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We present the fascinating phenomena of resonant radiation emitted by transient rogue waves in cubic and quadratic nonlinear media, particularly those shed from Peregrine solitons, one of the main wavepackets used today to model real-world rogue waves. In cubic media, it turns out that the emission of radiation from a Peregrine soliton can be attributed to the presence of higher-order dispersion, but is affected by the intrinsic local longitudinal variation of the soliton wavenumber. In quadratic media, we reveal that a two-color Peregrine rogue wave can resonantly radiate dispersive waves even in the absence of higher-order dispersion, subjected to a phase-matching mechanism that involves the second-harmonic wave, and to a concomitant difference-frequency generation process. In both cubic and quadratic media, we provide simple analytic criteria for calculating the radiated frequencies in terms of material parameters, showing excellent agreement with numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the pneumonia risk based on the patient's sex during the COVID-19 pandemic and the early months of the endemic phase of the disease in Mexico. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a dataset resulting from the epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 (February 2020 to August 2023). Data from 1.6 million adults with laboratory-positive disease, were analyzed. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), computed through generalized linear regression models, were used. The overall risk of pneumonia was 9.3% (95% CI 9.2-9.4%), with sex-specific estimates of 7.0% (95% CI 6.9-7.1%) for women and 12.0% (95% CI 11.9-12.1%) for men. This disparity was consistently observed throughout all phases of the pandemic, including the endemic phase of the disease. After adjusting for age, predominant viral genotype at illness onset and preexisting medical conditions, men had a 3.3% higher risk of severe manifestations when compared to women (RR = 1.033, 95% CI 1.032-1.034). Our research highlights the potential role of patients' sex as a factor influencing pneumonia risk during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. These findings may provide useful considerations for healthcare planning and policy development focused on addressing the impact of the disease on vulnerable populations., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Institutional review board statement Due to our exclusive utilization of publicly available datasets and the academic and scientific nature of our analysis, we obtained an exemption from the Committee of Ethics in Health Research (601) of the Mexican Institute of Social Security., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

During 2023/24, all children aged 6 to 59 months were targeted for seasonal influenza vaccination in Spain nationally. Using a test-negative case-control design with sentinel surveillance data, we estimated adjusted influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against any influenza type to be 70% (95% confidence interval (CI): 51 to 81%) for primary care patients with acute respiratory illness (ARI) and 77% (95% CI: 21 to 93%) for hospitalised patients with severe ARI. In primary care, where most subtyped viruses (61%; 145/237) were A(H1N1), adjusted IVE was 77% (95% CI: 56 to 88%) against A(H1N1)pdm09.

This study conducts a comprehensive analysis on the usage of the blockchain technology in clinical trials, based on a curated corpus of 107 scientific articles from the year 2016 through the first quarter of 2024. Utilizing a methodological framework that integrates bibliometric analysis, network analysis, thematic mapping, and latent Dirichlet allocation, the study explores the terrain and prospective developments within this usage based on data analytics. Through a meticulous examination of the analyzed articles, the present study identifies seven key thematic areas, highlighting the diverse applications and interdisciplinary nature of blockchain in clinical trials. Our findings reveal blockchain capability to enhance data management, participant consent processes, as well as overall trial transparency, efficiency, and security. Additionally, the investigation discloses the emerging synergy between blockchain and advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and federated learning, proposing innovative directions for improving clinical research methodologies. Our study underscores the collaborative efforts in dealing with the complexities of integrating blockchain into the areas of clinical trials and healthcare, delineating the transformative potential of blockchain technology in revolutionizing these areas by addressing challenges and promoting practices of efficient, secure, and transparent research. The delineated themes and networks of collaboration provide a blueprint for future inquiry, showing the importance of empirical research to narrow the gap between theoretical promise and practical implementation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors Cecilia Castro, Víctor Leiva, Diego Garrido, Mauricio Huerta, and Vinicius Minatogawa declare that they have no financial or personal conflicts of interest that could have inappropriately influenced their work entitled. This study did not receive any specific funding from commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Furthermore, the authors affirm that all research was conducted in accordance with ethical standards., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Prcis: Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation by residents showed similar complications, success, and failure rates, regardless of their level of expertise. Training programs must encourage ophthalmologists to perform this surgery to enhance competence in their future practices., Purpose: To describe outcomes of resident-performed Ahmed valve implantation over a 5-year period., Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent resident-performed Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation over a 5-year period. The main outcomes were the number of surgeries performed by first-year, second-year, and third-year residents, intraoperative, and postoperative complications, and the association of level of training with outcomes and complications., Results: Totally, 160 eyes were included, with a mean age of 53.8±15.4 years, 63% were men. The most frequent type of glaucoma was neovascular glaucoma (67.5%). Mean follow-up was 23.2±19.6 months. Residents of higher years performed more surgeries and no relationship was found between the surgeon's level of training and type of glaucoma operated on. After the surgical procedure, significant changes in best-corrected visual acuity were noted in surgeries performed by third-year residents ( P =0.04). Intraocular pressure and number of medications were significantly reduced in all groups ( P =0.01). Complications were registered in 60 eyes; the most frequent being the presence of a transient flat anterior chamber (27.45%)., Conclusions: There were no significant differences in terms of IOP control and the number of complications in the 3 groups. There was no significant association between the resident's experience and the outcomes of the surgery. The Ahmed valve implant is a procedure that appears to have similar results in surgeons with different levels of training., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Intracranial compliance refers to the relationship between changes in volume and the resultant changes in intracranial pressure (ICP). This study aimed to assess the agreement of a noninvasive ICP waveform device for the estimation of compliance compared with invasive ICP monitoring employing three distinct methods., Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of ICP waveform morphology recorded through both invasive (external ventricular drain) and noninvasive (mechanical extensometer) methods in adult patients with acute brain injury admitted to a neurointensive care unit between August 2021 and August 2022. Compliance was calculated as the amplitude of the fundamental component of cerebral arterial blood volume (estimated with concurrent Transcranial Doppler [TCD] recordings), divided by the amplitude of the fundamental component of the invasive and noninvasive ICP waveforms. Subsequently, we assessed the agreement between invasive and noninvasive intracranial compliance by repeated measures correlation coefficient analysis using three methods: TCD-derived, P2/P1 ratio, and time-to-peak (TTP). A linear mixed-effects model was used to compute the concordance correlation coefficient, total deviation index, and coefficient of individual agreement. Coverage probability plot was calculated to estimate the percent of observations within different cut points for each of the three methods., Results: A total of 21 patients were identified for this study. Repeated measures correlation analysis showed a strong correlation (R = 0.982, 95% confidence interval [0.980-0.984], p < 0.0001) between log-transformed noninvasive and invasive compliance. Agreement statistics for TCD, P2/P1 ratio, and TTP indicated that although the concordance correlation coefficient was highest for log(TCD) values, TTP and P2:P1 ratio measures had better agreement with total deviation index and coverage probability plot analyses., Conclusions: Repeated measures correlations suggest that ICP waveform analyses may offer a more accurate estimate of compliance than TCD-derived methods for noninvasive ICP monitoring. Further validations studies are warranted to confidently establish this method as an indicator of intracranial compliance., (© 2024. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and Neurocritical Care Society.)

Renal iron overload is a common complication of diabetes that leads to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the kidneys. This study investigated the effects of iron chelation using deferiprone on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the renal cortex of a murine model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetic rats were treated with deferiprone (50 mg/kg BW) for 16 weeks. Our results show that iron chelation with deferiprone significantly increased the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant enzymes. This led to enhanced antioxidant capacity, reduced production of reactive oxygen species, and improved mitochondrial bioenergetic function in diabetic rats. However, chronic iron chelation led to altered mitochondrial respiration and increased oxidative stress in non-diabetic rats. In conclusion, our findings suggest that iron chelation with deferiprone protects mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitigates oxidative stress in the renal cortex, involving the NRF2 pathway in type 2 diabetes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: Early mobilization benefits critically ill patients, but concerns persist, especially in neurologic intensive care unit patients with acute brain injuries. This study assesses early mobility's impact on cerebrovascular autoregulation (CA) and systemic hemodynamics., Methods: This single-center retrospective study focused on adult neurologic intensive care unit patients undergoing passive cycle ergometry. Data were collected from December 2020 to April 2022. Physical therapists conducted sessions using a standardized protocol, monitoring mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP). The Pressure Reactivity Index (PRx) was calculated as a measure of CA. Statistical analysis included mixed models and repeated measures ANOVA., Results: Eleven patients undergoing continuous physiologic monitoring and early mobility were included, primarily with subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracranial hemorrhage. Median time to protocol initiation was 4 days, with two patients discontinuing due to hemodynamic disturbances. Over a total of 11-hours of neuromonitoring data, passive cycling demonstrated a significant reduction in heart rate (HR), MAP, and ICP across different rotations per minute (RPM) settings compared to baseline. No significant alterations in PRx or cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were noted at various RPM levels. However, a significant difference in PRx emerged between patients who completed the protocol and those who did not, particularly at 10 RPM., Discussion: This study offers preliminary insights into the impact of early mobility on CA in acute brain injured patients. While passive cycling demonstrates promise in preserving cerebral hemodynamics, its tolerability may not be uniform across all brain-injured patients. These findings highlight the need to determine optimal early mobilization timing and intensity in this population, emphasizing the necessity for larger prospective studies to validate these findings and inform clinical practice., Details: This manuscript complies with all instructions to the authors. All coauthors meet the authorship requirements and have reviewed and approved the contents of the manuscript. The manuscript has not been published totally or partly, accepted for publication, or under editorial review for publication elsewhere. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. STROBE checklist was reviewed prior to the submission of this paper. The manuscript adheres to ethical guidelines and was approved by Cleveland Clinic's institutional research board for retrospective study. There is no funding to disclose for this study., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Understanding progression mechanisms and developing new targeted therapies is imperative in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, 80 metastatic PDAC patients were prospectively recruited and divided into discovery (n=37) and validation (n=43) cohorts. Tumor and plasma samples taken at diagnosis were pair analyzed using whole exome sequencing (WES) in patients belonging to the discovery cohort alone. The variant allele frequency (VAF) of KRAS mutations was measured by ddPCR in plasma at baseline and response assessment in all patients. Plasma WES identified at least one pathogenic variant across the cohort, uncovering oncogenic mechanisms, DNA repair, microsatellite instability, and alterations in the TGFb pathway. Interestingly, actionable mutations were mostly found in plasma rather than tissue. Patients with shorter survival showed enrichment in cellular organization regulatory pathways. Through WES we could identify a specific molecular profile of patients with liver metastasis, which exhibited exclusive mutations in genes related to the adaptive immune response pathway, highlighting the importance of the immune system in liver metastasis development. Moreover, KRAS mutations in plasma (both at diagnosis and persistent at follow-up) correlated with shorter progression free survival (PFS). Patients presenting a reduction of over 84.75 % in KRAS VAF at response assessment had similar PFS to KRAS-negative patients. Overall, plasma WES reveals molecular profiles indicative of rapid progression, potentially actionable targets, and associations between adaptive immune response pathway alterations and liver tropism., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest AC declares institutional research funding from Genentech, Merck Serono, BMS, MSD, Roche, Beigene, Bayer, Servier, Lilly, Natera, Novartis, Takeda, Astellas and Fibrogen and advisory board or speaker fees from Merck Serono, Roche, Servier, Takeda and Astellas. NT declares advisory board or speaker fees from Merck Serono, Servier, Pfizer, Natera and Guardant Health. MH declares advisory board and speaker fees from Servier. TF declares institutional research funding from Genentech, Adapt immune, Roche, Beigene, Astelas, BMS, Daichii Sanyo, Amgen and speaker fees from Astrazeneca, Amgen, Bayer, BMS, Lilly, MSD and Servier. VG declares advisory board fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and institutional research funding from Bayer, Boehringer, Roche, Genentech, Merck Serono, Beigene, Servier, Lilly, Novartis, Takeda, Astelas, Fibrogen, Amcure, Natera, Sierra Oncology, AstraZeneca, Medimmune, BMS, MSD. SR declares personal fees as an invited speaker from Amgen, MSD and Servier. Advisory board fees from Amgen, Servier and Sirtex and institutional funding from Ability Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, G1 Therapeutics, Hutchinson, Menarini, Mirati, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Seagen. LS declares advisory board or speaker fees from Johnson and Johnson, Medtronic, Baxter, Cella Medical Solutions. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. All authors have read the journal's policy on disclosure of potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Affordable nitrogen and fluorine co-doped carbon nanostructure was prepared from the hazardous industrial waste of edible oil refinery, spent bleaching earth (SBE), and used as raw material for obtaining high-performance non-noble metal bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts. Waste SBE contains 35 % residue non-saturated oil as a carbon source and the assistance of montmorillonite (MMT) as the template. This study converts waste SBE into a fluorine-doped carbon nanostructure through a pyrolysis process followed by removing the aluminosilicate layers of the MMT by HF etching. Furthermore, the impregnation of the support with Co and Fe nitrates readily gives rise to N, F co-doped carbon (NFC) electrocatalysts, as confirmed by XPS analysis. Electrochemical results evidenced that the Co-NFC catalyst proved to be a valuable bifunctional competitor for oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media, showing activity in both reactions and superior stability compared with the Fe-NFC catalyst in accelerated tests. This work offers a straightforward, economical, and eco-friendly strategy for designing N, F co-doped carbon-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reactions in electrochemical devices., (© 2024 The Authors. ChemPlusChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background Context: Lateral approaches for lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) allow for access to the lumbar spine and disc space by passing through a retroperitoneal corridor either pre- or trans-psoas. A contraindication for this approach is the presence of retroperitoneal scarring that may occur from prior surgical intervention in the retroperitoneal space or from inflammatory conditions with fibrotic changes and pose challenges for the mobilization and visualization needed in this approach. However, there is a paucity of evidence on the prevalence of surgical complications following lateral fusion surgery in patients with a history of abdominal surgery., Purpose: The primary aim of this study is to describe the association between surgical complications following lateral interbody fusion surgery and prior abdominal surgical., Study Design: Retrospective study., Patient Sample: Patients over the age of 18 who underwent lateral lumbar interbody fusion at a large, tertiary care center between 2011 and 2019 were included in the study., Outcome Measures: The primary outcome included medical, surgical, and thigh-related complications either in the intraoperative or 90-day postoperative periods. Additional outcome metrics included readmission rates, length of stay, and operative duration., Methods: The electronic health records of 250 patients were reviewed for demographic information, surgical data, complications, and readmission following surgery. The association of patient and surgical factors to complication rate was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Statistical analysis was performed using R statistical software (R, Vienna, Austria)., Results: Of 250 lateral interbody fusion patients, 62.8% had a prior abdominal surgery and 13.8% had a history of colonic disease. The most common perioperative complication was transient thigh or groin pain/sensory changes (n=62, 24.8%). A multivariable logistic regression considering prior abdominal surgery, age, BMI, history of colonic disease, multilevel surgery, and the approach relative to psoas found no significant association between surgical complication rates and colonic disease (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.02-2.22) or a history of prior abdominal surgeries (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.20-1.55). Further, the invasiveness of prior abdominal surgeries showed no association with overall spine complication rate, lateral-specific complications, or readmission rates (p>.05)., Conclusion: Though retroperitoneal scarring is an important consideration for lateral approaches to the lumbar spine, this study found no association between lateral lumbar approach complication rates and prior abdominal surgery. Further study is needed to determine the impact of inflammatory colonic disease on lateral approach spine surgery., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest One or more of the authors declare financial or professional relationships on ICMJE-TSJ disclosure forms., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The TMEM16A channel, a member of the TMEM16 protein family comprising chloride (Cl - ) channels and lipid scramblases, is activated by the free intracellular Ca 2+ increments produced by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca 2+ release after GqPCRs or Ca 2+ entry through cationic channels. It is a ubiquitous transmembrane protein that participates in multiple physiological functions essential to mammals' lives. TMEM16A structure contains two identical 10-segment monomers joined at their transmembrane segment 10. Each monomer harbours one independent hourglass-shaped pore gated by Ca 2+ ligation to an orthosteric site adjacent to the pore and controlled by two gates. The orthosteric site is created by assembling negatively charged glutamate side chains near the pore´s cytosolic end. When empty, this site generates an electrostatic barrier that controls channel rectification. In addition, an isoleucine-triad forms a hydrophobic gate at the boundary of the cytosolic vestibule and the inner side of the neck. When the cytosolic Ca 2+ rises, one or two Ca 2+ ions bind to the orthosteric site in a voltage (V)-dependent manner, thus neutralising the electrostatic barrier and triggering an allosteric gating mechanism propagating via transmembrane segment 6 to the hydrophobic gate. These coordinated events lead to pore opening, allowing the Cl - flux to ensure the physiological response. The Ca 2+ -dependent function of TMEM16A is highly regulated. Anions with higher permeability than Cl - facilitate V dependence by increasing the Ca 2+ sensitivity, intracellular protons can replace Ca 2+ and induce channel opening, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate bound to four cytosolic sites likely maintains Ca 2+ sensitivity. Additional regulation is afforded by cytosolic proteins, most likely by phosphorylation and protein-protein interaction mechanisms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 circulated intensely during the 2021-2022 season, many patients with severe acute respiratory disease tested negative for COVID-19. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of different respiratory viruses in deceased persons. The proportion of deceased persons with respiratory viral infections in the 2021-2022 season in Navarre, Spain, was estimated considering all deaths caused by confirmed COVID-19 according to the epidemiological surveillance and the results of multiplex PCR tests for respiratory viruses performed in a sample of deceased persons with a cause of death other than COVID-19. Of 3578 deaths, 324 (9.1%) were initially reported as caused by pre-mortem confirmed COVID-19. A sample of 242 persons who died by causes other than COVID-19 were tested post-mortem; 64 (26.4%) of them were positive for any respiratory virus: 11.2% for SARS-CoV-2, 5.8% for rhinovirus, 3.7% for human coronavirus, 2.5% for metapneumovirus, 1.7% for respiratory syncytial virus, 1.7% for parainfluenza, 1.2% for influenza, and less than 1% each for adenovirus and bocavirus. Combining both approaches, we estimated that 34.4% of all deceased persons during the study period had a respiratory viral infection and 19.2% had SARS-CoV-2. Only 33.3% (9/27) of SARS-CoV-2 and 5.0% (2/40) of other viruses detected post-mortem had previously been confirmed pre-mortem. In a period with very intense circulation of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic, other respiratory viruses were also frequently present in deceased persons. Some SARS-CoV-2 infections and most other viral infections were not diagnosed pre-mortem. Several respiratory viruses may contribute to excess mortality in winter.

Introduction: it is estimated that 302 million people worldwide are affected by osteoarthritis, corresponding to 60% osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, which responsible 80% of disability in older adults, hence the importance of the association of the sign with the early inflammatory process in OA., Objective: to determine the association of digital pressure sign in patients with and without osteoarthritis of the knee., Material and Methods: this was an observational, comparative cross-sectional study, carried out in patients with and without a diagnosis of knee OA, to whom the digital pressure sign was determined. The sample was calculated with the formula for two proportions, obtaining a total of 40 participants per group, obtained by non-probabilistic sampling for convenience. The statistical analysis included frequencies, percentages, 2 and OR. The bioethics regulations in force were respected., Results: the study included 80 participants, with a median age of 48.9 years (RQI 46-53.7), 73.1% were predominantly female sex (38), and a statistically significant association was found between patients with OA and the presence of digital pressure sign, 2 4.62 and p value = 0.41, OR of 2.65., Conclusions: the presence of digital pressure sign increases the probability of having OA 2.65 times more.

Background: With more than 7500 cases reported since April 2022, Spain has experienced the highest incidence of mpox in Europe. From 12 July onward, the modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavaria Nordic (MVA-BN) smallpox vaccine was offered as pre-exposure prophylaxis for those receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-PrEP). Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of 1 dose of MVA-BN vaccine as pre-exposure prophylaxis against mpox virus (MPXV) infection in persons on HIV-PrEP., Methods: National retrospective cohort study between 12 July and 12 December 2022. Individuals aged ≥18 years receiving HIV-PrEP as of 12 July with no previous MPXV infection or vaccination were eligible. Each day, we matched individuals receiving a first dose of vaccine and unvaccinated controls of the same age and region. We used a Kaplan-Meier estimator, calculated risk ratios (RR) and vaccine effectiveness (VE = [1 - RR]x100)., Results: We included 5660 matched pairs, with a median follow-up of 62 days (interquartile range, 24-97). Mpox cumulative incidence was 5.6 per 1000 (25 cases) in unvaccinated and 3.5 per 1000 (18 cases) in vaccinated. No effect was found during days 0-6 post-vaccination (VE, -38.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], -332.7 to 46.4), but VE was 65% at ≥7 days (95% CI, 22.9 to 88.0) and 79% at ≥14 days (95% CI, 33.3 to 100.0) post-vaccination., Conclusions: One dose of MVA-BN vaccine offered protection against mpox in most-at-risk population shortly after the vaccination. Further studies need to assess the VE of a second dose and the duration of protection over time., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. A. G. T. reports financial support for expert testimony from Moderna and GSK and for attending meetings and/or travel from Pfizer and MSD. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Active hydroponic substrates that stimulate on demand the plant growth have not been demonstrated so far. Here, we developed the eSoil, a low-power bioelectronic growth scaffold that can provide electrical stimulation to the plants' root system and growth environment in hydroponics settings. eSoil's active material is an organic mixed ionic electronic conductor while its main structural component is cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer. We demonstrate that barley seedlings that are widely used for fodder grow within the eSoil with the root system integrated within its porous matrix. Simply by polarizing the eSoil, seedling growth is accelerated resulting in increase of dry weight on average by 50% after 15 d of growth. The effect is evident both on root and shoot development and occurs during the growth period after the stimulation. The stimulated plants reduce and assimilate NO 3 - more efficiently than controls, a finding that may have implications on minimizing fertilizer use. However, more studies are required to provide a mechanistic understanding of the physical and biological processes involved. eSoil opens the pathway for the development of active hydroponic scaffolds that may increase crop yield in a sustainable manner., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

In 2021-2022, most of the Spanish population received COVID-19 vaccines and a high proportion of them had SARS-CoV-2 infection. We estimated the rate of hospitalisations and deaths that were averted by risk reduction among vaccinated COVID-19 cases. Hospitalisations and deaths were analysed among COVID-19 cases confirmed in 2021 and 2022 in Navarre, Spain. To calculate the number of prevented outcomes by sex, age, comorbidities, and semester, the difference in the risk of each outcome between unvaccinated and vaccinated cases was multiplied by the number of vaccinated cases. COVID-19 vaccination coverage with any dose reached 88%, 86% with full vaccination, and 56% with a booster dose. The cumulative rates per 1000 inhabitants were 382 COVID-19 confirmed cases, 6.70 hospitalisations, and 1.15 deaths from COVID-19. The estimated rates of prevented events by vaccination were 16.33 hospitalisations and 3.39 deaths per 1000 inhabitants, which was 70.9% and 74.7% of expected events without vaccination, respectively. People aged 80 years and older or with major chronic conditions accounted for the majority of hospitalizations and deaths prevented by COVID-19 vaccination. One hospitalisation and death due to COVID-19 were averted for every 53 and 258 people vaccinated, respectively. The high COVID-19 vaccine effect in reducing the risk of severe outcomes and the high vaccination coverage in risk populations prevented three out of four hospitalisations and deaths due to COVID-19 during a period of intense circulation of SARS-CoV-2.