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Warty dyskeratoma (WD), also called isolated follicular keratosis, is a benign self-limiting lesion regarded as either a follicular part of actinic keratosis or a follicular neoplasm. The etiology of WD remains largely unknown. It typically appears as an isolated small papulonodular lesion in the head and neck area. Intraorally, it usually appears as a white papule with central depression on keratinized mucosa, predominantly on alveolar ridges of both arches and hard palate. Clinically WD may resemble entities such as squamous papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma, or verrucous carcinoma, hence a biopsy is usually required as the standard of care. A 69-year-old man presented with a tiny white, papillary soft tissue lesion on the right lateral border of the tongue. The clinical impression was papilloma. The lesion was completely excised, and microscopic examination revealed a cup-shaped, keratin filled, characteristic acantholytic dyskeratosis with suprabasilar clefting and subjacent connective tissue with adherent basal cells. A diagnosis of WD was rendered. No recurrence has been reported. We present a case of isolated Darier's disease/warty dyskeratoma in an unusual location such as the tongue. Given the rarity of occurrence in this location, WD may not be initially considered by unsuspecting clinicians. Therefore, it is crucial for oral health care providers to be sentient of this entity and consider WD in the differential diagnosis when encountering punctate, papillary, keratotic, or umbilicated lesions of the tongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epstein-Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) is a recently recognized EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) that particularly affects immunocompromised individuals. EBVMCU is characterized by a lymphoid infiltration that exhibits EBV-positive enlarged B cells and in some cases Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS)-like cells. Clinically, it presents as persistent, painful ulcerations in the oropharynx, GI tract, and skin that may mimic a malignancy. The pathogenesis remains unclear but is likely due to EBV-provoked changes in the cytotoxic T-cell function in immunocompromised hosts. Remarkably, EBVMCU may show spontaneous regression, indicating a favorable prognosis. We presented 3 cases of EBVMCU including the diagnostic, clinical, and pathological patterns of this rare entity. Two patients had no significant immunosuppression. In contrast the third patient had Hodgkin lymphoma and Crohn's disease, among other conditions. Histopathological examination of all cases revealed large, atypical HRS-like cells within a background of pleomorphic cellular infiltrate. Immunohistochemistry revealed diffuse positivity of HRS-like cells for CD20 and CD30. A rich background of T-lymphocytes was highlighted by CD3. High Ki-67 proliferative activity and strong EBER positivity within the lesional cells was a consistent finding. Awareness of EBVMCU's clinical presentation among clinicians is crucial due to its rarity, self-limited nature, and potential clinical and histopathologic overlap with other LPDs. It poses diagnostic challenges that necessitate the exclusion of systemic involvement and accurate medical history documentation. Establishing criteria through consensus among health care providers is essential for diagnosis and management of EBVMCU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is an aggressive adenocarcinoma variant often originating from the gastrointestinal tract and known for its poor prognosis. Metastatic lesions of gastric origin to the oral cavity was rare, particularly when involving the oral soft tissues. A case of metastatic SRCC which presented as a diffuse gingival enlargement was described. A 74-year-old female patient exhibited a rubbery, tender, erythematous, diffuse swelling of the attached gingiva extending from tooth #19 to #26. Medical history was noncontributory and primary gastrointestinal malignancy was not identified at the initial presentation. Pyogenic granuloma and squamous cell carcinoma were considered in the clinical differential diagnosis. Histopathological examination showed islands of malignant epithelial cells displaying a proliferation of signet ring cells with intracellular mucin displacing the nucleus aside. Pools of extracellular mucin infiltrating the stroma were seen with aggregates of islands of signet ring cells floating in the mucin. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed, and the neoplastic cells were floridly reactive to CDX2 while negative for ER, PR, and CK7 confirming a colorectal origin. In this rare presentation of SRCC in the oral cavity, the absence of a detectable primary tumor necessitated reliance on histopathological characteristics and IHC markers for diagnosis. The distinctive cellular morphology, combined with CDX2 positivity, was decisive in confirming the metastasis from a colorectal primary. This case serves as a reminder of the importance of considering metastatic tumors in differential diagnoses for oral lesions and demonstrates the utility of immunoprofiling in such atypical presentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To use molecular techniques to assess the prevalence of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis in tuberculin-positive dairy cattle and to identify the risk factors for TB in these animals.A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2018 to 2020 across Mymensingh, Sirajgonj and Dhaka Districts in Bangladesh. The single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test was administered to 1,580 cattle suspected of having bovine TB using both avian and bovine purified protein derivative. Milk and lung tissue samples from positive animals were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the causative agents of TB. Multivariable logistic regression model identified risk factors, and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing method was used for the phylogenetic analysis of PCR amplicons.Simplex PCR identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in 12.6% of samples. Multiplex PCR detected M. bovis in 6.3% and M. tuberculosis in 3.1% of the samples. Phylogenetic analysis of 12 IS 6110 gene sequences (8 M. bovis , 4 M. tuberculosis ) confirmed alignment with human isolates from Bangladesh.The study suggests potential reverse zoonotic transmission of M. tuberculosis . Further research is needed to understand the implications and assess TB transmission between humans and cattle in Bangladesh. The findings highlight the need for a comprehensive One Health approach..

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Argyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr. (Convolvulaceae) is traditionally used by the Chakma community in the hilly region of Bangladesh to treat minor disorders such as pain., Aim of the Study: This study intended to determine the secondary metabolites to identify bioactive compounds and evaluate antioxidant potential, in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic activities of A. capitiformis along with in silico investigations., Materials and Methods: Chemical profiling was carried out using HPLC and GC-MS analysis. The analgesic effect was measured employing tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing methods. Following protein denaturation and formalin-induced paw edema, anti-inflammatory activity was studied. The antihyperglycemic potential was assessed using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), while further mechanistic investigation was conducted using an alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay. Simulations and molecular docking analyses were performed to ascertain the stability and binding affinities of the drug-protein complex., Results: A. capitiformis ethanolic extract confirmed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, gums, steroids, and reducing sugars. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of eight polyphenolic compounds, the most abundant of which was myricetin (64.10 ± 0.14 mg per 100 g dry extract). Moreover, the GC-MS analysis revealed twenty-four molecules, the most important of which was 2,4-bis (dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol (9.19%). The concentrations of total flavonoids, total terpenoids, total phenolics, and total tannins were ascertained to be 142.48 mg QE/g, 173.1 mg UAE/g, 19.35 mg GAE/g, and 13.05 mg GAE/g, respectively. Furthermore, the plant extract had a total antioxidant capacity of 388 mg AAE/g. In the writhing assay, the plant extract suppressed writhing by 59.73% and 76.99% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, compared to the standard diclofenac Na 87.17%, and in the tail immersion assay, the plant extract displayed a maximum average reaction time of 1.94 and 2.40 s at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively as compared to the control tramadol 2.84 s at 60 min. In an in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the plant extract possessed an IC 50 of 95.51 μg/ml while diclofenac Na (standard drug) was found to be 69.50 μg/ml. Afterward, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was observed in mice over a period, particularly after 3 h, the plant extract exerted maximum percent inflammation inhibitions of 36.36% and 45.45% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively whereas ibuprofen the standard drug (100 mg/kg) exhibited 61.82%. The plant extract demonstrated antihyperglycemic activity, lowering blood sugar levels to 5.7 and 4.62 mM at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, as opposed to 8.58 mM in the control group. Meanwhile, the standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) dropped blood glucose levels to 2.38 mM in 60 min after glucose administration. Molecular docking (MD) and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) studies support the stability of the protein complex responsible for exerting pharmacological activities., Conclusion: A. capitiformis extract exhibited strong medicinal values supporting its traditional uses., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: In vitro, oocyte development is susceptible to oxidative stress, which leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This study investigated whether the antioxidant melatonin attenuates ER stress and maintains oocyte-cumulus cell communication during the in vitro growth (IVG) of bovine oocytes., Methods: Oocyte-granulosa cell complexes (OGCs) were harvested from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries and grown in vitro for 5 d at 38.5°C in 5% CO 2 humidified air. Melatonin (10 -7 , 10 -9 , or 10 -11  M) was added to the culture medium., Results: Oocyte diameter increased on day 5 from its initial value in all groups. The antrum formation rate was significantly higher in the 10 -9  M melatonin-treated group than in the control. The melatonin-treated group showed reduced oxidative stress and increased gap junction communication compared with the control. ER stress-related genes in OGCs were significantly downregulated in the 10 -9  M melatonin-treated group compared with those in the control. No significant changes were found in subsequent maturation among groups; however, 10 -9  M melatonin treatment during IVG and IVM increased the maturation rate compared with that in the control., Conclusions: Melatonin reduces oxidative stress, which attenuates ER stress in OGCs during IVG of bovine oocytes and may improve IVG efficiency in assisted reproductive technology., Competing Interests: The authors disclose no conflicts of interest that may compromise the objectivity of this study., (© 2025 The Author(s). Reproductive Medicine and Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Society for Reproductive Medicine.)

Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is an essential constituent of the stigmoid body (STB) and is known as a neuroprotective interactor with causal agents for several neurodegenerative disorders, including huntingtin (HTT) in Huntington's disease. Previous in vitro studies showed that compared to normal HTT, STB/HAP1 exhibited a higher binding affinity for mutant HTT. The detailed in vivo relationships of STB/HAP1 with endogenous HTT, however, have not been clarified yet. This study examined the distribution of endogenous HTT and its relationships with STB/HAP1 in the adult mouse brain and spinal cord using light/fluorescence microscopy. Our results show that HTT immunoreactivity is highly distributed in the striatum, medial septal nucleus (MS), nucleus of the horizontal limb/ vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB, VDB), substantia innominata basal part (SIB), pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), autonomic preganglionic neurons, and brainstem/spinal motoneurons. More than 90 % of HTT-immunoreactive (ir) neurons contain STB/HAP1 immunoreactivity in MS, VBD/HDB, SIB, PPTg, LDTg, and autonomic preganglionic nuclei. HTT-ir neurons in the striatal and motor nuclei, however, do not exhibit HAP1 immunoreactivity. These suggest that due to the absence of STB/HAP1-protectivity, HTT-ir striatal/motor neurons are more vulnerable to neurodegeneration than other HAP1-expressing HTT neurons. Our current findings might provide a framework for elucidating the pathophysiological functions of endogenous HTT and HAP1 in the central nervous system., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors state that any known competing financial interests or personal relationships could have influenced none of the work described in this study., (Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Bangladesh completed a primary series of COVID-19 vaccinations for about 86 individuals per 100 population as of 5 July 2023. However, ensuring higher coverage in vulnerable areas is challenging. We report on the COVID-19 vaccine uptake and associated factors among adults in two vulnerable areas in Bangladesh. We conducted a cross-sectional study between August and September 2022 in Duaripara, a slum in northeast Dhaka (in-migration site), and Tala, a disaster-prone sub-district in southwest Satkhira (out-migration site). We surveyed 1,239 adults in Duaripara and 1,263 adults in Tala from 625 and 596 randomly selected households, respectively. We reported coverage and examined associations between the uptake and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics using multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear regression models. We checked for spatial autocorrelation to assess geographical patterns in vaccine distribution. First- and second-dose coverage was about 91% and 80.4% in Duaripara and 96.6% and 92.2% in Tala, respectively. Individuals above 40 were more likely to be vaccinated (IRR: 1.12, p-value = 0.04 for Duaripara, and IRR: 1.14, p-value <0.01 for Tala). Professions requiring more outdoor interactions had a higher likelihood of receiving the vaccine. In Tala, television access (IRR: 2.09, p-value <0.01) and micro-credit membership (IRR: 1.50, p-value = 0.05) were positively associated with receiving a booster dose and negatively associated with smart-phone access (IRR: 0.58, p-value = 0.03). Moreover, temporarily migrated respondents were more likely to be unvaccinated (IRR: 0.87, p-value = 0.04). Income was not associated, indicating equitable distribution. Moreover, no geographical clustering was detected. The credit for high COVID-19 vaccine coverage in Bangladesh can be attributed to the country's longstanding success in implementing immunization programs, which relied on community mobilization and effective health education to generate demand. However, to ensure comprehensive coverage in vulnerable areas, targeted interventions can help increase uptake by addressing specific sociodemographic differences., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exists., (Copyright: © 2025 Islam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Vaccination has played a crucial role in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 and reducing its severe outcomes. While over 90% of Bangladesh's population has received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose, the comparative effectiveness of homologous versus heterologous booster strategies, along with the complex interplay of factors within the population, remains understudied. This study aimed to compare antibody responses between these booster approaches., Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 723 adults in urban Dhaka who had received COVID-19 booster doses within the last six months. Participants were grouped based on homologous or heterologous booster vaccination. Data were collected through structured household surveys, and 2 mL blood samples were collected for measuring antibody titers., Results: Heterologous booster recipients showed higher median antibody titers (8597.0 U/mL, IQR 5053.0-15,482.3) compared to homologous recipients (6958.0 U/mL, IQR 3974.0-12,728.5). In the adjusted analysis, the type of booster dose had no significant impact on antibody levels. However, the duration since the last booster dose was significantly associated with antibody levels, where each additional month since receiving the booster corresponded to approximately a 15-16% reduction in antibody levels (Adj. coeff: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.88; p < 0.001). Participants over 40 years demonstrated higher antibody levels than younger individuals (Adj. coeff: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.43; p = 0.005). Sex, BMI, and prior COVID-19 infection showed no significant associations with antibody levels after adjustment., Conclusion: The results underscore the complexity of immune responses across different demographic groups and suggest potential benefits of ongoing heterologous booster strategies in sustaining immunity.

Background: Influenza remains a significant public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Bangladesh, where vaccine uptake remains low despite the substantial disease burden. Physicians play a vital role in promoting vaccination, yet their intentions and influencing factors are not well understood., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study from June to October 2022 across four tertiary-level hospitals in Bangladesh using a questionnaire grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Hierarchical logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with vaccine recommendation intentions., Results: Among 972 physicians with an average age of 32.1 years, 40.1% intended to recommend and administer the influenza vaccine. Most (85.3%) agreed vaccination reduces risk, 65.5% desired vaccination for self-protection, 63.5% would vaccinate if available at work, and 85.3% anticipated Ministry of Health support. Male (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5-2.3) and married (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9) physicians were more likely to recommend vaccination. Each unit increase in attitude score doubled the likelihood of recommending the vaccine (OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.4-3.0)., Conclusions: Physicians' influenza vaccine recommendations in Bangladesh are suboptimal, influenced by gender, marital status, and attitudes. Targeted educational interventions addressing attitudinal barriers and leveraging institutional support could improve recommendation practices.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a haematological neoplasm of mature B-cell lineage origin. It is characterized by abnormal clonal proliferation of plasma cells and presence of monoclonal protein in serum and / or urine. This study was conducted to observe the International Staging System (ISS) status and trends of relapse. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in the department of Haematology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2019 to July 2020 among 81 purposively selected Multiple myeloma patients. Principal investigator collected data using Case Record Form (CRF) after obtaining informed consent. Relevant ethical issues and data quality assurance were taken into consideration. Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 25.0. Chi square test, Fisher's exact test and Chi square test with Yate's correction were carried out as appropriate with five percent level of significance for assessing statistical association. Mean age of patients with Multiple myeloma was 58.9±12.0 years. Male female ratio was nearly 2:1. ISS stage III was in 59.4 percent cases, lytic lesions were present in 75.0% and mean Bone Marrow Plasma Cell (BMPC) percentage was 62.1±24.9 percent. Immuno-Fixation Electrophoresis (IFE) revealed IgG Kappa (47.3%), IgG Lambda (25.5%) IgA Lambda (10.9%), IgA Kappa (7.2%) and Free Light Chain (9.1%). Kappa lambda ratio was 60.7:39.3. Free Light Chain (FLC) ratio ≥100 was in 29.0 percent cases. Four-fifths 65(80.2%) cases were de novo, while nearly one-fifth 16(19.8%) were the relapsed cases. Mean duration to become relapsed or refractory was 37.6±19.4 months. Significant association was observed among advanced ISS staging with refractory or relapse. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in 1st hour (ESR), FLC ratio, FISH cytogenetics, Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) and treatment protocol was not found to have statistical association with relapse or refractoriness (p>0.05). A significant number of cases are de novo; while nearly one in five are relapsed one. Mean duration for refractoriness is 37.6±19.4 months. Patients are treated with established chemotherapeutic protocols. About one-fifth of patients developed refractoriness with progression of time.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To calculate the frequency, organism and risk factors for UTI in SLE. This observational study was conducted in the lupus clinic in the department of Rheumatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from September 2012 to January 2014. Total 169 diagnosed SLE patients were enrolled consecutively. Urinary symptoms positive patients were considered as case and symptoms negative were considered as controlled. The patients having DM, Recurrent UTI and unable to participant were excluded. Urinary symptoms including demographic variable, disease activity index- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease activity index (SLEDAI), organ damage index Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) were evaluated. Dose, duration and cumulative dose of steroid, HCQ, MMF, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide were evaluated for risk factor of UTI. Serum C3, C4, CRP, ANA, anti-ds DNA, CBC, urine routine examination with culture and sensitivity were done. Out of 169 patients 19 patients excluded in this series. Forty patients had UTI and rate of UTI was 28.57%. The most common organism was E coli and it was 52.5%. High disease activity index (SLEDAI), severe organ damage index (SLICC score), Lupus nephritis and cyclophosphamide were found risk factor for UTI by Bi-variate analyses. Use of cyclophosphamide in SLE patient was found as significant risk factor in multivariate analyses. Frequency of UTI in SLE was quiet high. Past suffering from Lupus nephritis and use of Cyclophosphamide were notable risk factor for UTI.

Sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC). It is estimated to cause almost 1 million deaths that accounts for more than 25.0% of neonatal deaths worldwide. In Bangladesh the incidence of neonatal sepsis is 13.4% and sepsis contributes to almost 19.9% of all neonatal death. Vitamin D deficiency in mothers and neonates is being recognized increasingly as a leading cause of many adverse health effects in the newborn infant, including sepsis. Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis as well as immunomodulatory actions on immune system. The aim of the study was to determine the association of serum 25(OH) vitamin D deficiency with late onset neonatal sepsis in term and late preterm neonates. This cross-sectional analytic study was conducted in the department of Neonatology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from November 2021 to October 2022. Neonates who were admitted with suspected late onset neonatal sepsis were the study population. Neonates who visited during the same period due to physiological hyper-bilirubinemia (without sepsis) were enrolled as control group. Vitamin D deficiency was found in both sepsis group and control group. But in comparison the sepsis group had significantly lower mean±SD serum vitamin D levels 13.99±6.07 ng/ml than the control group 20.56±5.93 ng/ml (p=0.001). Similarly, vitamin deficiency was also found in mothers of both groups. But mothers of septic neonates also had significantly lower mean±SD vitamin D levels 16.36±6.25 ng/ml than the mothers of non-septic neonates 23.06±5.85 ng/ml (p=0.001). There was strong positive correlation of neonatal 25(OH) D with maternal 25(OH) D in both case (r =0.983; p<0.001) and control (r = 0.970; p<0.001).

Multiphasic buffer systems have been of greatest interest in electrophoresis and liquid-liquid electrotransfer; this study extends that foundation by exploring the interplay of the geometric and viscous properties of an interleaving oil layer on the electrotransfer of a charged analyte from an aqueous solution into a hydrogel. We utilized finite element analysis to examine two complementary configurations: one being electrotransfer of a charged analyte (protein) in an aqueous phase into a surrounding hydrogel layer and another being electrotransfer of the protein from that originating aqueous phase-through an interleaving oil layer of predetermined viscosity and thickness-and into a surrounding hydrogel layer. Results indicate that the presence of an oil layer leads to increased skew of the injected peak. To explain this difference in injection dispersion, we utilize Probstein's framework and compare the Péclet (Pe) number with the ratio between length scales characteristic to the axial and radial dispersion, respectively. The formulation assigns electrotransfer conditions into six different dispersion regimes. We show that the presence or absence of an interleaving oil layer moves the observed peak dispersion into distinct electrotransfer regimes; the presence of an oil layer augments the electrophoretic mobility mismatch among the different phases, resulting in a five-fold increase in Pe and a six-fold increase in the ratio between the axial to radial dispersion characteristic lengths. We further show that oil viscosity significantly influences resultant injection dispersion. A decrease in oil-layer viscosity from 0.08 to 0.02 Pa s results in a >100% decrease in injection dispersion. Our theoretical predictions were experimentally validated by comparing the electrotransfer regimes of three different mineral oil samples. We show that lowering the oil viscosity to 0.0039 Pa s results in an injection regime similar to that of the absence of an oil layer. Understanding of the impact of electrotransfer of charged species across multiple immiscible fluid layers on peak dispersion informs the design of multiphasic electrophoresis systems., (© 2024 The Author(s). Electrophoresis published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)