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This paper aims to simulate total factor productivity, following the original proposal made by Cobb and Douglas (1928). Estimates with annual frequency are computed for the United States during two periods, i.e. 1899-1992 and 1933-2019. In the case of Mexico, estimates are computed for the 1993-2015 period. An income distribution in favor of capital in recent decades is found both for the United States and México. Capital share has grown in the United States from 25% in 1899-1922 to 89% in 1993-2019, while for Mexico it has been 82% for 1993-2015. Functional income distribution requires close monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the predicament of sustainable improvement in traditional cities, the low-carbon city pilot policy (LCCPP), as a novel development mode, provides thinking for resolving the tensions of green development, resource conservation and environmental protection among firms. Using Chinese A-share listed companies panel data during 2007–2019, this study adopts the difference-in-differences model to explore the impact of LCCPP on firm green innovation. Based on theoretical analysis, LCCPP-driven environmental rules have the impact of encouraging business green innovation. The relationship between LCCPP and green innovation is strengthened by external media attention and organizational redundancy resources. The mechanism study shows that the incentive effect of LCCPP on firm green innovation is mainly due to the improvement of enterprises' green total factor productivity and financial stability. In addition, the heterogeneity analysis shows that the LCCPP has significantly positive effects in promoting green innovation in high-carbon industries and state-owned enterprises. This research contributes to the understanding of city-level low-carbon policies as a driving force for corporate green innovation, offering practical implications for policymakers and businesses striving for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the logistics industry's green total factor productivity (LGTFP) is a key source of power to achieve its high-quality development (HQD) in China. Technological innovation (TI) and environmental regulation (ER) policies are vital factors that affect the improvement of LGTFP. Although the impact of ERs or TI on LGTFP has been extensively researched, few studies have examined their combined effect. This study utilizes panel data from 30 Chinese provinces during 2006-2020 to estimate LGTFP using the Epsilon-based measure and global Malmquist-Luenberger index. Moreover, this study employs a dynamic spatial Durbin model to explore the influence of TI on LGTFP and its spatial spillovers, as well as the modulatory effect of ER in the relations between TI and LGTFP. The results show that (1) China's LGTFP displays positive spatial spillovers and is influenced by the preceding period's level. (2) In the short term, an improvement in TI levels had a positive effect on local LGTFP, but negative spillovers on neighboring districts. Nevertheless, in the long run, an improvement in TI levels had a notably negative influence on local LGTFP but positive spillovers on adjacent regions. (3) ER had an "inverted U-shaped" modulatory roles with spatial spillovers on the relations between TI and LGTFP in the long-term. These discoveries offer valuable insights into the coordinated development of TI systems and ER policies, enabling the formation of a policy system that aligns with the logistics industry's HQD in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By utilizing the center of gravity-standard deviation ellipse, kernel density estimation, and GeoDetector, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution pattern of China's agricultural green TFP and the dynamic evolution law of its distribution in different regions based on the provincial-level related input-output data of China's agriculture from 2001 to 2020. It also investigates the factors that affect its spatial differentiation. We find that (1) China's agricultural green TFP, which has a long-term upward trend and an average annual growth rate of 3.21% between 2001 and 2020, is mostly fueled by technological advancements in the field of agriculture. (2) Agricultural green TFP tends to move eastnorthward, and its spatial distribution is gradually expanding, showing a northeast-southwest pattern. (3) Agricultural green TFP in the country as a whole and the three major food regions has increased over the study period, with absolute differences within the country gradually narrowing, and cities with higher agricultural green TFP within the regions approaching the average, and the polarization phenomenon easing. (4) The main determinants of the spatial divergence of green TFP in agriculture are the replanting index, agricultural output per capita, and the degree of financial support for agriculture. The strength of the interactions between the various factors is significantly greater than the explanatory power of any one factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the systematic GMM and intermediation model, the impact of China's direct investment on the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries are examined from the data of 48 countries during the period of 2008-2019. The results show that China's direct investment can significantly contribute to GTFP in BRI countries through the mediating mechanisms of scale, structural and human capital effects. Of these, the main one is the scale effect. In addition, the scale, structural and human capital effects all positively moderate the green driving effect of China's direct investment in BRI countries, while the technology effect weakens the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches on the Porter hypothesis have paid more attention to the effect of the external constraint force of environmental regulation on green total factor productivity (GTFP), while ignoring the effect of internal force of market competition on GTFP. Using the panel data of Chinese manufacturing industries, this paper measures China's GTFP with the global frontier MML index which is based on the EBM model. The paper then studies the effect of environmental regulation and market competition on GTFP. The combined effect of environmental regulation and market competition on enhancing GTFP is further investigated. The results are as follows: 1) The GTFP of the manufacturing industry has progressed during the study period and the progress of green technology plays a crucial role in promoting GTFP improvement. 2) The environmental regulation and market competition both have an obvious nonlinear effect of U-type on GTFP. Relying solely on the external constraint force of environmental regulation or the internal force of market competition does not promote the improvement of GTFP quickly. 3) As for the combined effect, improving market competition is beneficial to the positive effect of environmental regulation on GTFP. Market competition and environmental regulation show a significant combined positive effect, accelerating the arrival of environmental regulation inflection point. Thus the rapid improvement of GTFP requires the combined effect to be effectively exerted. However, only when the level of environmental regulation is strong or the level of market competition is high can a combined positive effect appear. The conclusion provides China with a meaningful reference for better implementing the policy of environmental regulation and market-oriented reforms to promote green economic transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: China is exploring methods to achieve economically intensive, green, and high-quality development. Strengthening urban green total-factor production is important for achieving high-quality economic development. Whether the construction of e-commerce demonstration zones (EDZ) can provide new opportunities for high-quality urban development under the dual constraints of energy and environment is a question worth studying. Methods: In order to verify the relationship this study using panel data from 290 prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2020. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to assess the level of high-quality urban development under resource and environmental constraints. The multi-phase difference-difference method (DID) was used to analyze how the e-commerce model city creation policies significantly promoted high-quality urban economic development. Results and Discussion: This study shows that the e-commerce demonstration zone effectively promotes the high-quality development of the city. Heterogeneity tests show that the impact of electric EDZs on high-quality development can be influenced by city size and geographic location (e.g., east coast and mid-west). Based on these conclusions, this study puts forward some suggestions to enhance the attractiveness of small- and medium-sized cities, non-resource-based cities, and western cities by formulating preferential policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Where and when does export-led growth work? This paper estimates the importance of inter-industry productivity spillovers for the export-led growth of developing countries. My empirical strategy is based on a standard quantitative trade model that features sector-level gravity in trade flows. Applying the framework to four decades of trade data, I find clear evidence of spillovers, which are larger for skill-intensive sectors. The estimates imply that patterns of sectoral specialization play a quantitatively important role in accounting for the slow convergence of labor productivity in tradable sectors. Quantitative exercises suggest that export-led growth works for poorer countries with an initial comparative advantage in manufacturing, as these countries can use foreign demand from richer countries to reallocate labor towards sectors with high spillovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource misallocation has the potential to reduce aggregate total factor productivity and undermine industrial development. Aggregate productivity losses are found to be particularly pronounced in emerging economies where large market frictions impede efficient resource allocation. Available estimates, however, almost entirely exclude firms in the informal sector that in some countries, such as Zimbabwe, make up a high share of overall production and employment. The exclusion of informal firms can result in either an over- or under-estimate of the aggregate productivity losses from misallocation. This paper, therefore, uses firm-level survey data to analyze how market distortions contribute to the misallocation of resources within and between the formal and informal manufacturing sectors in Zimbabwe. Applying the approach developed by Hsieh and Klenow (2009) to firm-level microdata, the results reveal extensive resource misallocation in both the formal and informal manufacturing sector. Market shares of informal firms are found to be low relative to their productivity—an outcome associated with relatively large capital market distortions. Misallocation is also more pronounced among relatively productive firms, thus exacerbating aggregate losses in total factor productivity (TFP). Estimates indicate that aggregated gains in TFP of 151.4 percent can be realized through efficient resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the influence of Confucian culture on firms' emissions. We measure Confucian culture during the Ming and Qing dynasties using the density of jinshi in that region and test the causal relationship between Confucian culture and firms' emissions using the Annual Survey of Industrial Firms (ASIF) and China's Environmental Statistics Database (CESD) from 1998 to 2013. Our research reveals that regions with a stronger Confucian cultural influence have a significant reduction in pollution emissions from their firms. Further analysis demonstrates that the government in regions with a strong Confucian cultural influence attaches more importance to environmental protection and enforces stricter environmental regulations on firms. Besides, the people demonstrate heightened environmental awareness, incorporating it into economic development, thus reducing firms' pollution emissions. In addition, Confucian culture can reduce pollution emissions by improving the total factor productivity of firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable energy has become an important measure for countries worldwide to improve air quality, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and achieve sustainable development. This trend may have implications for green total factor productivity (GTFP), which represents the economic growth efficiency in terms of resource and energy use. However, the current research on the impact of renewable energy development (RED) on GTFP based on China's provincial data is still insufficient, and it has not yet integrated multiple factors such as economic, social, environmental, and technological aspects to jointly analyze potential nonlinear effects. This paper first calculates the GTFP of 30 provinces in China using a global super-efficiency slack-based measure model. Then, a two-way fixed effects model and a panel threshold regression (PTR) model were used to explore the linear and nonlinear effects of RED on GTFP. The results show that: First, RED has a significant positive effect on GTFP, which remains in effect after a sequence of robustness tests including endogenous treatment. For every 1% increase in RED, GTFP increases by 0.025%–0.039%. Second, the contribution of RED to GTFP shows a clear characteristic of diminishing marginal benefits, with the impact coefficient decreasing from 0.058% to 0.022%. Third, the higher the level of economic activity, social conditions, environmental protection, and technological advancement, the greater the favorable impact of RED on GTFP. The range of coefficient changes under the influence of economic- and social-level factors reaches 0.012%–0.143%, while the range of coefficient changes at the technological and environmental levels is only 0.026%–0.057%. Based on the above conclusions, some policy implications related to the development of renewable energy are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the factors allowing middle‐income countries to achieve higher income levels and thus escape the middle‐income trap (MIT). By deriving a stochastic production function using the Cornwell–Schmidt–Sickles (CSS) estimator and country panel data, we successfully distinguished between growth due to total factor productivity (TFP) and that attributable to various production inputs after controlling for random shocks and cross‐sectional dependence. We found that TFP growth was the main factor distinguishing middle‐income countries that have and have not escaped from the MIT; the former countries had significantly higher TFP growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy amount of English homework correction has resulted in Teachers' lax examination of homework, insufficient attention to homework problems, and low attention to homework correction. With the continuous growth of the number of educated people, more and more schools begin to have the problem of low efficiency of English homework correction. Therefore, in order to optimize the homework correction system, improve the efficiency of English teachers' homework correction, and give full play to teachers' positive feedback on homework, a smart app on mobile phone can be developed to scan and correct traditional paper homework. Based on image processing technology and neural network algorithm, this paper designs and establishes a mobile app that can recognize and extract English homework topics and handwriting with nearly 90% accuracy through Android system platform. Based on the homework answers entered in the database, the rapid correction of English homework can be realized. After using this software, the overall efficiency of English homework grading has significantly improved. For multiple-choice and fill in the blank questions, the total factor productivity of 14 and 15 units was greater than 1, accounting for 63.6% and 68.1% of the nursing units participating in the study, respectively. This indicates that the efficiency of English homework grading in most units is constantly improving and showing a good development trend. Among them, the homework correction efficiency for multiple-choice questions is only 6 units, and the pure technical efficiency is less than 1, indicating that the improvement of technical means has a significant impact on efficiency. In order to verify the applicability of the software, data envelopment analysis is used to analyze the application of the mobile app to improve the efficiency of English homework correction. the results show that when the smart phone software is not put into use, the efficiency of teachers' English homework correction is poor, and the technical level in the process of correction is too low. After the mobile intelligent software is put into use, the overall efficiency of English homework correction has increased significantly, which can greatly alleviate the pressure faced by English teachers in the process of correcting homework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of industrial Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is the basis for the high-quality development of China's economy. Sci-tech finance affects industrial TFP through screening and allocation mechanism, governance mechanism, and integration mechanism. Based on provincial panel data from 2009 to 2016, this paper constructs a comprehensive index of regional Sci-tech finance and explores the impact of Sci-tech finance on industrial TFP from two perspectives: differences in financial development levels and transmission paths. The results show that Sci-tech finance has a significant role in promoting the industrial TFP, but this promotion needs to meet certain financial development conditions. In high-level financial development areas, the promotion effect is significant. It is not linear. The effect is a threshold effect with the diminishing marginal efficiency. Sci-tech finance mainly promotes industrial TFP through boosting the industry's scientific and technological innovation capacity. Policies and channels of Sci-tech finance to support science and technology innovation are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research examining the economic effects of urban polycentricity remains inconclusive. We contribute to this debate by developing a longitudinal framework in which changes in polycentricity in Chinese urban regions are linked with changes in total factor productivity. While we find no evidence of urban polycentricity being conducive to economic growth, we observe that the relationship depends on population size and the interactions between cities. We also find that cities borrow size from nearby cities in large urban regions, contributing to regional economic growth. We use our findings to reflect on China's regional economic and urban development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we apply a detailed country level data in the 1961–2015 period to investigate the relationship between weather variables, CO2, share of renewable energy sources, gross domestic product, and total factor productivity in a standard Cobb–Douglas production function by using an instrumental variable approach. Our findings suggest that economic growth has been positively affected by temperature and CO2 emissions, while climate vulnerability varies significantly between rich‐poor countries. Furthermore, the negative nexus between renewable sources and CO2 emissions demonstrates its importance for optimal environmental policies design while an inverted U‐shaped relationship for temperature and emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the new generation of information technology represented by the Internet has swept the world, driving a new round of scientific and technological revolution as well as industrial transformation. In this context, an in-depth discussion of the relationship between Internet development and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is of great significance for promoting the high-quality development of the economy. Based on 2006 to 2020 annual reports of listed manufacturing enterprises in China, this paper takes resource allocation into the analysis framework of the impact of Internet development on manufacturing TFP to analyse the internal mechanism. The conclusions reveal that Internet development has not only a direct positive effect on manufacturing TFP but also a significant indirect promoting effect on manufacturing TFP by improving resource allocation efficiency. The resource allocation effect of Internet development on manufacturing TFP is mainly realized through the improvement of the allocation of labour factors. Furthermore, resource allocation can strengthen the nonlinear spillover effects of Internet development on manufacturing TFP. Therefore, enough attention should be paid to the improvement of resource allocation in the process of relying on Internet development to improve manufacturing TFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual property is crucial for the development of firms. At the micro level, firm comprehensive intellectual property ability involves abilities about intellectual property creation, utilization, protection, and management. In order to develop the comprehensive intellectual property ability of firms, the China National Intellectual Property Administration began to implement the national intellectual property demonstration advantage firm (NIPDAF) policy in 2013. Based on this exogenous policy shock, using data from listed companies from 2011 to 2020 as the research sample, the time-varying DID method is used to test the impact of the NIPDAF policy intended to cultivate comprehensive intellectual property ability on firm productivity. The results show that after policy implementation, the total factor productivity of NIPDAFs increased by about 3.3% compared to the control group. This finding is robust after a series of tests. Furthermore, the NIPDAF policy promotes firm productivity through stimulating technology innovation, improving investment efficiency, and enhancing competitive advantage. In addition, the NIPDAF policy has a more significant incentive effect on the total factor productivity of non-state-owned enterprises, firms in the eastern region, and firms in patent intensive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing prominence of climate and energy issues, enterprises, as the micro-subjects of economic activities, need to pay attention to environmental responsibility to promote sustainable and high-quality economic development. However, one of the crucial controversies is whether enterprises will sacrifice efficiency to fulfill their environmental responsibilities. To try our best to answer the controversy, this paper explores the impact of ESG on total factor productivity and its mechanism. The research conclusion shows that Chinese enterprises fulfilling ESG responsibilities can improve staff efficiency, reduce financing costs, ease financing constraints, and increase innovation investment, thus effectively improving total factor productivity. Compared to non-state-owned enterprises, this effect is more significant in state-owned enterprises. In addition, the promotion of ESG construction on the total factor productivity of enterprises also presents specific acceleration characteristics. This shows that in the socialist market economy environment, there is an obvious "social responsibility dividend" in the implementation of the ESG concept by Chinese enterprises, which is helpful to enhance their long-term value and realize a win-win of social value and commercial value. The conclusions of this study help deal correctly with the relationship between business value and social value of enterprises and provide inspiration for promoting healthy and sustainable economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the increasingly stringent constraints of resources and the environment, the green transformation of enterprises is imperative. This study selects A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2014 to 2021 as samples, using the difference-in-differences method to examine the impact of the environmental protection tax reform (EPTR) on the green transformation of enterprises. The results indicate that the EPTR can promote the green transformation of enterprises, achieving this through three channels: raising the cost of pollution, strengthening the rigidity of law enforcement, and breaking the collusion between the government and enterprises. Notably, this promotional effect is more significant in non-state-owned enterprises, companies in the eastern and western regions, firms with low financing constraints, and those with high media attention. Further analysis shows that the EPTR has a positive impact on the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of enterprises, which implies that enterprises are not only proactively pushing for a green transformation at the strategic level but also taking practical actions. This study responds to the problem of the greening of tax system to promote the green development of enterprises from two aspects of enterprise strategic implementation and productivity and explores the impact mechanism from the perspective of institutional logic. It enriches the research on the effectiveness of the EPTR at the micro-level and broadens the research perspective on the impact mechanisms of environmental regulation. The findings of this study provide references for further optimising relevant policies and regulations and also offer insights for other countries and regions seeking sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cariprazine—the only single antipsychotic drug in the market which can handle all symptoms of bipolar I disorder—involves trans-4-substituted cyclohexane-1-amine as a key structural element. In this work, production of trans-4-substituted cyclohexane-1-amines was investigated applying transaminases either in diastereotope selective amination starting from the corresponding ketone or in diastereomer selective deamination of their diasteromeric mixtures. Transaminases were identified enabling the conversion of the cis-diastereomer of four selected cis/trans-amines with different 4-substituents to the corresponding ketones. In the continuous-flow experiments aiming the cis diastereomer conversion to ketone, highly diastereopure trans-amine could be produced (de > 99%). The yield of pure trans-isomers exceeding their original amount in the starting mixture could be explained by dynamic isomerization through ketone intermediates. The single transaminase-catalyzed process—exploiting the cis-diastereomer selectivity of the deamination and thermodynamic control favoring the trans-amines due to reversibility of the steps—allows enhancement of the productivity of industrial cariprazine synthesis. Stereoselective production of trans-4-substituted cyclohexane-1-amines—including a key intermediate in the synthesis of antipsychotic drug cariprazine—remains challenging. Here, the authors develop a process catalyzed by a single transaminase to produce trans-4-substituted cyclohexane-1-amines from the corresponding cis/trans-diastereomeric mixtures via a cis-deamination approach in continuous-flow, to achieve a dynamic cis-to-trans isomerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the number of senior citizens has grown, along with the burden of old age, and aging has hampered economic growth. The advent of the digital age has led to the emergence of the digital economy as a new engine for economic growth. This paper uses DEA-Malmquist index model to measure the total factor productivity growth rate of 31 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021, and uses the moderating effects model to empirically investigate the relationship between the digital economy, aging and total factor productivity, and to verify whether the development of the digital economy can mitigate the negative impact of aging on total factor productivity. The results show that aging inhibits total factor productivity growth, and the digital economy can promote total factor productivity growth. Digital economy can alleviate the negative impact of aging on total factor productivity growth, and has a moderating effect. Digital economy plays a moderating role by improving the level of human capital and facilitating technological progress. The regional heterogeneity analysis shows that the moderating effect of the digital economy exists in the eastern and western regions and the southern region, but not in the central region and the northern region. Furthermore, the digital economy has a moderating effect on both the high and low aging groups. The research in this paper not only helps to evaluate the productivity effects of the digital economy, but also has important implications for finding ways to mitigate the negative effects of aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that if the total factor productivity A of an aggregative economy is right at the barrier $ \sigma +\lambda $ σ + λ , with σ being the growth rate of labor force and λ the real interest rate, then the unique policy to optimally control the economy is the same as the one for optimally controlling weak economies, where $ A \lt \sigma +\lambda $ A < σ + λ. This result gives a complete answer for the interesting open question raised by Vu Thi Huong in her recent paper [Optimal economic growth problems with high values of total factor productivity. Appl Anal. 2022;101:1315–1329]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of the agricultural carbon emission reduction effect of digital rural construction offers a promising path towards achieving dual carbon goals. This study establishes an evaluation system for digital rural construction and analyzes its impact on agricultural carbon emissions using various creative techniques including panel fixed effects, mediation effects, threshold effects, and spatial Durbin models based on provincial panel data from 2011 to 2021.It is found that: (1) The impact of digital rural construction on agricultural carbon emissions exhibits a "inverted U-shaped" pattern, with a nonlinear effect on emissions through promoting agricultural green total factor productivity and adjusting agricultural structure.(2) Digital rural construction has both promoting and inhibiting effects on agricultural carbon emissions, both locally and in adjacent areas. It also demonstrates a threshold effect, with rural human capital as the sole threshold. Once the threshold value 8.830 is surpassed, the agricultural carbon emission reduction effect becomes prominent.(3)Digital rural construction has a dual effect on local agricultural carbon emissions in terms of both promoting and then restraining the emissions, which has a spatial spill-over effect in the neighboring areas. This study contributes to our understanding of carbon reduction pathways by highlighting the comprehensive utilization of digital rural construction and expanding research on the dynamic context of its impact on carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving agricultural total factor productivity is crucial for comprehensive rural revitalization and building a strong agricultural nation. Digital inclusive finance amalgamates the benefits of digital technology and inclusive finance, mitigating financial exclusion in agricultural production. It fosters rural revitalization and the modernization of agriculture by bolstering farmers' innovation, entrepreneurship, and agricultural technology advancements. Consequently, it significantly enhances overall agricultural total factor productivity. This study uses panel data from 2011 to 2020 to empirically investigate the impact and mechanism of digital inclusive finance on agricultural total factor productivity in Zhejiang Province, China. The research results show that digital inclusive finance significantly enhances agricultural total factor productivity in Zhejiang Province, which holds true even after a series of robustness tests. Analysis of the mechanism reveals that the integrated development of rural industries plays a crucial mediating role in empowering agricultural total factor productivity through digital inclusive finance. Furthermore, heterogeneity analysis indicates that the positive effect of digital inclusive finance on agricultural total factor productivity is more pronounced in the northeastern region of Zhejiang Province and in areas ranked in the second tier of agricultural development. Therefore, we recommend comprehensively enhancing the development of digital inclusive finance in rural areas, fostering a financial ecosystem that integrates rural industries, promoting the coordinated development of digital inclusive finance in different regions, and comprehensively improving agricultural total factor productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of renewable energy consumption, total factor productivity (TFP), income, imports, and exports on consumption-based CO2 emissions in Turkey from 1990 to 2019, utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) method. The findings indicated that the use of renewable energy, total factor productivity and exports negatively influence CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the positive impact of income and imports on CO2 emissions was found. The negative impact of renewable energy consumption and total factor productivity highlights the importance of implementing environmentally friendly measures in the energy sector (particularly raising the proportion of renewable energy in overall energy consumption) and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift towards digitalization is fundamentally transforming societies and changing lives. Meanwhile, many African countries are lagging behind on the dividends of accelerated digital technologies to address their developmental challenges. This is partly because of the dearth of evidence demonstrating how technological integration impacts on economic growth and poverty reduction. By relying on panel data for the period 2011–2021, this study empirically estimates the degree to which ICT adoption contributes to South Africa's economic competitiveness along four indicators: boosting productivity, accelerating business growth, increasing government operational efficiency, and creating opportunities for people. The data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. The findings indicated a strong positive correlation between the application of digital technologies and the improvement of business operations welfare improvement, and GDP growth. The findings suggest to policymakers the need to prioritize interventions that drive investment in digital infrastructure. Given the net positive effects of ICT innovations, it is also recommended that policymakers focus on building the ICT skills of South Africans, while ensuring a business-friendly environment that enables fast digital penetration in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leveraging a reform that assigns central inspectorates to local units in China to oversee industrial land transactions, this study examines the effects of unleashing the local government's influence on land prices using a difference-in-differences design. Our research provides compelling evidence that the reform leads to an additional 50% increase in industrial land prices and significantly enhances the productivity of local industrial firms. The rise in land prices can be attributed to an increase in market-oriented transactions. Additionally, we discover an improvement in the quality of new entrants and a reduction in resource misallocation following the reform. By demonstrating the positive externalities of central supervision on local government intervention in the industrial land market, our findings suggest that, in certain cases, central inspection can mitigate distorting behaviors of the local government in input markets. This, in turn, facilitates the screening of productive entrants and hinders investments by unproductive incumbents, thereby improving the overall productivity of economic entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research has been conducted to design a model to create a suitable platform for the preservation and maintenance of human capital and increase the productivity of the organization in the central building of Iran Oil Company. The statistical population of this research consists of two groups, the first group includes experts who are familiar with the theories of human capital preservation and organizational productivity, whose number is unknown and are scattered throughout the country, and their selection was selective and in This research has been used in the design part of the model according to them, the second group included all the employees of the central building of Iran Oil Company (582 people), according to Cochran’s formula, 232 of them were selected as a sample. To collect data, questionnaires on human capital maintenance and organization productivity were used. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the maintenance of human capital and the productivity of the organization in the central building of Iran Oil Company. There is a significant relationship between individual factors, organizational factors, managerial factors, and job factors with organizational productivity in the central building of Iran Oil Company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The research objective of this paper is to investigate the direct and indirect impacts of green finance on agricultural carbon total factor productivity (ACTFP) within the framework of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality (dual carbon) goals, while also identifying the driving factors through an exponential decomposition of ACTFP, aiming to provide policy recommendations to enhance financial support for low-carbon agricultural development. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, the Global Malmquist Luenberger (GML) Index method was employed to analyze and decompose the ACTFP, while the direct and spillover effects of China's green finance pilot policy (GFPP) on ACTFP were assessed using the difference-in-differences (DID) method and the spatial differences-in-differences (SDID) method, respectively. Findings: After the implementation of the GFPP, the ACTFP in the pilot area has experienced significant improvement, with the enhancement of technical efficiency serving as the main driving force. In addition, the GFPP exhibits a positive low-carbon spatial spillover effect, indicating it benefits ACTFP in both the pilot and adjacent areas. Originality/value: Within the framework of the dual carbon goals, the paper highlights agriculture as a significant carbon emitter. ACTFP is assessed by considering the agricultural carbon emission factor as the sole non-desired output, and the impact of the GFPP on ACTFP is investigated through the DID method, thereby providing substantial validation of the hypotheses inferred from the mathematical model. Subsequently, the spillover effects of GFPP on ACTFP are analyzed in conjunction with the spatial econometric model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen (LHM) total factor productivity (TFP) indicator has sound theoretical properties, but its decomposition yields indeterminate components of technical change and scale efficiency change that can become infeasible. The current paper decomposes the approximating Bennet indicator, which results in determinate components of technical change, technical efficiency change, scale efficiency change and mix efficiency change that are always feasible. The application focuses on the German dairy-processing sector, an important postfarm supply chain actor. We compute 558 growth rates for the period 2011-2020. The results show that the LHMapproximating Bennet indicator decreases by on average 1.14% p.a., with substantial annual fluctuations. The underlying components of output- and input-oriented technical change also fluctuate substantially, and often conflict. Moreover, output- and input-oriented TFP efficiency change fluctuate moderately on average, which is mainly driven by scale efficiency change and mix efficiency change. The components of technical efficiency change remain relatively stable on average. Indeterminateness is a relevant problem when decomposing the original LHM indicator for the current sample: depending on the specification, the proportion of infeasibilities when decomposing the original LHM indicator ranges between 6.09% and 15.95%. Our proposed determinate decomposition is thus a valuable complement. [EconLit Citations: D24, D25, Q13]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen fixation, the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into biologically useful compounds, is crucial for sustaining biological processes and industrial productivity. Recent advances have explored plasma-assisted processes as an innovative approach to facilitate nitrogen fixation. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the development, current state of the art, and potential future applications of plasma-based nitrogen fixation. The analysis encompasses fundamental principles, mechanisms, advantages, challenges, and prospects associated with plasma-induced nitrogen fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we develop a trade model that explains the pattern of trade between countries based on differences in total factor productivity (TFP) while also accounting for differences in relative factor endowments. The novelty stems from the introduction of production functions derived by combining the Ricardian and Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson (H-O-S) theories, with TFP differences serving as the basis of comparative advantage. To this end, a testable hypothesis is derived. For the empirical measurement of the TFP in each industry and country, a constant elasticity of substitution (CES)-type production function was employed, and the TFP was calculated as the Solow residual from the production function's fixed term. To offer a better understanding, the model was tested for the bilateral trade between Germany and Russia, and Germany and the Czech Republic. It was found that TFP differences can be used as a basis for explaining comparative advantages and, consequently, the bilateral pattern of trade between two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objectives of this research are to compare the economic performance of the Member States (MS) in the Euro Area 12 (EA-12) of the European Union (EU) that served as net contributors and net recipients of its budget during the period 1998–2022. The comparison focuses on aspects related to economic growth and the business cycle, exploring the presence of hysteresis. To achieve these objectives, a novel approach is employed, which integrates the analysis of both growth and cycles. This approach involves using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE) model to estimate a translog production frontier and assess the impact of lagging output gaps on the potential output or capacity for each of the MS considered. The data used to estimate each frontier and analyze growth decomposition consist of quarterly data filtered using the Kalman filter. The results reveal that lagging output gaps, occurring one or two quarters prior, significantly affect the potential output or capacity of the EA-12 MS, thereby supporting the existence of hysteresis. However, the impacts appear to be minimal. Furthermore, the research concludes that changes in total factor productivity (TFP), mainly due to technical change, play a more crucial role in the growth of MS that are net contributors to the EU budget. Conversely, total factor accumulation (TFA), mainly physical capital accumulation, has a more pronounced impact on the growth of MS net recipients from the EU budget. Interestingly, the heterogeneity observed among the EA-12 MS extends beyond the simple division between net contributors and net recipients of the EU budget. This heterogeneity raises questions about the European Central Bank's (ECB) ability to stabilize the economies of these various MS solely through conventional monetary policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the total factor productivity in forestry is an important part of deepening the reform of the collective forest rights system. Based on the survey data of 295 forest plots in 12 towns of Liuyang City, Hunan Province, China, the study utilized a three-stage DEA model to assess the total factor productivity of forestry at the plot level. The empirical study employs Tobit and fractional regression models to investigate the effects and differences of forestry subsidies and forestry regulatory policies on the heterogeneous total factor productivity of different types of forests. The study found that: (1) the mean value of plot-scale forestry total factor productivity is 0.127, and there are obvious differences in total factor productivity among timber forests, economic forests, and mixed forests; and (2) afforestation subsidies and nurturing subsidies significantly positively influence high-level TFP. Ecological benefit compensation positively affects high-level TFP, but is not significant at any level of TFP. Forestry regulatory policies negatively impact high-level TFP, but are not significant at any level of TFP. This paper puts forward countermeasure suggestions to improve forestry subsidy policies, optimize forestry regulatory policies, and improve forestry total factor productivity from the perspective of heterogeneous forest types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest carbon sinks in Russia are an integral part of the national "Low-carbon development strategy". However, the influence of natural disasters and various land use policies in economic regions (ERs) raises the issue of forest carbon sink efficiency (FCSE). This study adopted a DEA-SBM model that considers undesirable outputs to measure FCSE, and the Malmquist index (MI) approach to analyze total factor productivity (TFP) of forest carbon sinks, using panel data from 2009 to 2021. The results show that the average FCSE was 0.788, with an improvement rate of 21.2%. Scale efficiency is the main factor constraining FCSE in Russia. In twelve ERs, forest carbon sinks are efficient only in the Kaliningrad and West Siberian ERs. In general, forest carbon sinks in Russia are inefficient mainly due to forest fires and other natural disturbances (82.33%); excessive logging activities (38.64%); and lack of carbon absorption capacity (31.70%). The average score of their TFP is 0.970, indicating a decline of 3% over the study period. This is primarily attributed to the decline of 1.6% in technological change. The productivity of forest carbon sinks remained static only in the Kaliningrad ER, while other economic regions performed deterioration trends. Therefore, Russia should enhance the efficiency of forest carbon sinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgency of enhancing agricultural productivity within the Yellow River Basin cannot be overstated, given its critical role in ensuring food security amidst the challenges posed by climate change, natural disasters, and the increasing demand for food crops. Utilizing panel data from nine provinces within the Yellow River Basin for the period 2001 to 2020, this study examines the temporal characteristics and spatial distribution of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) for key grain crops—namely wheat, corn, and soybean—through the application of the Malmquist index which can be decomposed through the DEA-Malmquist index methodology. The empirical results demonstrate that TFP growth rates for these crops have exhibited significant phase variations, with soybean recording the highest TFP growth rate in the basin. Additionally, this study underscores marked regional disparities in soybean productivity. TFP decomposition reveals that the primary drivers of TFP improvement across these crops are attributed to technical progress, with gains in overall technical efficiency largely due to scale efficiency enhancements, whereas pure technical efficiency has shown limited progress. Regional analysis indicates that Inner Mongolia leads in TFP growth for all crops, while Ningxia, Sichuan, and Shaanxi lag behind in wheat, corn, and soybean. Additionally, our analysis delineates natural disasters as a significant barrier to Total Factor Productivity (TFP), notably obstructing technological advancements in wheat cultivation. The investigation further reveals a positive relationship between regional per capita income and the growth of wheat TFP, in contrast to a negative relationship with the TFP growth of corn and soybeans. Moreover, investing in agriculture, forestry, water management, and road infrastructure supports the growth of wheat TFP, while urbanization levels pose constraints. Conclusively, an uptick in annual rural electricity usage, along with improved per capita postal and telecommunication services, exerts a favorable influence on TFP for corn and soybeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a new variant of TIG welding with dynamically regulated wire speed, automating adjustments to wire speed based on arc length and torch angle to optimize quality and productivity. It states that this innovative method mimics manual welding while offering benefits such as improved weld consistency and automatic adaptation to arc length and component tolerances.

This study presents a development plan for a vision AI system to enhance productivity in industrial environments, where environmental control is challenging, by using AI technology. An image pre-processing algorithm was developed using a mobile robot that can operate in complex environments alongside workers to obtain high-quality learning and inspection images. Additionally, the proposed architecture for sustainable AI system development included cropping the inspection part images to minimize the technology development time, investment costs, and the reuse of images. The algorithm was retrained using mixed learning data to maintain and improve its performance in industrial fields. This AI system development architecture effectively addresses the challenges faced in applying AI technology at industrial sites and was demonstrated through experimentation and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using panel data from 510 Brazilian micro‐regions in three census years (1995, 2006 and 2017), this study presents a productivity decomposition for the Brazilian agricultural sector using stochastic production frontier methods that account for the effects of rainfall, temperature and the land suitability index. We also calculated the total factor productivity (TFP) index and decomposed it into technical efficiency, technological change, scale efficiency and environmental efficiency. This article thus provides a new and more realistic assessment of recent Brazilian agricultural productivity growth. In recent decades, Brazilian agriculture has become widely known for presenting fast productivity growth; however, our results suggest that a lower TFP growth rate than previous estimates (1.96% per annum) and the overall effects of climate change could potentially compromise Brazilian agricultural TFP growth in the long run. Our findings might thus generate insights for agricultural and regional policies to increase efficiency in the sector and promote sustainable agricultural development in Brazil, which will contribute to the sector's competitiveness in international markets, the country's social and economic welfare, and environmental conservancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic has affected the lives of billions around the globe. Yet, our understanding of its impact on psychological distress and work productivity remains limited. Using data from two waves of the Understanding Society COVID‐19 study, a representative British survey of reactions to the COVID‐19 pandemic, comprising 5829 individuals, we find that perceived health risks related to COVID‐19 affect the productivity of working individuals negatively via increased psychological distress. Results also show that the extent of homeworking amplifies the negative relationship between psychological distress and productivity. Additionally, we find that the negative relationship between psychological distress and productivity is stronger for self‐employed individuals compared to those who are in paid employment. Psychological distress, self‐employment status and gender jointly interact in reducing productivity, such that self‐employed women experience the strongest decline in productivity. We discuss the implications of our findings in light of supporting individuals to reduce psychological distress and maintain their productivity following the COVID‐19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decomposing firm productivity has been challenging for some time. We propose a flexible functional form for total factor productivity that treats misspecification and endogeneity. The model also treats heteroscedasticity. Our productivity measure nests both the input distance function and output distance function. We provide details of a novel Local Likelihood estimation, a non‐parametric technique, to estimate productivity which also has excellent finite‐sample properties. In an empirical application, we measure bank productivity at the global level. Results show that productivity is correctly identified, and the flexibility of our methodology allows to estimate the impact of equity and nonperforming loans on bank productivity. Technology has positively contributed to productivity. However, nonperforming loans, bank risk‐taking and raising capital have had the opposite effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2020, this article examines the driving effect of Digital Transformation of Corporations (DTC) on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and selects Green Technology Innovation of Corporations (GTIC) as the mediating variable to test the mechanism of action of Digital Transformation of Corporations driving corporate TFP improvement. It is found that Digital Transformation of Corporations can significantly promote corporate TFP improvement; mechanism analysis shows that Digital Transformation of Corporations drives TFP improvement by promoting Green Technology Innovation of Corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Canadian administrative data, this paper presents evidence of revenue and productivity spillovers across firms at fine spatial scales. Accounting for the endogenous sorting of firms across space, we estimate an average elasticity of firm revenue and productivity with respect to the average quality of other firms within 75 meters of 0.024. We find scant evidence that the average firm benefits from being surrounded by a greater amount of economic activity at this spatial scale. Sorting of higher-quality firms into more productive locations and higher average and aggregate quality peer groups is salient in the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the relationship between technology spillovers from trade, domestic research and development (R&D) spending, and the growth in green total factor productivity within the agricultural sector. An empirical illustration is provided using a sample of 48 countries involved in China's Belt and Road Initiative from 2000 to 2019. Our findings highlight the important role of agricultural imports as a positive driving force behind green productivity growth, while the impact of domestic R&D expenditures on agricultural productivity lacks statistical significance in our sample. Furthermore, we find that trade-related technological spillovers drive environmentally sustainable agricultural growth in economically developed nations, but this effect is weaker in developing countries. Conversely, greater domestic investment in agricultural research and development programs helps promote green productivity growth in relatively rich countries, but its influence diminishes in middle-income and developing countries. Lastly, a positive impact of importing vegetable and edible oil products on productivity is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital-skill complementarity in production implies non-trivial interactions between the availability of human capital and financial constraints. Firms that are constrained in their access to finance hire a lower proportion of skilled workers than do unconstrained firms. Conversely, a lack of human capital increases skilled wages, reducing firms' desired capital intensity and thus loosening firms' effective financial constraints. To assess the macroeconomic implications of such firm-level interactions, we build an occupational-choice model with capital-skill complementarity in production, which we calibrate to US data. We vary financial frictions, educational attainment and total factor productivity across countries, and we quantify how aggregate output, wage inequality and entrepreneurship are affected by financial market liberalizations and increases in educational attainment. For aggregate output, the joint effect of both factors is, on average, 30% larger than the sum of the individual effects. Taking the educational attainment of the population as given, in countries with a negligible share of tertiary-educated workers and low total factor productivity, financial development has only small effects on aggregate output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]