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Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the clinical performance (degree of trueness) of a novel scan body “tooth-modified Scan body” (TMSB)& conventional scan body (CSB) in implant-supported full arch screw retained cases. Methods Seven edentulous arches (two maxillae, five mandibles) in 6 patients were rehabilitated with monolithic zirconia screw-retained implant prostheses supported by 4 (n = 1) and 5 implants (n = 6) for a total amount of 34 implants. Implant locations were scanned by intra-oral scanner (IOS) using two types of scan bodies, conventional scan bodies (CSB) in group (1) and tooth-modified scan bodies (TMSB) in group (2). 68 implant positions (representing the total sample size) were captured and compared to the relative reference scans regarding angular and Euclidian deviation (ΔEUC). Results The ΔEUC deviation Of TMSB group had lower values (M = 61.46, SD = 42.12) than that Of CSB group (M = 97.97, SD = 56.69). This difference was statistically significant (p = .005), 95% Confidence interval. The angular deviation of TMSC group had lower values (M = 0.85, SD = 0.69) than that Of CSB group (M = 1.3, SD = 1.06) which was statistically significant (p = .033), 95% Confidence interval. There was a correlation between the type of Jaw and both angular and ΔEUC deviation of both groups, which was statistically significant. Conclusion A tooth-modified scan body (TMSB) may improve the ease and trueness of full-arch implant scanning, even in challenging mandibular arches. Clinical trial registry date Retrospectively registered in 20/ 12/ 2023. Clinical trial registry number NCT06177782.

Abstract Background Virtual surgical planning for orthognathic surgery typically relies on two methods for intraoperative plan transfer: CAD/CAM occlusal splints and patient-specific implants (PSI). While CAD/CAM splints may offer limited accuracy, particularly in the vertical dimension, PSIs are constrained by higher costs and extended preparation times. Surgical navigation has emerged as a potential alternative, but existing protocols often involve invasive registration or lack transparent evaluation. This study introduces a novel protocol for point-based optical navigation using modified CAD/CAM splints for non-invasive registration and transparent intraoperative evaluation, assessing its effectiveness in maxillary positioning. Methods This prospective case-control study included 20 patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. The experimental group employed surgical navigation with modified CAD/CAM splints, while the control group used standard CAD/CAM splints. Surgical accuracy was evaluated by measuring translational and rotational discrepancies between the planned and achieved maxillary positions. A mixed ANOVA was conducted to assess other factors, aside from surgical navigation, that might influence surgical accuracy. Results Surgical navigation significantly improved accuracy in translational movements along the x-axis (right-left: -0.81 mm; p = 0.021) and z-axis (down-up: -0.82 mm; p = 0.014), as well as in yaw rotation (-0.45°; p = 0.045). Other movements also showed improved precision in the navigated group, though not statistically significant; y-axis (back-front): -0.60 mm (p = 0.094); pitch rotation: -0.70° (p = 0.071); roll rotation: -0.04° (p = 0.428). Besides the use of surgical navigation, the amount of planned movement significantly impacted surgical accuracy, although no specific factors could be identified to predict which cases would particularly benefit from surgical navigation. Conclusions Surgical navigation with modified CAD/CAM splints enhances surgical accuracy without requiring invasive procedures, offering a straightforward and transparent protocol suitable for routine clinical practice that allows intraoperative evaluation of maxillary positioning. However, the clinical significance and cost-effectiveness compared to PSI need further investigation. These findings suggest new directions for future developments, especially with advancements in mixed reality technologies, which could broaden the application of surgical navigation. Trial registration Retrospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00034795).

Background: This study aimed to document the angulation, inclination, and facial anatomical characteristics of teeth in a select South African population to determine if there are any population norms. Digital intra-oral scans were used, to analyze the morphology of teeth and measure the facial clinical crown. Methods: A quantitative observational research design with 60 3D intra-oral scans of a select South African population group was used. Morphometric analysis of 3D intra-oral scans was performed for a select South African population group, measuring the clinical crown height, width, angulation, and inclination of each tooth. Results: Significant differences in crown widths between male and female subjects were observed for several teeth in the maxillary and mandibular arches: males exhibited larger mean widths and larger crown dimensions than females. The South African Black group showed more sexual dimorphism compared to the South African Indian group. Clinical crown length and tooth angulation differed significantly between South African Indian and South African Black populations, while crown width and inclination remained consistent across these population groups and crown inclination between sex groups. Conclusions: Certain teeth exhibited notable variations between South African Indian and South African Black population groups; specifically, crown length and angulation had significant differences, whereas crown inclination and width remained consistent across these population groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine impaction is a common dental anomaly that requires a multidisciplinary approach, from diagnosis to treatment. The regular two-dimensional (2D) radiographs are able to visualize if the tooth is impacted, but unable to specifically localize it, and determine if there are any root resorptions associated to it. The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is able to three-dimensionally determine its location, aiding to the diagnosis and treatment plan. The major disadvantage is the amount of radiation that is added to the patient and can be even more significant in pediatric patients. The intra-oral ultrasound (io-US) is a new non-invasive and non-radiating real-time chairside imaging method that has the potential to aid in locating the impacted tooth. This paper presents 4 cases that required a CBCT for the location and treatment planning of impacted maxillary canines and were also scanned with intra-oral ultrasound. The images were then compared to the CBCT exam for validation of the new method. Through these cases, we highlight the capability of the io-US to locate the impacted canines. Other advantages of io-US might include evaluation of soft tissue thickness and vasculature that are important for surgical planning and execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the management of oro-antral communications (OAC) and fistulas (OAF), focusing on treatment strategies based on defect size, epithelialization, and the presence of sinus infections, while exploring both traditional and emerging techniques. Materials and Methods: The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (CDR ID 623251). Using targeted keywords, articles in English published within the last 10 years were analyzed from databases such as PubMed, WoS and Scopus, selecting only clinical studies on human patients. After thorough screening, 20 publications were included in the qualitative analysis, among 734 initially identified. Results: Small OACs (<5 mm) were managed conservatively with hemostatic materials, while larger defects (>5 mm) required surgical closure, with the Bichat flap proving highly effective for large defects. Innovative treatments using autologous bone grafts and PRF showed promise in supporting tissue regeneration. In cases with sinusitis, the combination of FESS and intra-oral closure techniques resulted in high success rates for infection resolution and defect closure. Conclusions: Treatment outcomes for OAC and OAF are highly dependent on the size of the defect and the presence of sinusitis. Multidisciplinary collaboration, along with timely surgical intervention and adherence to medical therapies, is essential for successful management. Emerging techniques and minimally invasive procedures continue to improve patient outcomes, offering hope for more effective and sustainable solutions in complex cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Daily-use fluoride products are first-line protection against enamel wear from dietary-acid exposure (DAE). This study aimed to understand effects of fluoride concentration, fluoride salt, product form and ingredients in daily-use products on remineralisation and demineralisation, via network meta-analysis (NMA) of 14 studies using one well-established in-situ model. Remineralisation (surface-microhardness recovery, SHMR) after treatment, and protection against subsequent demineralisation (acid-resistance ratio, ARR) were measured. Materials and methods: Healthy participants, wearing intra-oral palatal appliances holding enamel specimens eroded with standardised DAE, used test products once. Enamel hardness was assessed (Knoop microhardness probe) pre-DAE; post-DAE; after 4 h intra-oral remineralisation; and after post-remineralisation DAE. NMA was performed using a mixed-models approach on subject-level data to estimate and compare means. Results: There was a dose-response for fluoride ion in toothpastes (0-1426ppm F; p < 0.001 for SMHR and ARR). One toothpaste (silica-based, 1150ppm F as NaF) showed a benefit for SMHR versus placebo [mean(standard error)]: 8.8%(0.6%) (33.0% vs. 24.2%; p < 0.001); for ARR: 0.27(0.03) (0.43 vs. 0.15; p < 0.001; 9 mutual studies). Use of fluoride mouthwash after fluoride toothpaste increased SMHR [2.4%(1.1%); p = 0.043; 3 studies]; the effect on ARR [0.08(0.05)] was not significant (p = 0.164). Negative effects of polyvalent metal ions and polyphosphates on SMHR (p < 0.05) were observed. Conclusions: NMA proved effective in discriminating between fluoride-based treatments in this in-situ study, highlighting the importance of fluoride ion to enamel protection and showing formulation ingredients can affect its performance. Clinical Relevance: Daily-use fluoride products can protect enamel against dietary acids, but careful formulation is required for optimal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aims to determine if intraoral 850 nm LED irradiation could reduce the duration of lower anterior crowding alignment. Methods: In a parallel-designed, randomized controlled clinical trial 60 patients with 2 to 6 mm of lower incisor crowding who need non-extraction treatment, were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups by block randomization (36 females, 24 males, mean age: 19.93 ± 3.05). MBT brackets (0.022 × 0.28-inch) were bonded for both groups and the NiTi wires in sequences were put in place until correction of crowding. The intra-oral LED device with a wavelength of 850 nm and power density of 70 mW/cm2 was used for 5 min per day in the intervention group. The control group did not receive any light. The primary outcome was the duration of crowding correction. The patient's pain according the modified McGill pain questionnaire was the secondary outcome. The Cox regression model was used to compare groups. Mann–Whitney test was used for pain analysis. Results: The crowding at baseline was the same between the two groups (P > 0.05). Duration of treatment in the intervention group was 104.7 days (95% CI: 95.6 -113.8) and significantly shorter than 161.9 days (95% CI: 151.5 -171.2) in the control group. The control group experienced a significantly higher pain score of 6.8 (95% CI: 6.1–7.5) immediately after archwire placement than the intervention group 5.4 (95% CI: 4.6–6.3). Conclusions: Intra-oral LED 850 nm significantly decreased the relieving time of lower incisor crowding by up to 36% and reduced pain experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of dry mouth in the palliative care population is well documented and increases due to polypharmacy, radiotherapy and systemic conditions. Saliva as a lubricant for the mouth and throat has implications for swallowing, chewing, and speech. The literature about the experience of xerostomia (perceived feeling of dry mouth) in palliative care is scarce. Clinical evidence suggests that xerostomia has a negative impact on people's comfort, however, no recent studies explored this impact in detail. This new knowledge is paramount to adhere to the principles of palliative care. Aims: To evaluate the impact of xerostomia on the lives of people receiving palliative care with particular reference to eating and speaking. Design: A qualitative descriptive study (interview design). Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Setting: A single specialist palliative care centre in Ireland. Results: The majority of participants (35/40) had cancer. Xerostomia was reported to have multiple physical, psychological, and daily life consequences. Participants provided insights into the impact of xerostomia on sleeping, eating, talking, denture wearing, and they described in detail their intra-oral sensations associated with xerostomia. The negative effect of xerostomia on speech was reported as the most significant to participants. Conclusion: Xerostomia has a profound impact on the daily lives of people receiving palliative care, including physical and psychological consequences. Speaking is often affected, which can impede the person's ability to communicate. There needs to be increased awareness of the impact of xerostomia and more research is required to understand how best to manage xerostomia in a palliative care setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the incidence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) during oral tracheal intubation by traditional laryngoscopy in general anesthesia (GA) in pediatric patients aged 4–13 and the correlated risk factors in Damascus, Syria. The study included children at the Department of General Surgery, Damascus University. Each child was examined before, during, and after 12–24 h of entering the operation room. The examination aimed to obtain demographic data and information regarding anesthesia procedures and the oral cavity. This study demonstrated that the incidence of TDIs during oral tracheal intubation was 16.00%. Most of those injuries are intra-oral, which were related to soft tissue. Maxillary incisors were the most affected teeth. Concussion and tongue injury were the common types of hard and soft tissue injury, respectively. There is a relation between TDIs and the occlusal stage, the difficulty of intubation, the number of intubation attempts, the Mallampati score, inter-incisor distance, and the distance between the mental and thyroid cartilage (p < 0.05). TDIs during oral tracheal intubation in GA are injuries with many risk factors and can't be avoided even with skilled anesthetists. Careful Preoperative clinical examination of the oral cavity by anesthesiologists can reduce the incidence of TDIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mouth is the mirror of the body and can manifest signs of underlying health issues. The oral soft and hard tissues are physically linked to the rest of the body. Therefore, the role of dentists is much greater than the dental setup. Many physicians consider dentistry as a purely practical occupation and not scientific. In recent years, the relationship between oral and systemic disease has become a leading research issue. Interventional studies focused on the relationship between dental treatment and its effect on certain systemic condition. In this regard, the aim of this study is to introduce a case of Cowden Syndrome (CS) which was first diagnosed according to their oral manifestations by a dentist. Case report: A 37-year-old woman was referred to the Department of Oral Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences complaining of aesthetic problems. Intra-oral examinations showed grooves and papillomatosis. Examination of the oral cavity showed a high-arched palate, hypoplasia of the maxilla and jaw. According to the patient's oral presentation, we asked for a consultation with gastroenterologist, gynecologist and endocrinologist. Finally, based on clinical and paraclinical findings, the clinicians put the final diagnosis of CS. Discussion: According to the review of literature, less than 500 cases have been reported worldwide, many of which have been diagnosed by dental surgeons, or oral pathology and medicine specialists by recognition of mucocutaneous lesions. There is a close association of CS with the development of several malignant neoplasms. This point emphasizes the importance of the early recognition of these lesions, which facilitates an early diagnosis of CS. Oral lesions can be the first sign of the disease, because they develop in 90 to 99% of cases. The diagnosis of CS in this case was made based on criteria proposed by the International Cowden Syndrome Consortium. Conclusion: Since the patients can have a variety of clinical manifestations, the diagnosis can be mistaken and delayed. Therefore, it seems that there is a need for awareness of this entity in the dental community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Previous work suggested that phonation threshold pressure (PTP), phonation threshold flow (PTF), and phonation threshold power (PTW) could be effective aerodynamic measures for quantifying glottal incompetence. This study examined how these measures could reflect varying extent of incomplete glottal closure in individuals with voice disorders. Method: Thirty individuals formally diagnosed with glottal incompetence, including 10 with hypofunctional disorders (hypo group) and 20 with hyperfunctional disorders (hyper group), and 30 individuals with normal voice (control group) participated in the study. PTP was measured indirectly by intra-oral pressure during production of bilabial stop consonant--vowel syllables, PTF was measured during the sustained vowel /a/, and PTW was obtained as the product of PTP and PTF. The extent of incomplete glottal closure was quantified by normalized glottal gap (NGG) and normalized glottal gap area (NGGA) based on image analysis of videostroboscopic recordings of sustained /i/. Results: Significant differences in all threshold measures (p < .05) were found among three participant groups with medium-to-large effect sizes (ηp 2 = .128--.220), with significantly higher values for the hypo group than the control group and no significant differences between the hyper and control groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed the highest diagnostic or classification accuracy contrasting between the hypo and control groups (area under the ROC curve = .717--.757), with the highest classification accuracy for PTW. There were significant, moderate-to-strong positive correlations with NGG and NGGA for the disorders group (Pearson's r = .4244--.6226) and the hypo group (r = .5689--.8949). Conclusions: These measures could be effective for identifying glottal incompetence, especially for hypofunctional disorders. PTW could be more sensitive than PTP and PTF in reflecting the extent of incomplete glottal closure, consistent with theoretical predictions. Their relative sensitivities for quantifying distinct incomplete glottal closures specific to different voice disorders should be evaluated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traditional head and neck cancer treatment involves open surgery, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and conventional radiotherapy planning. Emerging techniques aim to improve precision and reduce associated toxicity and functional impairment in current practice. This review article describes four such adaptations in image guidance, tailored to next generation therapies. Methods: This is a review of current literature, including feasibility studies from our cancer center, relating to: saline‐aided intra‐oral ultrasound‐guided retropharyngeal biopsy; intra‐oral ultrasound guided trans‐oral robotic surgery (TORS); ultrasound‐guided injection of "directly injected therapies"; and magnetic resonance imaging‐guided radiotherapy. Results: Presented within the context of the wider literature, initial local experience and data indicate good technical outcomes and patient tolerance, and low technical complications in all four image guidance techniques. Conclusion: Initial findings suggest a potentially important future role for these four image guidance techniques, on which next generation therapies are reliant. The broader implications on cross‐disciplinary collaboration are also explored herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the effect of patient positioning and general anesthesia on the condylar position in orthognathic surgery. Materials and methods: This prospective study included patients undergoing orthognathic surgery between 2019 and 2020. Four weeks prior to surgery (T0) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and intra-oral scans (IOS) were acquired in an upright position. Additionally, two IOS were acquired in the operating theatre, one before (T1) and one after (T2) general anaesthesia in supine position. The condylar position was analysed by matching the mandible from CBCT data with IOS at T1, T2 and T3, calculating the spatial differences at the level of lateral condylar points. Results: Based on 32 patients, patient positioning and general anesthesia on condylar position significantly affected condylar position. In supine position, the condyles moved primarily in the cranial direction by 0.94 ± 0.92 mm (p < 0.01). After anesthesia, the condyles moved posteriorly by 0.20 ± 0.45 mm (p = 0.02). These changes in condylar position resulted in the occlusal plane of the mandible being positioned more cranially (2.31 ± 2.61 mm; p < 0.01), anteriorly (0.70 ± 1.32 mm; p = 0.04), and counterclockwisely pitched (-1.42 ± 2.25°; p = 0.02). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that both supine position and general anesthesia significantly influenced the condylar position, the mandibular position, and, subsequently, the surgical accuracy of orthognathic surgery. Clinical relevance: Surgeons should take these effects into consideration when planning orthognathic surgery as this might lead to under- or overcorrections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate recent advances in the automatic multimodal registration of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intraoral scans (IOS) and their clinical significance in dentistry., Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in October 2024 across the PubMed, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore databases, including studies that were published in the past decade. The inclusion criteria were as follows: English-language studies, randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and retrospective studies., Results: Of the 493 articles identified, 22 met the inclusion criteria. Among these, 14 studies used geometry-based methods, 7 used artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, and 1 compared the accuracy of both approaches. Geometry-based methods primarily utilize two-stage coarse-to-fine registration algorithms, which require relatively fewer computational resources. In contrast, AI methods leverage advanced deep learning models, achieving significant improvements in automation and robustness., Conclusions: Recent advances in CBCT and IOS registration technologies have considerably increased the efficiency and accuracy of 3D dental modelling, and these technologies show promise for application in orthodontics, implantology, and oral surgery. Geometry-based algorithms deliver reliable performance with low computational demand, whereas AI-driven approaches demonstrate significant potential for achieving fully automated and highly accurate registration. Future research should focus on challenges such as unstable registration landmarks or limited dataset diversity, to ensure their stability in complex clinical scenarios., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: Intraoral periapical radiographic techniques are mandatory exercises taught to undergraduate students during their training. The key challenges encountered while teaching the bisecting angle technique (BAT) include correctly positioning the X-ray cone and adjusting the central X-ray beam to the tooth of interest. To address this, a custom-designed pointed laser light (CDPLL) was fabricated and attached to the X-ray cone. This study evaluated the effectiveness of CDPLL compared to conventional BAT in acquiring quality radiographs, reducing errors, and evaluating students' perceptions through a questionnaire., Methods: Third-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) students were divided into two groups of 26 each. Group 1 used Conventional BAT, while Group 2 employed Laser-Assisted BAT on a mannequin. Both techniques were taught through theory and clinical demonstrations. Students took radiographs of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars of both jaws. Group 1 students then transitioned to Laser-Assisted BAT and repeated the radiographs. Inter-group and intra-group comparisons of radiographic quality and errors were analyzed using Chi-Square tests., Results: Group 2 produced more excellent (41.8%) and acceptable (47.6%) radiographs, with fewer unacceptable ones (10.6%) than Group 1 (p < 0.001). Transitioning from conventional BAT to Laser-Assisted BAT in Group 1 led to significantly higher excellent (41.8%) and lower unacceptable (7.2%) radiographs (p < 0.001). Errors were significantly higher in Group 1 (81.5%) compared to Group 2 (59.5%) (p < 0.001). Common errors included cone cut and overlapping while foreshortening was the least frequent error. Over 80% of students felt CDPLL effectively guided the central X-ray beam and expressed interest in using it in the future., Conclusions: The CDPLL affixed to the X-ray cone serves as an effective teaching tool for taking high-quality radiographs, yielding a higher number of excellent and acceptable radiographs while minimizing repetition and errors. It also aids students in adjusting the X-ray cone and central beam to the desired teeth., (© 2025 American Dental Education Association.)

Background: This study aimed to investigate the quality and readability of online English health information about dental sensitivity and how patients evaluate and utilize these web-based information. Methods: The credibility and readability of health information was obtained from three search engines. We conducted searches in "incognito" mode to reduce the possibility of biases. Quality assessment utilized JAMA benchmarks, the DISCERN tool, and HONcode. Readability was analyzed using the SMOG, FRE, and FKGL indices. Results: Out of 600 websites, 90 were included, with 62.2% affiliated with dental or medical centers, among these websites, 80% exclusively related to dental implant treatments. Regarding JAMA benchmarks, currency was the most commonly achieved and 87.8% of websites fell into the "moderate quality" category. Word and sentence counts ranged widely with a mean of 815.7 (±435.4) and 60.2 (±33.3), respectively. FKGL averaging 8.6 (±1.6), SMOG scores averaging 7.6 (±1.1), and FRE scale showed a mean of 58.28 (±9.1), with "fair difficult" being the most common category. Conclusion: The overall evaluation using DISCERN indicated a moderate quality level, with a notable absence of referencing. JAMA benchmarks revealed a general non-adherence among websites, as none of the websites met all of the four criteria. Only one website was HON code certified, suggesting a lack of reliable sources for web-based health information accuracy. Readability assessments showed varying results, with the majority being "fair difficult". Although readability did not significantly differ across affiliations, a wide range of the number of words and sentences count was observed between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in early childhood exert a negative impact on the quality of life of children and their families. However, there is no evidence from cohort studies on which to base prevention strategies at the beginning of life, when children are entirely dependent upon supervision. The aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence of TDI in the first year of life and explore risk factors in a birth cohort followed up in three major cities in different regions of Brazil. Methods: A birth cohort study was conducted with children in the cities of Porto Alegre, Salvador, and Manaus. Socioeconomic, demographic, and anthropometric characteristics were collected at baseline. Behavioral characteristics were collected when the children were six and 12 months of age. After the first year of life, clinical examinations were performed by trained, calibrated dentists for the assessment of TDI (Andreasen's criteria). Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations between the independent variables and TDI, with the calculation of crude and adjusted relative risk (RR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The incidence of TDI in the first year of life (range: 12 to 16 months) was 18.1% (95% CI: 13.6–22.6%). The multivariable analysis revealed a significantly greater risk of TDI in children from non-nuclear families (RR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.11-3.00) as well as those whose mothers had a higher level of schooling (RR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.04–5.63) and when tooth eruption began up to six months of age (RR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.34–3.95). Being the first-born child was a protective factor (RR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27–0.87) for the occurrence of the outcome. Conclusion: The high incidence of TDI in the first year of life indicates the need for primary prevention strategies with an emphasis on active supervision in the first months of life. Risk factors associated with TDI related to the family, mother and child suggest pathways for the planning of such strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: As gingivitis prevalence is closely related to plaque accumulation, effective oral hygiene is mandatory for maintaining healthy gingival tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different toothbrushing methods (a manual toothbrush (group 1 = MTB, the control); an electric toothbrush (group 2 = ETB); and an electric toothbrush with daily visual feedback (group 3 = ETBV)) on the plaque levels and periodontal health in patients after receiving initial periodontal treatment. Methods: A total of 67 patients were initially screened in this study, and 60 patients were randomly allocated into 1 of the 3 groups, with 53 patients completing this study. At baseline, the average probing depth across all groups was 3.60 mm, with an average bleeding on probing (BoP) score of 69,15%. Clinical parameters were assessed at multiple time points over 12 weeks. Results: The plaque levels reduced significantly in all groups: MTB decreased from 65,57% to 33.26%, ETB from 64,17% to 31.49%, and ETBV from 63,04% to 26.25% (p < 0.001 for all groups). Furthermore, a significant improvement for BoP was recorded across all groups: BoP decreased to 25.68% (MTB), 22.32% (ETB), and 23.14% (ETBV) (p < 0.001 for all groups). However, no significant difference in the plaque removal efficacy was observed between manual and electric toothbrushes, irrespective of visual feedback (p > 0.190). A linear mixed model analysis showed a significant overall group effect on the periodontal health parameters (p = 0.041) but no interaction with time (p = 0.965). Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of consistent oral hygiene in reducing periodontal disease. Further research is necessary to explore effective strategies for enhancing patient adherence and optimizing health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, leading to gum recession, tooth loss, and systemic health complications. Traditional diagnostic methods and treatments, such as clinical evaluation and scaling, often fall short in early detection and targeted therapy, particularly in complex or advanced cases. Recent advancements in nanomedicine offer promising solutions for improving both the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis. Nanoparticles, such as liposomes, quantum dots, and nanorods, have demonstrated potential in enhancing diagnostic accuracy by enabling more precise detection of periodontal pathogens and biomarkers at the molecular level. Furthermore, nanotechnology-based therapies, including drug delivery systems and antimicrobial agents, offer localized and controlled release of therapeutic agents, enhancing efficacy and reducing side effects compared to conventional treatments. This study reviews the current applications of nanomedicine in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis, highlighting its potential to revolutionize periodontal care by improving early detection, reducing treatment times, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Tooth extraction induces significant alveolar ridge dimensional changes and soft tissue modifications, often leading to challenges in implant placement or conventional prosthetic rehabilitation. Alveolar Ridge Preservation (ARP) strategies aim to mitigate post-extraction resorption of the alveolar ridge, enhancing both the quality and quantity of bone and soft tissue during healing. Hyaluronic acid (HYA) has emerged as a promising biological agent for ARP due to its osteoinductive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of HYA in ARP remain inconsistently reported. This study aims to assess current clinical and preclinical evidence regarding the biological effects of HYA and its application in ARP. Additionally, it evaluates HYA's impact—alone or in combination with other products—on hard and soft tissue dimensional changes, early wound healing, and implant success rates. Methods: A comprehensive electronic literature search was conducted, and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were critically evaluated. Relevant data were extracted from the final selection of articles. Results: Thirteen publications were evaluated. Some studies reported a significantly improved newly formed bone following ARP with intra-socket HYA application as a single approach (p = 0.004). Combining HYA with a bone graft and a free palatal graft resulted in significantly greater amounts of newly formed and mature bone, reduced clinical bone width changes, lower radiographic crestal bone loss (p < 0.01), and diminished radiological volumetric and linear bone resorption (p = 0.018). Short-term follow-up data indicated improved soft tissue healing associated with HYA-based ARP. While HYA appears to have a protective effect on ridge dimensional changes in ARP, other studies reported no significant differences in radiographic bone dimensional changes or soft tissue improvement. Conclusions: The addition of HYA to bone grafts may enhance some ARP outcomes. However, the variability in outcomes and methodologies across the evaluated studies precludes drawing definitive clinical conclusions. Further robust research is needed to clarify HYA's role in ARP. With respect to clinical significance enhancing the understanding of ARP management strategies and their effects on post-extraction sockets empowers clinicians to make more informed decisions. The knowledge of HYA effects facilitates the selection of personalized ARP approaches tailored to optimize outcomes for subsequent interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anterior open bite is a challenging condition for pediatric dentists and orthodontists as it causes aesthetic, speech, feeding, and psychological problems; this emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and interception of this malocclusion. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prefabricated metal-bonded tongue tamers and customized bonded spurs in the early treatment of anterior open bite. Materials and methods: A sample of seventy-five children aged 7–9 years were assigned into three groups in which anterior open bite was treated using tongue tamers (group-I), customized composite bonded spurs(group-II), and conventional fixed palatal cribs (group-III). Study model and cephalometric x-ray evaluations were done before and after a three-month follow-up. Data was gathered and statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. Results: Model overbite at central and lateral incisors was increased in all groups. The highest increase was found in group-I(3.16 ± 1.17, 2.81 ± 0.94)and group-III(3.08 ± 1.10,2.99 ± 1.00) though the difference was not statistically significant. Also, cephalometric overbite was non-significantly increased in all groups with a high increase in group-III(3.13 ± 1.10). Overjet decreased in all groups, with the greatest reduction observed in group-I(-2.58 ± 1.02 and -2.47 ± 0.80 in model and cephalometric respectively) and was significantly different from group-II using pairwise analysis. There was a decrease in SNA and ANB in all groups with more significant improvement in groups-I(-1.20 ± 0.88,-1.65 ± 0.74) and -III(-1.31 ± 0.92, -1.62 ± 0.75) than group-II(-0.63 ± 0.46, -0.90 ± 0.43). Moreover, FMA measurements decreased significantly in group-I (-2.6 ± 1.11). Regarding SNB measurement, there was a non-significant increase in all three groups with the highest increase in group-I(0.49 ± 0.48) followed by group-III(0.34 ± 0.63). The U1/FHP and L1/GoGn angles were non-significantly decreased in all tested groups with the highest decrease in group-I(-1.76 ± 1.00 and-2.54 ± 0.87 respectively). Conclusion: Early treatment of anterior open bite, along with tongue tamers' simplicity and aesthetics promoted the malocclusion correction and occlusal function restoration. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05792553, "Effects of Tongue Tamers as an Early Treatment of Anterior Open Bite", Retrospectively registered: 31/03/2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral diseases with high prevalence worldwide are recognized as severe health problems. Probiotics are used to prevent oral diseases, including dental caries, oral malodor, periodontitis, and subgingival plaque. In this study, we aimed to confirm the antibacterial effect of probiotics on oral pathogens and to assess their characterization and safety as probiotics. Methods: The antibacterial effects of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MG4706, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG4715, and Limosilactobacillus reuteri MG4722 on the growth biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were evaluated. We also investigated the production of antibacterial substances (H2O2 and reuterin) by these strains and their ability to adhere to oral epithelial cells. The safety of L. reuteri MG4722 was verified through whole-genome sequencing analysis and antibiotic susceptibility, lactate dehydrogenase activity, hemolytic activity, and bile acid hydrolase activity. The reuterin biosynthesis genes of L. reuteri MG4722 were identified using genomic analysis. Results: L. reuteri MG4722 significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. gingivalis and suppressed the biofilm formation by A. actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, it showed considerable adhesion ability to oral epithelial cells. L. reuteri MG4722 produced H2O2 and reuterin as antibacterial substances, as confirmed by the presence of genes encoding the antibacterial compounds reuterin, reuteran, and reutericyclin. L. reuteri MG4722 showed no hemolysis, bile salt hydrolase activity, antibiotic resistance or toxicity to HT-29 cells, and no antibiotic-resistance genes were identified. Conclusion: L. reuteri MG4722 demonstrated antibacterial effects on oral pathogens by producing antibacterial substances and adhering to oral epithelial cells. These results suggest that L. reuteri MG4722 could be an effective probiotic for oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual surgical planning for orthognathic surgery typically relies on two methods for intraoperative plan transfer: CAD/CAM occlusal splints and patient-specific implants (PSI). While CAD/CAM splints may offer limited accuracy, particularly in the vertical dimension, PSIs are constrained by higher costs and extended preparation times. Surgical navigation has emerged as a potential alternative, but existing protocols often involve invasive registration or lack transparent evaluation. This study introduces a novel protocol for point-based optical navigation using modified CAD/CAM splints for non-invasive registration and transparent intraoperative evaluation, assessing its effectiveness in maxillary positioning. Methods: This prospective case-control study included 20 patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. The experimental group employed surgical navigation with modified CAD/CAM splints, while the control group used standard CAD/CAM splints. Surgical accuracy was evaluated by measuring translational and rotational discrepancies between the planned and achieved maxillary positions. A mixed ANOVA was conducted to assess other factors, aside from surgical navigation, that might influence surgical accuracy. Results: Surgical navigation significantly improved accuracy in translational movements along the x-axis (right-left: -0.81 mm; p = 0.021) and z-axis (down-up: -0.82 mm; p = 0.014), as well as in yaw rotation (-0.45°; p = 0.045). Other movements also showed improved precision in the navigated group, though not statistically significant; y-axis (back-front): -0.60 mm (p = 0.094); pitch rotation: -0.70° (p = 0.071); roll rotation: -0.04° (p = 0.428). Besides the use of surgical navigation, the amount of planned movement significantly impacted surgical accuracy, although no specific factors could be identified to predict which cases would particularly benefit from surgical navigation. Conclusions: Surgical navigation with modified CAD/CAM splints enhances surgical accuracy without requiring invasive procedures, offering a straightforward and transparent protocol suitable for routine clinical practice that allows intraoperative evaluation of maxillary positioning. However, the clinical significance and cost-effectiveness compared to PSI need further investigation. These findings suggest new directions for future developments, especially with advancements in mixed reality technologies, which could broaden the application of surgical navigation. Trial registration: Retrospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00034795). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated denture care attitudes, dental visit habits, oral mucosal lesions, and hygiene levels in 118 complete denture users treated at a university dentistry faculty. Data on demographics, smoking, denture use duration, dentist visits, and hygiene habits were collected via a questionnaire. A specialist examined mucosal lesions and assessed denture hygiene level using the Budtz-Jorgensen and Bertram method. Categorical data were analyzed with Yates's correction, Pearson's chi-square, and Fisher–Freeman–Halton tests; multiple comparisons used the Bonferroni Corrected Z Test. Participants' mean age was 51.61. Most were non-smokers (55.1%), visited dentists only for complaints (44.9%), cleaned dentures daily (70.3%), and removed them at night (56.8%). Good hygiene was observed in 40.68%. Females cleaned dentures more frequently than males, and 96.3% of those with poor hygiene reported bad denture odor. This study revealed significant deficiencies in denture care habits and inadequate hygiene practices of participants in a university dentistry faculty clinic. Most participants visited dentists only for complaints and had bad habits such as sleeping with their dentures at night and using inappropriate denture hygiene habits. Promoting proper denture hygiene habits and emphasizing the importance of regular dental visits can contribute to better oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This randomized prospective controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of different strategies of regenerative endodontic therapy on necrotic mature anterior teeth with chronic periapical periodontitis with 18 months follow up. Methods: A total analyzed 51 adult participant with mature single rooted teeth having necrotic pulp with chronic periapical periodontitis (PAI ≥ 3) were selected. Patients had been randomly categorized into three distinct groups (n = 17 each group). All groups received the same treatment on the first visit. After 2 weeks, regenerative treatment was performed using either blood clot technique, Standard-PRF and Advanced-PRF approach. A standardized radiograph was taken, and the patients instructed for 6, 12 and 18 months follow up periods. Fisher's exact test was applied to compare the frequency of PAI scores at different follow-up intervals between the three groups. Results: The results showed radiographic success at 18 months (58.8% in blood group, 94.1% in S-PRF group and 76.5% in A-PRF group). There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups according to incidence of healing at 6, 12 and 18 months. Clinical success was 82.4% in blood group and 88.2% in both S-PRF and A-PRF groups. There was no significant difference between the three groups (p = 1). The overall success (clinical and radigraphic) was 76.5%. Incidence of the gaining sensitivity after 12 and 18 months was 29.4% with A-PRF group and 41.2% within the S-PRF group, 17.6% with BC group. Conclusion: PRF based regenerative technique may outperform the blood clot technique in treatment of non-vital mature teeth with chronic periapical periodontitis. There is a need for future randomized clinical studies to consolidate procedures in this field with more prolonged evaluation periods. Clinical trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04606719) in 28/10/2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malignant salivary gland tumors (SGTs) present diagnostic challenges and limited treatment options. This study aims to determine the proportion of malignant SGTs overexpressing the androgen receptor (AR) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and its association to age, sex, anatomical site, histopathological subtype and grade which may inform customized treatment approaches. Methodology: This was a retrospective cross-sectional analytical study of archived paraffin embedded tissue blocks of malignant SGTs diagnosed at MNH Central Pathology Laboratory (CPL) from January 2019 to December 2022. IHC staining using a monoclonal Rabbit Anti-Human AR and interpretation was done using Allred score. The AR overexpression was assessed and compared by age, sex anatomical site, histological subtype and histological grade of the tumor. Results: Out of 158 (60%) malignant SGTs, 115 cases underwent AR IHC where, mean age was 49.7 ± 17.9, females were 61(53%). Major salivary gland involvement was (67)58.1%, predominantly parotid gland 35(52.2%), Adenoid cystic carcinoma and Mucoepidermoid carcinoma were the most common tumors accounting for 38(33%) and 22 (19%) respectively. High grade tumors were prevalent accounting for 53(46.1%). Androgen receptor overexpression was observed in 49(42.6%). A significant association was observed between AR and parotid gland anatomical location (aOR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.1–10, p = 0.027) and high-grade tumors (aOR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.4–19, p = 0.014). No significant association between AR overexpression and age (p-value 0.253), sex (p-value 0.708) and histological subtype (p-value 0.557), although highest proportion were seen in salivary duct carcinoma (71.4%). Conclusion: High-grade malignant SGTs and parotid gland location are associated with AR overexpression. This suggests that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has the potential to play a role in the management of advanced SGTs. However, large-scale studies that will include comprehensive molecular investigations and efficacy exploration of ADT are recommended to clarify our current findings and inform therapeutic options for patient with high grade and recurrent tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to compare different treatment modalities to correct ill-fitted maxillary complete denture either by the conventional relining method or by scanning the relining impression and digitally construct a new denture regarding patient satisfaction, denture retention, and adaptation. Materials and methods: Twelve edentulous patients suffering from loose maxillary complete dentures were selected, dentures' borders and fitting surfaces were prepared, and relining impressions were taken, the impressions were scanned and the STL files were used for CAD/CAM milling (computer aided designing/ computer aided manufacturing) of new maxillary dentures (Group A), then the relining impression went through the conventional laboratory steps to fabricate (Group B) maxillary dentures. Both groups were evaluated regarding patient satisfaction by a specially designed questionnaire, retention values were measured by a digital force gauge at denture insertion appointment and two weeks later, geomagic software was used to evaluate dentures adaptation to oral tissues. Results: Both groups (A and B) were completely satisfied with their dentures except regarding esthetics, all group A and 50% of group B were satisfied. Both groups showed a statistically significant increase in retention values at the two-week follow-up period compared to those at denture insertion time, with higher values were for group B. Finally, the relined dentures showed better oral tissue adaptation than digitally constructed dentures. Conclusion: Relined maxillary dentures showed better retention, esthetics, and denture adaptation with lower cost than digitally constructed maxillary dentures which showed acceptable retention and adaptation, with better time and data saving. Trial registration: Clinical trials number: NCT06366321. With registration date on ClinicalTrials.gov public website: 13/ 4/ 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained significant traction in medical image analysis, including dentistry, aiding clinicians in making timely and accurate diagnoses. Radiographs, such as orthopantomograms (OPGs) and intraoral radiographs, along with clinical photographs, are the primary imaging modalities employed for AI-powered analysis in the dental field. In this review, we discuss the most recent research and product developments concerning the clinical application of AI as a visual aid in dentistry and introduce the concept of Observational Diagnostics (ODs) as a structured method to standardise image analysis. ODs serve as foundational elements for AI-driven diagnostic aids and have the potential to improve the consistency and reliability of diagnostic data used in treatment planning. We provide illustrative examples to demonstrate how ODs not only represent a significant advancement towards more precise diagnostic aids but also provide the basis for the generation of evidence-based treatment recommendations. These OD-based algorithms have been integrated into chairside AI applications to streamline clinical workflows to improve consistency, accuracy, and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: This retrospective longitudinal outcome study comparing orthodontic extraction modalities, including extraction of maxillary first or second molars, aimed to compare the three-dimensional tooth movement of maxillary canines (C), premolars (P1, P2), and molars (M1, M2) in Class II division 1 malocclusion treatment with fixed appliances. Methods: A sample of 98 patients (mean age 13.20 ± 1.46 years) was selected for the M1 group, and 64 patients (mean age 13.20 ± 1.36 years) were chosen for the M2 group. Tooth movement was analyzed three-dimensionally on pre-treatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) digital dental casts. Regression analyses compared the tooth movements (in mm) between the M1 and M2 groups. Results: The mean treatment duration for the M1 group was 2.51 ± 0.55 year, while, for the M2 group, it was 1.53 ± 0.37 year. The data showed limited distal movements of the C, P1, and P2 of approximately 2 mm in the M1 group and 1 mm in the M2 group during orthodontic treatment, but the M1 group exhibited significantly more distal movements than the M2 group (mean difference 1.11 to 1.24 mm). Vertical movements of the C, P1, and P2 in both groups were also minor (0.16 to 1.26 mm). The differences between groups did not exceed 0.2 mm and were not significant. Both treatment modalities resulted in a significant degree of anchorage loss with a distinct mesialization (8.40 ± 1.66 mm) of M2 in the M1 group and limited distalization (0.83 ± 0.98 mm) of M1 in the M2 group. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of thorough case evaluation when choosing between extraction modalities in Class II treatment. If a large distal movement of canines and premolars is required, additional anchorage mechanics should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to systematically revise the state of art of the accuracy of digital and conventional impressions in clinical full-arch scenarios. Methods: Electronic and manual searches were conducted up to December 2024. Only trials comparing the accuracy of digital versus conventional impressions were selected by two independent reviewers. Accuracy was evaluated by analysing the fit of the prostheses obtained through conventional workflows and those obtained from digital workflows using intraoral scanners. Alternatively, accuracy was assessed by comparing the standard tessellation language data acquired from intraoral scanning with those obtained from scanning the physical model. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Meta-analysis was conducted to pool the mean differences from the included studies, with heterogeneity tested by Cochran's Q test and quantified by the I2 index. Results: We included 9 relevant studies from a total of 2535 identified studies. The risk of bias was evaluated as low, and the main results of all the included articles reported similar accuracy between digital and conventional impressions. Random effects meta-analysis resulted in a pooled mean difference of 152.46 (95% C.I. = 76.46–228.46, p-value < 0.001, I2 = 93.48%). Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of the present systematic review reveal contradictory findings regarding the accuracy of digital impressions. However, most studies analysing the clinical performance of prostheses obtained through digital impressions suggest that their accuracy falls within clinically acceptable thresholds. Future research should report comparable outcomes and focus attention on linear deviations, comparing differences between conventional and digital impressions not in absolute terms, but relative to the distance measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: In the last decades, dental implant surfaces have been evolving to increase success and implant survival rates. More studies evaluating outcomes with implants with ultra-hydrophilic multi-zone anodized surfaces are necessary. The aim of this study is to evaluate the short-term outcome of implants of conical connection with anodized ultra-hydrophilic surfaces for support of single teeth and partial rehabilitations. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients received parallel-walled implants with a gradually anodized surface. The primary outcome measure was implant survival. Secondary outcome measures were marginal bone loss and mechanical and biological complications. This study included 253 conical connection implants with anodized ultra-hydrophilic surfaces, placed in 145 patients (71 males and 74 females; average age: 55.8 years). Sixty patients presented comorbidities, and 19 patients presented smoking habits. Results: Ten patients (15 implants) were lost to follow-up. Two implants failed in two patients, resulting in a cumulative survival rate of 99.2%, with 98.5% and 100% for males and females, respectively, and 99.1% and 100% for single teeth and partial rehabilitations, respectively. The average marginal bone loss was 0.52 mm at 1 year, with 0.60 mm and 0.42 mm for males and females, respectively, and 0.52 mm and 0.50 mm for single teeth and partial rehabilitations, respectively. The rate of mechanical complications was 4.8% and 3.2% at patient and implant levels, respectively. Biological complications occurred in one patient (0.7%) at one implant (0.4%). Conclusions: These results indicate that the use of implants with ultra-hydrophilic multi-zone anodized surfaces for single teeth and partial rehabilitations is viable in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]