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Background: Tourette syndrome (TS) is recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder profoundly influenced by familial factors, particularly family functioning. However, the relationship among family functioning, tic severity, and quality of life in individuals with TS during childhood and adolescence remains unclear. We hypothesized that family functioning plays a role in the association between the severity of TS and quality of life in children., Aim: To determine the role of family functioning in the relationship between TS severity and quality of life., Methods: This study enrolled 139 children (male/female = 113/26) with TS. We assessed tic severity using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, quality of life via the Tourette Syndrome Quality of Life Scale, and family functioning through the Family Assessment Device. Our analysis focused on correlating these measures and exploring the mediating role of family functioning in the relationship between tic severity and quality of life. Additionally, we examined if this mediating effect varied by gender or the presence of comorbidity., Results: We found that family communication dysfunction had a significant mediating effect between tic severity and both psychological symptoms (indirect effect: Β = 0.0038, 95% confidence interval: 0.0006-0.0082) as well as physical and activities of daily living impairment (indirect effect: Β = 0.0029, 95% confidence interval: 0.0004-0.0065). For vocal tic severity, this mediation was found to be even more pronounced. Additionally, in male participants and those without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the mediating effect of family communication dysfunction was still evident., Conclusion: Our study highlights the impact of family functioning on the tic severity and the quality of life in children. This relationship is influenced by gender and comorbid conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

The depletion of nutrient sources in fertilizers demands a paradigm shift in the treatment of nutrient-rich wastewater, such as urine, to enable efficient resource recovery and high-value conversion. This study presented an integrated bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) and hollow fiber membrane (HFM) system for near-complete resource recovery and zero-discharge from urine treatment. Computational simulations and experimental validations demonstrated that a higher voltage (20 V) significantly enhanced energy utilization, while an optimal flow rate of 0.4 L/min effectively mitigated the negative effects of concentration polarization and electro-osmosis on system performance. Within 40 min, the process separated 90.13% of the salts in urine, with an energy consumption of only 8.45 kWh/kg base . Utilizing a multi-chamber structure for selective separation, the system achieved recovery efficiencies of 89% for nitrogen, 96% for phosphorus, and 95% for potassium from fresh urine, converting them into high-value products such as 85 mM acid, 69.5 mM base, and liquid fertilizer. According to techno-economic analysis, the cost of treating urine using this system at the lab-scale was $6.29/kg of products (including acid, base, and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ), which was significantly lower than the $20.44/kg cost for the precipitation method to produce struvite. Excluding fixed costs, a net profit of $18.24/m 3 was achieved through the recovery of valuable products from urine using this system. The pilot-scale assessment showed that the net benefit amounts to $19.90/m 3 of urine, demonstrating significant economic feasibility. This study presents an effective approach for the near-complete resource recovery and zero-discharge treatment of urine, offering a practical solution for sustainable nutrient recycling and wastewater management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by clinical symptoms of memory and cognitive deficiencies. Postmortem evaluation of AD brain tissue shows proteinopathy that closely associate with the progression of this dementing disorder, including the accumulation of extracellular beta amyloid (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Current therapies targeting Aβ have limited clinical efficacy and life-threatening side effects and highlight the need for alternative treatments targeting pTau and other pathophysiologic mechanisms driving AD pathogenesis. The brain's extracellular matrices (ECM), particularly perineuronal nets (PNNs), play a crucial role in brain functioning and neurocircuit stability, and reorganization of these unique PNN matrices has been associated with the progression of AD and accumulation of pTau in humans. We hypothesize that AD-associated changes in PNNs may in part be driven by the accumulation of pTau within the brain. In this work, we investigated whether the presence of pTau influenced PNN structural integrity and PNN chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) compositional changes in two transgenic mouse models expressing tauopathy-related AD pathology, PS19 (P301S) and Tau4RTg2652 mice. We show that PS19 mice exhibit an age-dependent loss of hippocampal PNN CS-GAGs, but not the underlying aggrecan core protein structures, in association with pTau accumulation, gliosis, and neurodegeneration. The loss of PNN CS-GAGs were linked to shifts in CS-GAG sulfation patterns to favor the neuroregenerative isomer, 2S6S-CS. Conversely, Tau4RTg2652 mice exhibit stable PNN structures and normal CS-GAG isomer composition despite robust pTau accumulation, suggesting a critical interaction between neuronal PNN glycan integrity and neighboring glial cell activation. Overall, our findings provide insights into the complex relationship between PNN CS-GAGs, pTau pathology, gliosis, and neurodegeneration in mouse models of tauopathy, and offer new therapeutic insights and targets for AD treatment., (© 2024 International Society for Neurochemistry.)

The posterolateral tibial plateau is crucial for maintaining knee stability during flexion, and fractures in this area often involve ligament and meniscus injuries, necessitating effective management. However, treating posterolateral tibial plateau fractures (PLF) poses significant challenges due to the complex anatomy. Therefore, this review aims to explore contemporary concepts of PLF, from identification to fixation, and proposes a comprehensive treatment strategy. In this article, the authors detail the injury mechanisms, fracture morphology, PLF classification systems, surgical approaches, and techniques for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) as well as arthroscopic-assisted internal fixation (ARIF). The findings indicate that PLF is typically caused by flexion-valgus forces, resulting in depression or split-depression patterns. For isolated PLF, the supra-fibular head approach is often preferable, whereas posterior approaches are more suitable for combined fractures. Additionally, innovative plates, particularly the horizontal belt plate, have shown satisfactory outcomes in treating PLF. Currently, the 'bicondylar four-quadrant' concept is widely used for assessing and managing the tibial plateau fractures involving PLF, forming the cornerstone of the comprehensive treatment strategy. Despite challenges in surgical exposure and implant placement, ORIF remains the mainstream treatment for PLF, benefiting significantly from the supra-fibular head approach and the horizontal belt plate. Furthermore, ARIF has proven effective by providing enhanced visualization and surgical precision in managing PLF, emerging as a promising technique., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Hepatectomy is the first choice for treating liver cancer. However, inflammatory factors, released in response to pain stimulation, may suppress perioperative immune function and affect the prognosis of patients undergoing hepatectomies., Aim: To determine the short-term efficacy of microwave ablation in the treatment of liver cancer and its effect on immune function., Methods: Clinical data from patients with liver cancer admitted to Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital from January 2020 to December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty-five patients underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy for liver cancer (liver cancer resection group) and 35 patients underwent medical image-guided microwave ablation (liver cancer ablation group). The short-term efficacy, complications, liver function, and immune function indices before and after treatment were compared between the two groups., Results: One month after treatment, 19 patients experienced complete remission (CR), 8 patients experienced partial remission (PR), 6 patients experienced stable disease (SD), and 2 patients experienced disease progression (PD) in the liver cancer resection group. In the liver cancer ablation group, 21 patients experienced CR, 9 patients experienced PR, 3 patients experienced SD, and 2 patients experienced PD. No significant differences in efficacy and complications were detected between the liver cancer ablation and liver cancer resection groups ( P > 0.05). After treatment, total bilirubin (41.24 ± 7.35 vs 49.18 ± 8.64 μmol/L, P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (30.85 ± 6.23 vs 42.32 ± 7.56 U/L, P < 0.001), CD4 + (43.95 ± 5.72 vs 35.27 ± 5.56, P < 0.001), CD8 + (20.38 ± 3.91 vs 22.75 ± 4.62, P < 0.001), and CD4 + /CD8 + (2.16 ± 0.39 vs 1.55 ± 0.32, P < 0.001) were significantly different between the liver cancer ablation and liver cancer resection groups., Conclusion: The short-term efficacy and safety of microwave ablation and laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of liver cancer are similar, but liver function recovers quickly after microwave ablation, and microwave ablation may enhance immune function., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflicts of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis with Tenecteplase (TNK) in patients with post-awakening branch atheromatous disease (BAD). Methods: A retrospective collection was conducted on 178 patients with post-awakening BAD admitted to the Stroke Centre of Zhengzhou People's Hospital from January 2017 to June 2023, who had a mismatch in DWI/FLAIR on magnetic resonance imaging. The patients were divided into thrombolysis group (60 patients) and control group (118 patients) according to whether or not they were applied to intravenous thrombolysis by TNK. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to pair and balance the confounding factors at 1∶1 between the two groups, and the 90-d long-term prognosis of the patients was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the Barthel Index (BI). The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was used to compare the early neurological changes between the two groups.The differences in clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: Fifty-two pairs of patients, 65 males and 39 females, aged (60±9) years, were successfully matched by PSM. The thrombolysis group had lower NIHSS score than that of the control group at 24 h, 7 d, 14 d after treatment or at discharge [3(2, 5) vs 4(3, 7), 3(2, 5) vs 4(3, 5), and 2(1, 4) vs 3(2, 4)], and shorter hospital stay than that of the control group [9(7, 12) d vs 11(9, 13) d], and at the same time, the thrombolysis group was less likely to experience early neurological deterioration (END) [9.6% (5/52) vs 28.9% (15/52)], and the proportion of 90 d mRS≤1, mRS≤2, and BI scores were higher than those in the control group [63.5% (33/52) vs 30.8% (16/52), 82.7% (43/52) vs 59.6% (31/52), and (91±8) points vs (82±8) points ], all differences were statistically significant ( P< 0.05). The percentage of mRS≥4 points was higher in the control group than that in the thrombolysis group [23.1% (12/52) vs 7.7% (4/52)]. One case of intracranial haemorrhage occurred in the thrombolysis group, and 1 case in the control group died of pulmonary infection within 90 d of follow-up, with a case-fatality rate of 1.9% (1/52). Conclusion: In the patients with post-awakening BAD screened by MRI, TNK intravenous thrombolysis can significantly reduce the risk of END, improving long-term prognosis and has a high safety.

An efficient approach was developed for the synthesis of the well-known BlueCage by pre-bridging two 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT) panels with one linker followed by cage formation in a much improved yield and shortened reaction time. Such a stepwise methodology was further applied to synthesize three new pyridinium organic cages, C2 , C3 , and C4 , where the low-symmetry cages C3 and C4 with angled panels demonstrated better recognition properties toward 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) than the high-symmetry analogue C2 featuring parallel platforms.

Here, the taxonomy of the genus Rhagastis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Macroglossinae, Macroglossini) from China is revised based on differences in wing morphology, male and female genitalia, and the phylogenetic relationship of the DNA barcodes. Subspecies of Rhagastis albomarginatus (Rothschild, 1894) and R. castor (Walker, 1856) are treated as "good" species, namely Rhagastis dichroae Mell, 1922 stat. nov.; R. everetti Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 stat. nov.; R. aurifera (Butler, 1875) stat. rev.; R. chinensis Mell, 1922 stat. nov.; R. formosana Clark, 1925 stat. nov.; and R. jordani Oberthür, 1904 stat. rev. The distribution maps, biological notes, and ecological records of the genus Rhagastis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 from China are given, and a species inventory of genus Rhagastis in the world is also included.

Objective: Dual-plate fixation was thought to be the gold standard for treating complicated bicondylar tibial plateau fractures, yet it was found to be hard to accommodate the posterior column in three-column fractures. Currently, column-specific fixation is becoming more and more recognized, but no comprehensive investigation has been performed to back it up. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the importance of posterior column fixation in the three-column tibial fractures by a finite element (FE) analysis and clinical study., Methods: In FE analysis, three models were developed: the longitudinal triple-plate group (LTPG), the oblique triple-plate group (OTPG), and the dual-plate group (DPG). Three loading scenarios were simulated. The distribution of the displacement and the equivalent von Mises stress (VMS) in each structure was calculated. The comparative measurements including the maximum posterior column collapse (MPCC), the maximum total displacement of the model (MTD), the maximum VMS of cortical posterior column (MPC-VMS), and the maximum VMS located on each group of plates and screws (MPS-VMS). The clinical study evaluated the indicators between the groups with or without the posterior plate, including operation time, blood loss volume, full-weight bearing period, Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Scoring system (HSS), Rasmussen score, and common postoperative complications., Results: In the FE analysis, the MPCC, the MPC-VMS, and the MTD were detected in much lower amounts in LTPG and OTPG than in DPG. In comparison with DPG, the LTPG and OTPG had larger MPS-VMS. In the clinical study, 35 cases were included. In the triple-plate (14) and dual-plate (21) groups, the operation took 115.6 min and 100.5 min (p < 0.05), respectively. Blood loss in both groups was 287.0 mL and 206.6 mL (p < 0.05), and the full-weight bearing period was 14.5 weeks and 16.2 weeks (p < 0.05). At the final follow-up, the HSS score was 85.0 in the triple-plate group and 77.5 in the dual-plate (p < 0.05), the Rasmussen score was 24.1 and 21.6 (p < 0.05), there were two cases with reduction loss (9.5%) in the dual-plate group and one case of superficial incision infection found in the triple-plate group., Conclusion: The posterior implant was beneficial in optimizing the biomechanical stability and functional outcomes in the three-column tibial plateau fractures., (© 2024 The Authors. Orthopaedic Surgery published by Tianjin Hospital and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Background: The family Lycaenidae is a widely distributed and species-rich group with approximately 5300 described species. The rare genus Qinorapala Chou & Wang, with Q.qinlingana Chou & Wang as its type species was established as monotypic. In the original description, Q.qinlingana was described from a male holotype; the female remained unknown. To date, the genus is only recorded from the Qinling Mountains (Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces). In this study, two female specimens, from Shaanxi Province and western Sichuan Province (bordering Yunnan Province) are described and illustrated for the first time., New Information: Female specimens of Q.qinlingana from Shaanxi and Sichuan are described for the first time. The species' distribution is updated and a distribution map is provided., (Sixun Ge, Wen-Hao Sun, Yang Yang, Li-Li Ren, Shao-Ji Hu.)

Despite extensive scientific efforts directed toward the evolutionary trajectory of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in humans at the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic, it remains unclear how the virus jumped into and evolved in humans so far. Herein, we recruited almost all adult coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases appeared locally or imported from abroad during the first 8 months of the outbreak in Shanghai. From these patients, SARS-CoV-2 genomes occupying the important phylogenetic positions in the virus phylogeny were recovered. Phylogenetic and mutational landscape analyses of viral genomes recovered here and those collected in and outside of China revealed that all known SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibited the evolutionary continuity despite the co-circulation of multiple lineages during the early period of the epidemic. Various mutations have driven the rapid SARS-CoV-2 diversification, and some of them favor its better adaptation and circulation in humans, which may have determined the waxing and waning of various lineages., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Controlled self-assembly of predetermined multi-nuclear lanthanide organic polyhedra (LOPs) still presents a challenge, primarily due to the unpredictable coordination numbers and labile coordination geometries of lanthanide ions. In this study, through introducing triazole-based chelates to increase the chelating angle of C 2 -symmetric linear ligands and stabilize the coordination geometry of Eu(III) centers, M 4 L 6 -type (M = Eu III , L = ligand) tetrahedra were efficiently synthesized, especially a biphenyl-bridged ligand which is well known to form M 2 L 3 -type helicates. A series of LOPs were formed and characterized by high-resolution electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (ESI-TOF-MS) and X-ray crystallography. Moreover, the europium complexes exhibit bright emission (luminescence quantum yield up to 42.4%) and circularly polarized luminescence properties (| g lum | up to 4.5 × 10 -2 ). This study provides a feasible strategy for constructing multi-nuclear luminescent LOPs towards potential applications.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to measure the morphological characteristics of inferior pole fracture of the patella (IPFP) and develop a practical classification system to determine the corresponding treatment protocols for different IPFPs with specific patterns., Methods: A retrospective radiographic review was performed on a series of 71 patients with IPFP. The preoperative CT data were collected and measured using image processing software. The number of fragments, maximum fracture fragment anteroposterior length (MFFAL), maximum fracture fragment transverse length (MFFTL), fracture fragment coronal angle (FFCA), fracture fragment sagittal angle (FFSA), maximum fracture fragment height (MFFH) and maximum transverse sectional area (MTSA) were analysed., Results: The mean number of fracture fragments was 3.8. The average MFFAL was 14.9 mm, the average MFFTL was 23.5 mm, the average FFCA was 92.1°, the average FFSA was 93.0°, the average MFFH was 13.6 mm, and the average MTSA was 299.3 mm 2 . A new classification system was introduced to describe the varied patterns of IPFP, summarized as (I) simple IPFP; (II) comminuted IPFP; (III) simple IPFP with simple patellar body fracture; and (IV) comminuted patellar fracture involving the inferior pole. With the four-type classification system, 12 type I, 22 type II, 21 type III, and 16 type IV lesions were observed, each with specific morphological characteristics., Conclusion: Most IPFPs exhibited a diversiform pattern, demonstrating that coverage fixation was likely needed. The four-type classification system might offer a valuable approach to help orthopaedic surgeons make individual treatment plans., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declare that they have no competing interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims/introduction: Type 2 diabetes triggers an inflammatory response that can damage red blood cells. M2 macrophages have inhibitory effects on inflammation, and play an important role in tissue damage repair and fibrosis. Autologous blood transfusion has the potential to inhibit red blood cell damage by mediating macrophage polarization., Materials and Methods: Swiss mice were used to establish a suitable type 2 diabetes model, and autologous blood transfusion was carried out. The mice were killed, the blood of the mice was collected and CD14 + monocytes were sorted. The expression levels of phenotypic molecules CD16, CD32 and CD206 in CD14 + monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry. The Q value, P 50 , 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and Na + -K + -ATPase of red blood cells were detected. The red blood cell osmotic fragility test analyzed the red blood cell osmotic fragility. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression changes of erythrocyte surface membrane proteins or transporters erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1, sphingosine-1-phosphate, glycolipid transfer protein and signal peptide peptidase-like 2A., Results: Autologous blood transfusion induced a significant increase in the number of macrophages. The state and capacity of blood cells improved with autologous blood transfusion. Reinfusion of fresh autologous blood in type 2 diabetes mice made erythrocytes shrink. The expression of erythrocyte-related proteins proved that the erythrocyte injury in the reinfusion of fresh autologous blood + type 2 diabetes group was significantly reduced., Conclusion: The reinfusion of fresh autologous blood into the body of patients with type 2 diabetes can induce macrophage polarization to M2, thereby inhibiting red blood cell damage., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Diabetes Investigation published by Asian Association for the Study of Diabetes (AASD) and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)