. Further, we classify non-local commutative Artinian rings of genus one prime ideal sum graphs.

Background: Upconverting nanophosphors (UCNPs) are composed of certain nanosized inorganic host materials doped with specific rare earth ions. They exhibit the phenomenon of photon upconversion, whereby the sequential absorption of two or more low energy photons is followed by luminescent emission of multiple photons with higher energy. In addition, they have other attractive optical features such as NIR-absorption, sharp emission bands, exceptional photostability and high quantum yield. These properties make UCNPs lucrative probes for number of optical applications, such as imaging, sensing and theranostics. Overview: UCNPs have been used as specific and ultrasensitive probes for sensing of variety of analytes, such as gas molecules, metal ions, fine particles, pH and a number of molecules, biochemicals and macromolecules. Their absorption and emission in the NIR range facilitates the background free biosensing in situ, in vitro and in vivo. Their multicoloured emissions allow a suitable emission band to serve as a donor for energy transfer to another attached optical probe, while a separate emission band to serve as an internal reference in ratiometric sensing applications. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth exploration of the versatile applications of UCNPs in the optical sensing of various analytes based on energy transfer mechanisms, with emphasis on the recent developments. . The focus is on synthesizing UCNPs, surface functionalization, and their effective utilization especially in detecting gas molecules, pH changes, ions, free radicals, and disease biomarkers. Through a meticulous examination of the use of UCNPs, this review aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of their potential and pave the way for future advancements and challenges in optical sensing.

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare neurodegenerative spongiform encephalopathy that causes neuronal derangement secondary to prion protein. Its initial diagnosis is often complex and challenging due to non-specific clinical presentation, lack of awareness, and low clinical suspicion. This disease is invariably fatal, and most patients die within 12 months of presentation. Definite diagnosis of prion disease requires neuropathological analysis, usually done at autopsy. Here, we present the autopsy findings of a 57-year-old male patient, illustrating the complexity of diagnosing this disease early in the clinical course and the need for a broad differential diagnosis at the onset.

Abstract India in today’s scenario is implementing an agroecologically based, diversified agricultural system that includes functional biodiversity along with crops, trees and livestock. Therefore, advocating natural farming, an agroecologically based diverse farming system that includes crops, trees and animals as well as functional biodiversity. It is primarily focused on the recycling of biomass inside the farm, with a focus on the use of formulations made on the farm from cow dung and urine (Jeevamrit & Ghanjeevamrit) and the elimination of all synthetic chemical inputs. It aims to lessen smallholder farmers' reliance on inputs that must be purchased as well as their credit load. With all of these facts in mind, this study investigated how the application of bioorganic nutrient sources like Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit used in natural farming system affected the crop performance in strawberry grown under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh, India. Farmyard manure, freshly prepared Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit was used for manuring in twelve different treatment combinations replicated thrice planned on the basis of recommended dose of nitrogen. The nitrogen content in bioorganic nutrient sources like Jeevamrit (1.71%) and Ghanjeevamrit (1.68%) was analyzed before application. Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit treatments significantly increased plant growth, flowering, fruit yield and fruit quality. The findings indicated that application of treatment combination T4 (100% RDN through Jeevamrit + Ghanjeevamrit in the ratio of 1:1) resulted in better effects on strawberry plant growth, fruit quality and yield (17.50 tonnes/ha) as compared to the recommended practices.

The environmental impact of dyes, particularly those utilized in the pharmaceutical and textile industries, has been a growing concern due to their persistence and potential harm to ecosystems. Methylene Blue (MB) dye is one of the commonly used synthetic dyes known for its adverse effects on the environment. Thus a promising catalyst is required for the effective degradation of MB dye. To effectively degrade MB, we have synthesized Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) in this work using the co-precipitation technique. These nanoparticles showed the peroxidase like behavior by degrading hydrogen peroxide and generating ROS (reactive oxygen species) under visible light exposure, which oxidized MB leads to its degradation. This degradation process was investigated under various experimental conditions, including pH, catalyst dosage, and peroxide concentration. The results demonstrated that PBNPs exhibited remarkable catalytic activity and completely degrade the MB within 50 min under visible light. The degradation efficiency was found to be pH-dependent and optimum efficiency was found in pH range from 5 to 7. The kinetic studies were shown that this MB degradation process follows the first order kinetic models with the rate constant value 0.038 s − 1, suggesting that the degradation process follows Fenton mechanism. The recyclability and stability of the PBNPs as a catalyst were also assessed, which showed that it can be used up to four cycles, demonstrating their potential for practical applications in dye wastewater treatment.

AbstractLet R be a ring with unity. The upper ideal relation graph [Formula: see text] of the ring R is the simple undirected graph whose vertex set is the set of all non-unit elements of R and two distinct vertices x, y are adjacent if and only if there exists a non-unit element [Formula: see text] such that the ideals (x) and (y) contained in the ideal (z). In this article, we obtain the girth, minimum degree and the independence number of [Formula: see text]. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition on R, in terms of the cardinality of their principal ideals, such that the graph [Formula: see text] is planar and outerplanar, respectively. For a non-local commutative ring [Formula: see text], where Ri is a local ring with maximal ideal [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], we prove that the graph [Formula: see text] is perfect if and only if [Formula: see text] and each [Formula: see text] is a principal ideal. We also discuss all the finite rings R such that the graph [Formula: see text] is Eulerian. Moreover, we obtain the metric dimension and strong metric dimension of [Formula: see text], when R is a reduced ring. Finally, we determine the vertex connectivity, automorphism group, Laplacian and the normalized Laplacian spectrum of [Formula: see text]. We classify all the values of n for which the graph [Formula: see text] is Hamiltonian.

Lipids stored in lipid-bodies (LBs) in host cells are potential sources of fatty acids for pathogens. However, the mechanism of recruitment of LBs from the host cells by pathogens to acquire fatty acids is not known. Here, we have found that Leishmania specifically upregulates the expression of host Rab18 and its GEF, TRAPPC9 by downregulating the expression of miR-1914-3p by reducing the level of Dicer in macrophages via their metalloprotease gp63. Our results also show that miR-1914-3p negatively regulates the expression of Rab18 and its GEF in cells. Subsequently, Leishmania containing parasitophorous vacuoles (Ld-PVs) recruit and retain host Rab18 and TRAPPC9. Leishmania infection also induces LB biogenesis in host cells and recruits LBs on Ld-PVs and acquires FLC12-labeled fatty acids from LBs. Moreover, overexpression of miR-1914-3p in macrophages significantly inhibits the recruitment of LBs and thereby suppresses the multiplication of parasites in macrophages as parasites are unable to acquire fatty acids. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism how Leishmania acquire fatty acids from LBs for their growth in macrophages.

The Upper Assam Basin is an intermontane foreland basin surrounded by gigantic mountain belts in NE India. The structural geometry of the basin is controlled by the tectonic interactions of the Himalayan orogenic belt in the north, Mishmi thrusts in the east, and the Assam-Arakan fold-and-thrust belts in the south. The basin has received significant attention not only because of its complex geological set-up but also due to its petroliferous nature for hosting significant hydrocarbon resources. The present study attempts to explore the tectonic subsidence history of the Cenozoic succession using subsurface stratigraphic details of ten (10) boreholes drilled within the upper shelf of the basin. Subsidence analysis is carried out using the backstripping technique. It is observed that the tectonic subsidence in the basin developed through four different stages. During the Paleocene-Eocene epoch, the basin witnessed slow subsidence. It increased gradually through Oligocene and attained rapid speed in the Miocene. Further, during the deposition of post-Miocene sediments (Plio-Pleistocene epoch), the tectonic subsidence in the basin remained accelerated. Subsidence curves obtained from the studied borehole depict a convex-upward profile, indicating that the basin attained a foreland configuration over time and is presently a SE dipping shelf bounded by opposite verging fold-and-thrust belts. Overall, the basin experienced tectonic subsidence of ∼2 km throughout its lifespan with an average subsidence rate of ∼30 m/Ma. This case study prominently elucidates the tectonic history of the basin, which underwent during the Cenozoic time. Our findings stress the importance of subsidence analysis through the backstripping technique as a potential approach for untangling the geohistory of sedimentary basins worldwide.

Toxicological empirical research suggests that excessive utilization of paraquat, an herbicide, shows detrimental consequences on mammalian reproductive toxicity. The current study aims to study it as a reproductive toxin on the caprine testicular cells at 4- and 6-hour exposure duration. Paraquat treatment decreased the cell viability percentage and induced histological architectural alterations such as disruption of germinal epithelium, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei in the testis. The differential EB/AO staining also revealed an increased incidence of apoptosis after paraquat treatment at both dosages, i.e. 10 mM and 100 mM. Paraquat also induces oxidative stress, as evident via increased Malondialdehyde levels (a byproduct of lipid peroxidation) and a decline in the antioxidant capacity (FRAP). However, co-administration of Vitamin E significantly reduced the paraquat-mediated decline in cell viability percentage, histological alterations, and apoptosis incidences and generated oxidative stress, indicating its antioxidative properties against paraquat exposure. This research concludes that Vitamin E co-administration considerably reduced the toxicity of paraquat elicited in testicles, suggesting that Vitamin E may have advantageous potential in preventing the male gonadotoxicity caused by paraquat use in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively treat arthritis, this study formulated and evaluated a nanogel containing flurbiprofen and betamethasone. Using ionic gelation technology, nanogels were created by fine-tuning a number of process parameters, such as the concentration of the polymer and cross-linker, as well as the stirring speed, stirring duration, and sonication time. The results demonstrated that the particle size and drug loading efficiency were enhanced as the concentrations of the polymer and cross-linker were increased; the ideal concentrations were 0.4% w/v polymer and 0.4% w/v cross-linker. Particle size was also shown to be greatly affected by stirring duration and speed; particles were found to be smaller while stirring for longer periods of time and faster speeds. Particle size was further reduced to 174.16 nm by sonication for 5 minutes, and the drug loading efficiency was an acceptable 72.02%. The enhanced formulation had a PDI, zeta potential, and particle size distribution that were advantageous, which improved stability and medicine encapsulation. Because it ensures a controlled release of the drug and improves patient outcomes, this nanogel system offers potential as a novel approach to providing anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a deadly disease that affects a cell's metabolism and surrounding tissues. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of metabolic alterations in cancer cells would assist in developing cancer treatment targets and approaches. From this perspective, metabolomics is a great analytical tool to clarify the mechanisms of cancer therapy as well as a useful tool to investigate cancer from a distinct viewpoint. It is a powerful emerging technology that detects up to thousands of molecules in tissues and biofluids. Like other "‐omics" technologies, metabolomics involves the comprehensive investigation of micromolecule metabolites and can reveal important details about the cancer state that is otherwise not apparent. Recent developments in metabolomics technologies have made it possible to investigate cancer metabolism in greater depth and comprehend how cancer cells utilize metabolic pathways to make the amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids required for tumorigenesis. These new technologies have made it possible to learn more about cancer metabolism. Here, we review the cellular and systemic effects of cancer and cancer treatments on metabolism. The current study provides an overview of metabolomics, emphasizing the current technologies and their use in clinical and translational research settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn strawberry cultivation, a variety of factors influence production and fruit quality. Yield is the most crucial component in fruit production. Chemical fertilizers are typically used to boost yields, however because of their high production costs, negative effects on the environment and human health, organic fertilizers or natural amendments are being utilized instead of chemical fertilizers. The primary goals of substituting chemical fertilizers with bioorganic formulations made from natural sources for fruit production are to lower costs of production and maintain fruit production sustainability. Therefore, to study the impact of these bioorganic formulations the current investigations were conducted in open field conditions under sub humid mid hills conditions of Himachal Pradesh with 12 treatment combinations and three replicate plots. The tested plants were given various combinations of bioorganic formulations [Jeevamrit (JE) and Ghanjeevamrit (GHA)] as a source of nutrients. When compared to conventional practices, statistically significant improvements were discovered in the parameters of yield and nutrient content in the soil and plant. Significant higher yield (21.13 tonnes/ha), soil nutrients and total microbial content was recorded in T4. The results of this study provide support to the recommendation that bioorganic formulations, such as the tested ones, be used on their own or in combination as a substitute for chemical fertilizers in plant nutrition for the production of strawberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous heavy metal toxicant with no biological function in the human body. Considerably, because of its long biological half‐life and very low excretion rate, Cd is inclined to accumulate and cause deleterious effects on various body organs (e.g., liver, kidney, and ovary) in humans and animals. Ovaries are the most vulnerable targets of Cd toxicity. Cd has been shown to induce oxidative stress, follicular atresia, hormonal imbalance, and impairment of oocyte growth and development. Moreover, Cd toxicity has been associated with increasing incidences of menstrual disorders, pregnancy loss, preterm births, delayed puberty, and female infertility. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how Cd poisoning impacts specific ovarian processes for the development of preventive interventions to enhance female fertility. The current review attempts to collate the recent findings on Cd‐induced oxidative stress, follicular apoptosis, steroid synthesis inhibition, and teratogenic toxicity, along with their possible mechanisms in the ovarian tissue of different animal species. Additionally, the review also summarizes the studies related to the use of many antioxidants, medicinal herbs, and other compounds as remedial approaches for managing Cd‐induced ovarian toxicity. Cadmium, being a widely used heavy metal over a long period of time in various fields like agriculture, medicine, and industries, serves no physiological role in the human body and thus acts as a potent metal toxicant. Cd is particularly prone to accumulate and have harmful effects on various body organs. Ovaries are the most susceptible targets of Cd toxicity, which can be linked to increased female infertility. The present study thus collates the recent studies to deduce the possible mechanisms of Cd toxicity in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preceding decades have seen an extensive emergence of the harmful effects of tobacco smoke on systemic health. Among the various compounds of tobacco, nicotine is one of the principal, potentially hazardous, and toxic components which is an oxidant agent that can affect both men's and women's fertility. Nicotine exerts its effect by modulating the expression of transmembrane ligand-gated ion channels called nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The activities of female reproduction might be disrupted by exposure to nicotine at various sites, such as the ovary or reproductive tract. It's been demonstrated that nicotine might cause oxidative stress, apoptosis, hormonal imbalance, abnormalities in chromosomal segregation, impact oocyte development, and disruption in ovarian morphology and functions. This review paper summarizes the findings and provides an updated overview of the evidence on the harmful effects of nicotine use on women's reproductive health and the resulting detrimental impacts on the body. Additionally, it provides the detailed possible mechanisms involved in impairing reproductive processes like folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation, steroidogenesis, and pregnancy in different animal species., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare neurodegenerative spongiform encephalopathy that causes neuronal derangement secondary to prion protein. Its initial diagnosis is often complex and challenging due to non-specific clinical presentation, lack of awareness, and low clinical suspicion. This disease is invariably fatal, and most patients die within 12 months of presentation. Definite diagnosis of prion disease requires neuropathological analysis, usually done at autopsy. Here, we present the autopsy findings of a 57-year-old male patient, illustrating the complexity of diagnosing this disease early in the clinical course and the need for a broad differential diagnosis at the onset., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2024 The Authors.)