Search

Katarzyna Uzdrowska,1 Narcyz Knap,1 Lucyna Konieczna,2 Anna Kamm,1 Alicja Kuban-Jankowska,1 Joanna Gierałtowska,3 Mariusz Belka,2 Magdalena Baran,3 Adrian Chlanda,3 Krystian Michał Kowiorski,3 Aleksander Żołnierski,4 Jacek Gulczynski,5 Ludwika Lipińska,3 Tomasz Bączek,2 Ewa Izycka-Swieszewska,5 Magdalena Górska-Ponikowska1 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; 3Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Warsaw, Poland; 4The Institute of Economic Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; 5Faculty of Health Sciences with the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, PolandCorrespondence: Magdalena Górska-Ponikowska, Email magdalena.gorska-ponikowska@gumed.edu.plIntroduction: This article describes the invention of graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) functionalised with 2-methoxy estradiol. The presence of polar hydroxyl groups enables the binding of 2-ME to GO/rGO through hydrogen bonds with epoxy and hydroxyl groups located on the surface and carbonyl and carboxyl groups located at the edges of graphene flake sheets.Methods: The patented method of producing the subject of the invention and the research results regarding its anticancer effectiveness via cytotoxicity in an in vivo model (against A375 melanoma and 143B osteosarcoma cells) are described.Results: It was shown that the inhibition of PTP1B phosphotyrosine phosphatase is one of the mechanisms of action of GO functionalised with 2-ME (GO-2-ME). This is a very important result, considering the fact that 2-ME itself has no inhibitory properties against this phosphatase.Discussion: Graphene oxide flakes embroidered with 2-methoxyestradiol molecules may be a promising solution, bringing a new and important effect in the form of improving the bioavailability of the therapeutic substance, ie 2-ME. An appropriate dosage of GO-2-ME/rGO-2-ME, in which GO/rGO is a carrier of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), can ensure effective penetration of the active substance through biological boundaries/membranes and controlled modification of cell signalling, ultimately leading to the selective elimination of malignant cells.Keywords: new graphene-based anticancer drugs, graphene-based oncological therapy, new anticancer treatment, biomedical innovations, drugs delivery systems

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous system, affecting many physiological functions. Consequently, dysregulation of the NPY system contributes to numerous pathological disorders, including stress, obesity, and cancer. The pleiotropic functions of NPY in humans are mediated by G protein-coupled receptors (Y1R, Y2R, Y5R), which activate several signaling pathways and thereby regulate cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metabolism. These activities of NPY are highly relevant to tumor biology and known hallmarks of cancer, including sustained proliferative potential, resisting cell death, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastases. In this comprehensive review, we describe the cellular functions of NPY and discuss its role in cancer pathobiology, as well as provide the current state of knowledge pertaining to NPY and its receptors in various cancer types. Moreover, we focus on potential clinical applications targeting the NPY system, such as its role as a prognostic and predictive factor, as well as its utility in cancer diagnostics, imaging, and treatment. Altogether, growing evidence supports the significant role of the NPY system in tumor pathobiology and implicates its potential therapeutic and diagnostic value in modern oncology., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Purpose: This guideline will discuss radiotherapeutic management of IDH-mutant grade 2 and grade 3 diffuse glioma, using the latest 2021 WHO (5th) classification of brain tumours focusing on: imaging modalities, tumour volume delineation, irradiation dose and fractionation., Methods: The ESTRO Guidelines Committee, CNS subgroup, nominated 15 European experts who identified questions for this guideline. Four working groups were established addressing specific questions concerning imaging, target volume delineation, radiation techniques and fractionation. A literature search was performed, and available literature was discussed. A modified two-step Delphi process was used with majority voting resulted in a decision or highlighting areas of uncertainty., Results: Key issues identified and discussed included imaging needed to define target definition, target delineation and the size of margins, and technical aspects of treatment including different planning techniques such as proton therapy., Conclusions: The GTV should include any residual tumour volume after surgery, as well as the resection cavity. Enhancing lesions on T1 imaging should be included if they are indicative of residual tumour. In grade 2 tumours, T2/FLAIR abnormalities should be included in the GTV. In grade 3 tumours, T2/FLAIR abnormalities should also be included, except areas that are considered to be oedema which should be omitted from the GTV. A GTV to CTV expansion of 10 mm is recommended in grade 2 tumours and 15 mm in grade 3 tumours. A treatment dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions is recommended in grade 2 tumours and 59.4 Gy in 33 fractions in grade 3 tumours. Radiation techniques with IMRT are the preferred approach., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest MvdB: Receipt of grant/research support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, and receipt of honoraria or consultation fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Servier, Genenta, Nerviano, Incyte, Chimerix, Fore Biotherapeutics. Participated in a company sponsored speaker’s bureau for Servier; NG: Receipt of grant/research support from German Research Council (project number 428090865/SPP 2177), and receipt of honoraria or consultation fees from Blue Earth Diagnostics, Telix Pharmaceuticals; GM: Receipt of grant/research support from Horizon EU-funded LEGATO-Trial, and receipt of honoraria or consultation fees from Servier, AstraZeneca, Novocure; VK: Receipt of grant/research support from Hanarth Stichting, and receipt of honoraria or consultation fees from Eli Lilly (Consultation fees). Bayer stock shareholder; MN: Receipt of grant/research support from Deutsche Krebshilfe (DKH), Brainlab AG, Elekta AB, and participated in a company sponsored speaker’s bureau for AstraZeneca, Brainlab AG; SE: Receipt of honoraria or consultation fees from Servier; UR: Receipt of grant/research support from Institutional research grants from Brainlab, and receipt of honoraria or consultation fees from AstraZeneca, Accuray; RR: Receipt of grant/research support from Institutional research grants from Bayer, and receipt of honoraria or consultation fees from Novocure, Servier, Genenta, CureVac., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)