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Straw incorporation increases the amount of nutrients in soil and greatly impacts soil nitrogen and microbial communities. In this study, 15N‐labeled corn straw was used as the material, the experiment consisted of five treament (AS: placing the straw 15 cm above the soil surface, SM: using the straw to mulch the soil surface, B15: burying the straw 15 cm below the ground surface, B30: burying the straw 30 cm below the ground surface, B45: burying the straw 45 cm below the ground surface). The changes in 15N abundance in straw were analyzed. An estimation method for nitrogen release and uptake by field‐incorporated straw was proposed, and the relationships between nitrogen release and uptake and related microbes were established. The results showed that the exchange of nitrogen between maize straw buried in soil at different depths and the environment was not significant. The corn straw exposed to the air absorbed more nitrogen from the environment in the second year of decomposition, and the larger the area exposed to the air was, the more nitrogen was absorbed from the environment. The relative abundances of Burkholderiales, Flavobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, and Sphingobacteriales were significantly positively correlated with the straw decomposition rate and nitrogen release rate. The relative abundance of Rhizobiales was significantly negatively correlated with the straw decomposition rate and nitrogen release rate. The relative abundances of Sphingobacteriales, Flavobacteriales, and Pseudomonadales were significantly negatively correlated with the straw nitrogen uptake rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]