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Background and Objectives: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-ri) is a subtype of CAA with distinct clinical and radiologic features. Existing diagnostic criteria require the presence of characteristic asymmetrical white matter hyperintensity (WMH), together with classical hemorrhagic neuroimaging markers of CAA. There are limited data for other diagnostic neuroimaging markers of CAA-ri., Methods: This is a case series from a specialist hospital intracerebral hemorrhage service., Results: We describe 4 patients with CAA-ri who had regions of sulcal hyperintensity, with or without gyral swelling at clinical presentation, but did not fulfill current diagnostic criteria because of the absence of typical asymmetric WMH on brain MRI. All 4 patients were subsequently diagnosed with CAA-ri; three later developed asymmetric WMHs with disease relapse, and 2 had pathologically proven CAA-ri; 1 patient had both., Discussion: Regions of sulcal hyperintensity, sometimes with associated gyral swelling, can be an early imaging finding in CAA-ri. These neuroimaging markers could potentially improve the accuracy of existing diagnostic criteria for CAA-ri to allow earlier diagnosis and treatment without biopsy in patients with atypical presentations.

Objectives: To analyze weight changes associated with dolutegravir- versus efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in rural Tanzania, where undernutrition is prevalent., Design: Longitudinal, observational study of the prospective Kilombero and Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort (KIULARCO)., Methods: We included adult, ART-naïve, non-pregnant PLHIV initiating efavirenz-based ART 12/2016-02/2019 or dolutegravir-based ART 03/2019-12/2022. We used multivariable linear mixed-effects models to assess adjusted weight changes during 18 months after ART start and Cox regression models to assess factors associated with incident obesity, weight gain ≥10% and hypertension., Results: Of 1,205 PLHIV at ART start (median age 40 years (IQR 32-48); 719 (59.7%) females), 166 (13.8%) individuals were underweight and 317 (26.3%) overweight/obese; 621 (51.5%) initiated efavirenz-based and 584 (48.5%) dolutegravir-based ART. After 18 months, estimated weight gain was 5.1 kg (95%CI 4.7-5.5) in the dolutegravir versus 4.0 kg (95%CI 3.7-4.4) in the efavirenz group. The weight gain difference between treatment groups was high in men (1.7 kg (95%CI 0.8-2.6; p < 0.001), in those aged 30-49 years (1.5 kg (0.8-2.1); p < 0.001) and those with CD4 counts ≥500/ul (2.5 kg (1.4 - 3.7), p < 0.001). Cumulative obesity incidence at 18 months was 10.9% (95%CI 8.3-14.0) in the dolutegravir and 5.1% (95%CI 3.6-7.1) in the efavirenz group. Associated factors were dolutegravir and a pre-ART body mass index (BMI) of 25-29 kg/m2. Dolutegravir and age, but not weight gain were associated with incident of hypertension., Conclusions: Dolutegravir-based ART was associated with more weight gain, higher obesity and hypertension - especially in those with a higher pre-ART BMI compared to efavirenz-based regimens., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Steatotic liver disease (SLD) prevalence is rising worldwide, linked to insulin resistance and obesity. SLD prevalence can surpass 10% even among those with normal weight. In Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), where Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) trematode infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common, infection related liver morbidity such as cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is high, but data on SLD prevalence is lacking. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and explore determinants of SLD in rural southern Lao PDR for lean and non-lean populations., Method: A cross-sectional community-based study assessed SLD prevalence using abdominal ultrasonography (US). Factors investigated for association with SLD were identified by interview, serological tests (Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg); lipids and HbA1c), anthropometrical measurements, and parasitological assessments (OV infection). Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses with SLD as endpoint were conducted separately for lean (body mass index (BMI) <23.0 kg/m 2 ) and non-lean (BMI ≥ 23.0 kg/m 2 ) participants., Result: 2,826 participants were included. SLD prevalence was 27.1% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 24.0%-30.4%), higher among non-lean (39.8%) than lean individuals (17.4%). Lean individuals with OV infection had a statistically significant association with lower odds of SLD (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.49, 95% CI 0.33 - 0.73). T2DM showed a significant positive association with SLD in both lean (aOR 3.58, 95% CI 2.28 - 5.63) and non-lean individuals (aOR 3.31, 95% CI 2.31 - 4.74) while dyslipidemia was significantly associated only in the non-lean group (aOR 1.83, 95% CI 1.09 - 3.07). Females participants exhibited elevated odds of SLD in both lean (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.02 - 2.01) and non-lean SLD (aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.12 - 2.01)., Conclusion: SLD prevalence is notably high among Laotian adults in rural areas, particularly in females and in non-lean individuals. Lean individuals with OV infection exhibited lower SLD prevalence. SLD was more prevalent in individuals with T2DM, independent of BMI. SLD adds to the burden of infection-related liver morbidity in Lao PDR.

Introduction: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a major contributor to hepatobiliary mortality in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Infection with the carcinogenic trematode Opisthorchis viverrini (OV), acquired through consumption of insufficiently-cooked river fish, is a known risk factor for the development of CCA. Together with OV, other risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of CCA. We conducted this study to identify the burden of CCA and identify risk factors in high-risk communities in Lao PDR., Method: A cross-sectional study was performed in Champasack and Savannakhet provinces, southern Lao PDR, where OV infection is highly endemic. We assessed hepatobiliary morbidity with abdominal ultrasound (US). In addition, multiple risk factors known or suspected to be associated with CCA were assessed such as OV infection (examined by Kato-Katz technique for stool examination), lifestyle risks (e.g. smoking and alcohol consumption by face-to-face questionnaire), co-morbidity (e.g. diabetes mellitus) and hepatitis B infection status, both serologically tested., Results: In 3,400 participants, the overall prevalence of suspected CCA was 7.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 5.4-9.6). The suspected CCA prevalence increased with age, and was higher in men at all ages. Almost all participants (88.3%) were infected with OV. In the multivariate regression analysis, suspected CCA was positively associated with OV infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-6.5), and a history of cholecystectomy (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5-4.9)., Conclusion: Our CCA screening in high OV prevalence rural areas of Lao PDR uncovers a high public health burden, primarily driven by elevated OV infection rates. Urgent interventions are needed to curb OV infection in these communities. Age and gender disparities in suspected CCA prevalence highlight the need for targeted efforts. Beyond OV, notable factors like a history of cholecystectomy offer valuable insights for preventive strategies. This research enhances our understanding of hepatobiliary morbidity and informs public health initiatives in Lao PDR., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Homsana et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

In patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS), response to first-line therapy is limited and transient. The MATTERHORN randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial evaluated roxadustat versus placebo for patients with transfusion-dependent, lower-risk MDS. Eligible patients had very low-, low-, or intermediate-risk MDS with or without prior erythropoiesis-stimulating agent treatment, and a transfusion burden of 1-4 packed red blood cell (pRBC) units every 8 weeks (Q8W). Patients were randomized (3:2) to oral roxadustat (2.5 mg/kg) or placebo, both three times weekly, with best supportive care. Primary efficacy endpoint was transfusion independence (TI) for ≥56 days within 28 weeks (TI responders). MATTERHORN was terminated due to interim analysis outcomes not meeting statistical significance. In total, 272 patients were screened, and 140 patients were enrolled (82, roxadustat, and 58, placebo). At final analysis, 38/80 (47.5%) patients and 19/57 (33.3%) in the roxadustat and placebo arms, respectively, were TI responders (p = .217). A greater percentage of patients in the roxadustat arm with a transfusion burden of ≥2 pRBC units Q4W were TI responders (36.1%; 13/36) compared with the placebo arm (11.5%; 3/26; p-nominal = .047). The seven on-study deaths (4, roxadustat, and 3, placebo) were considered unrelated to treatment. Three roxadustat patients progressed to acute myeloid leukemia. Despite MATTERHORN not meeting its primary endpoint, a numerically higher TI rate was achieved with roxadustat treatment compared with placebo. Further analyses are needed to confirm the MDS patient subgroups deriving clinical benefit from this novel treatment., (© 2024 The Author(s). American Journal of Hematology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: To explore the trends and changes in the transport of children to paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) between 2013 and 2022., Design: Retrospective analysis of routinely collected data., Patients: Children transported for care in a PICU in the UK and Ireland aged<16 years., Interventions: None., Measurements and Main Results: There were 43 058 transports to a PICU involving 36 438 children from 2013 to 2022 with the majority of children requiring only one transport. The number of transports increased from 4131 (2013) to 4792 (2022). Over the study period the percentage of children aged under 1 year who were transported decreased from 50.2% to 45.2% and similarly, the percentage who were invasively ventilated also decreased from 81.1% to 70.2%. Conversely, the use of non-invasive ventilation during transports increased slightly from 4.0% to 7.0%. The percentage of transports where a parent was able to accompany the child increased over time (2013: 66.2% to 2019: 74.9%), although there were reductions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and requirements for social distancing (2020: 52.4%)., Conclusions: We have demonstrated an increased use of specialist paediatric transport services and changes in the PICU population over time. Routine data collection from the transport services provide a means to measure improvements and changes over time in the service provided to critically ill children and young people who need transport to the PICU., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, and Rift Valley fever virus are two under-researched zoonotic pathogens in Ethiopia. Potential outbreaks of these diseases, in light of the high dependency of nomadic pastoralists on their livestock, poses a risk to both human and animal health in addition to risking the pastoralists livelihoods. Our study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for Q fever and Rift Valley fever in pastoral communities in the Afar region of north-eastern Ethiopia., Methodology/principal Findings: This cross-sectional study screened pastoralists (n = 323) and their livestock (n = 1377) for IgG antibodies to Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus. A seroprevalence for Q fever of 25.0% (95%CI 18.6-32.6) was found in pastoralists and 34.3% (95%CI 27.9-41.3) in livestock overall; with 51.9% in goats (95%CI 44.9-58.8), 39.9% in sheep (95%CI 24.6-51.2), 16.3% in camels (95%CI 10.4-24.6) and 8.8% in cattle (95%CI 5.0-15.0). For Rift Valley fever the seroprevalence in pastoralists was 6.1% (95%CI 3.3-11.0) and 3.9% (95%CI 2.6-5.7) in livestock overall; cattle had the highest seroprevalence (8.3%, 95%CI 3.3-19.2), followed by goats (2.7%; 95%CI 1.4-5.1), sheep (2.5%; 95%CI 1.0-5.9) and camels (1.8%; 95%CI 0.4-6.9). Human Q fever seropositivity was found to be associated with goat abortions (OR = 2.11, 95%CI 1.18-3.78, p = 0.011), while Rift Valley fever seropositivity in livestock was found to be associated with cattle abortions (OR = 2.52, 95%CI 1.05-6.08, p = 0.039)., Conclusions/significance: This study provides evidence for a notable exposure to both Q fever and Rift Valley fever in pastoralists and livestock in Afar. The outbreak potential of these pathogens warrants ongoing integrated human and animal surveillance requiring close collaboration of the human and animal health sectors with community representatives following a One Health approach., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Oakley et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Objective: To demonstrate nanoscale motion tracing of spermatozoa and present analysis of the motion traces to characterize the consistency of motion of spermatozoa as a complement to progressive motility analysis., Design: Anonymized sperm samples were videographed under a quantitative phase microscope, followed by generating and analyzing superresolution motion traces of individual spermatozoa., Setting: Not applicable., Patient(s): Centrifuged human sperm samples., Intervention(s): Not applicable., Main Outcome Measure(s): Precision of motion trace of individual sperms, presence of a helical pattern in the motion trace, mean and standard deviations of helical periods and radii of sperm motion traces, speed of progression., Result(s): Spatially sensitive quantitative phase imaging with a superresolution computational technique MUltiple SIgnal Classification ALgorithm allowed achieving motion precision of 340 nm using ×10, 0.25 numerical aperture lens whereas the diffraction-limited resolution at this setting was 1,320 nm. The motion traces thus derived facilitated new kinematic features of sperm, namely the statistics of helix period and radii per sperm. Through the analysis, 47 sperms with a speed >25 μm/s were randomly selected from the same healthy donor semen sample, it is seen that the kinematic features did not correlate with the speed of the sperms. In addition, it is noted that spermatozoa may experience changes in the periodicity and radius of the helical path over time. Further, some very fast sperms (e.g., >70 μm/s) may demonstrate irregular motion and need further investigation. Presented computational analysis can be used directly for sperm samples from both fertility patients with normal and abnormal sperm cell conditions. We note that MUltiple SIgnal Classification ALgorithm is an image analysis technique that may vaguely fall under the machine learning category, but the conventional metrics for reporting found in Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research network do not apply. Alternative suitable metrics are reported, and bias is avoided through random selection of regions for analysis. Detailed methods are included for reproducibility., Conclusion(s): Kinematic features derived from nanoscale motion traces of spermatozoa contain information complementary to the speed of the sperms, allowing further distinction among the progressively motile sperms. Some highly progressive spermatozoa may have irregular motion patterns, and whether irregularity of motion indicates poor quality regarding artificial insemination needs further investigation. The presented technique can be generalized for sperm analysis for a variety of fertility conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests S.B. has nothing to disclose. A patent application containing the idea and application of this work as a subset of the claims has been submitted, where A.B. and K.A. are coinventors. They have not received any monetary gains pertaining this. They have received funding from European Research Council and Forskningsradet for commercialization of the patented technology; University hospital of North Norway UNN’s fertility clinic provided anonymized and centrifuged sperm samples. S.A. has nothing to disclose. D.H.H. has nothing to disclose. J.-C.T. has nothing to disclose. M.N. has nothing to disclose. D.S.M. has nothing to disclose. K.A. reports European Research Council Starting grant 804233 and European Research Council PoC 101123485 that funded the study., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Targeting cell surface molecules using radioligand and antibody-based therapies has yielded considerable success across cancers. However, it remains unclear how the expression of putative lineage markers, particularly cell surface molecules, varies in the process of lineage plasticity, wherein tumor cells alter their identity and acquire new oncogenic properties. A notable example of lineage plasticity is the transformation of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)-a growing resistance mechanism that results in the loss of responsiveness to androgen blockade and portends dismal patient survival. To understand how lineage markers vary across the evolution of lineage plasticity in prostate cancer, we applied single-cell analyses to 21 human prostate tumor biopsies and two genetically engineered mouse models, together with tissue microarray analysis on 131 tumor samples. Not only did we observe a higher degree of phenotypic heterogeneity in castrate-resistant PRAD and NEPC than previously anticipated but also found that the expression of molecules targeted therapeutically, namely PSMA , STEAP1 , STEAP2 , TROP2, CEACAM5 , and DLL3 , varied within a subset of gene-regulatory networks (GRNs). We also noted that NEPC and small cell lung cancer subtypes shared a set of GRNs, indicative of conserved biologic pathways that may be exploited therapeutically across tumor types. While this extreme level of transcriptional heterogeneity, particularly in cell surface marker expression, may mitigate the durability of clinical responses to current and future antigen-directed therapies, its delineation may yield signatures for patient selection in clinical trials, potentially across distinct cancer types., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:P.S.N. has received consulting fees from Janssen, Merck and Bristol Myers Squibb and research support from Janssen for work unrelated to the present studies. S.Z. has received consulting fees from Guidepoint and GLG consulting. J.L.Z. is a current employee of AstraZeneca. M.C.H served as a paid consultant/received honoraria from Pfizer and has received research funding from Merck, Novartis, Genentech, Promicell and Bristol Myers Squibb. C.L.S is on the board of directors of Novartis, is a co-founder of ORIC Pharmaceuticals, and is a co-inventor of the prostate cancer drugs enzalutamide and apalutamide, covered by U.S. patents 7,709,517, 8,183,274, 9,126,941, 8,445,507, 8,802,689, and 9,388,159 filed by the University of California. C.L.S. is on the scientific advisory boards of the following biotechnology companies: Beigene, Blueprint, Cellcarta, Column Group, Foghorn, Housey Pharma, Nextech, PMV.

Testing for dispersal of fluorescent gel from sink drains was sensitive for detection of sinks that dispersed gram-negative bacilli outside the bowl. Reducing the flow rate of sinks with rapid water inflow and/or elimination of obstruction leading to slow outflow was effective in preventing dispersal of fluorescence and gram-negative bacilli., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. C. J. D. has received research funding from Clorox, Ecolab, and Pfizer. All other authors report no potential conflicts., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024.)

Objectives: This study aims to compare obstetric outcomes between Eritrean and Swiss women in Switzerland, focusing on instrumental or surgical interventions and analgesia use. Methods: The study included data from 45,412 Swiss and 1,132 Eritrean women who gave birth in Swiss hospitals (2019-2022). Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to assess the effect of nationality on mode of delivery and analgesia use and multinomial mixed-effects logistic regression to assess the effect of nationality on mode of delivery in women intended for spontaneous vaginal delivery. Results: Compared with Swiss, Eritrean women had a lower rate of primary C-section (Adj. OR 0.73, 95% CI [0.60, 0.89]) but a higher risk of initially planned vaginal deliveries ending in emergency C-section (RRR 1.31, 95% CI [1.05, 1.63]). Eritrean women were less likely to receive epidural analgesia (Adj. OR 0.53, 95% CI [0.45, 0.62]) and more likely to not receive any analgesia (Adj. OR 1.73, 95% CI [1.52, 1.96]). Conclusion: This study reveals disparities in obstetric care, notably in higher emergency C-section rates and lower analgesia use among Eritrean women. For promoting equitable healthcare practices deeper understanding of obstetrics decision-making is needed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Erhardt, Jafflin, Zepro, Abongomera, Chernet, Paris and Merten.)

This study aimed to review the considerations for choosing a suitable sealer according to various endodontic scenarios. An electronic search of PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science was undertaken for the keywords of 'sealer choosing', 'appropriate sealer', 'suitable sealer', 'sealer for clinical scenario', and 'sealer for clinical situations'. However, the literature review revealed a lack of studies with practical clinical recommendations regarding the choice of appropriate endodontic root canal sealers for particular clinical situations of root canal treatment. Therefore, a narrative review was undertaken under the basis of the characteristics of an epoxy resin-based sealer (ERS) versus a calcium silicate-based sealer (CSS). Based on the evidence found through the review, the choice of an appropriate sealer in a variety of clinical scenarios was proposed. An ERS is recommended for one-visit non-vital cases, teeth with periodontal involvement, cracked teeth, and internal root resorption without root perforation. A CSS is recommended for vital or non-vital cases in multiple visits, teeth with internal root resorption with perforation or internal approach for external cervical resorption, teeth with open apices, and teeth with iatrogenic aberrations.

Background: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic disease of significant public health and clinical importance. It affects multiple systems in the body and has neuro-immunological characteristics. The disease is characterized by a prominent symptom called post-exertional malaise (PEM), as well as abnormalities in the immune-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunctions and disturbances in neuroendocrine pathways. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of ME/CFS on the mental health and secondary psychosocial manifestations of patients, as well as their coping mechanisms., Method: In 2021, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Switzerland. A self-administered paper questionnaire survey was used to gather data from 169 individuals diagnosed with ME/CFS., Results: The majority of the patients (90.5%) reported a lack of understanding of their disease, resulting in patients avoiding talking about the disease due to disbelief, trivialization and avoidance of negative reactions. They felt most supported by close family members (67.1%). Two thirds of the patients (68.5%) experienced stigmatization. ME/CFS had a negative impact on mental health in most patients (88.2%), leading to sadness (71%), hopelessness for relief (66.9%), suicidal thoughts (39.3%) and secondary depression (14.8%). Half of the male patients experienced at least one suicidal thought since clinical onset. Factors significantly associated with depression were the lack of cure, disabilities associated with ME/CFS, social isolation and the fact that life was not worth anymore with ME/CFS. The three main factors contributing to suicidal thoughts were (i) being told the disease was only psychosomatic (89.5%), (ii) being at the end of one's strength (80.7%) and (iii) not feeling being understood by others (80.7%)., Conclusion: This study provided first time significant insights into the mental and psychological well-being of ME/CFS patients in Switzerland. The findings highlight the substantial experiences of stigmatization, secondary depression and suicidal thoughts compared to other chronic diseases, calling for an urgent need in Switzerland to improve ME/CFS patient's medical, psychological and social support, in order to alleviate the severe mental health burden associated with this overlooked somatic disease., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: Systemic therapy (ST) is a psychotherapeutic intervention in complex human systems (both psychological and interpersonal). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an established treatment for children and adolescents with mental disorders. As methodologically rigorous systematic reviews on ST in this population are lacking, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the benefit and harm of ST (and ST as an add-on to CBT) with CBT in children and adolescents with mental disorders., Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and other sources for randomised controlled trials in 14 mental disorder classes for the above comparisons in respect of effects on patient-relevant outcomes (search date: 7/2022). Where possible, meta-analyses were performed and results were graded into 3 different evidence categories: "proof", "indication", or "hint" (or none of these categories). PRISMA standards were followed., Results: Fifteen studies in 5 mental disorder classes with usable data were identified. 2079 patients (mean age: 10 to 19 years) were analysed. 12/15 studies and 29/30 outcomes showed a high risk of bias. In 2 classes, statistically significant and clinically relevant effects in favour of ST were found, supporting the conclusion of a hint of greater benefit of ST for mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use and of ST as an add-on to CBT for obsessive-compulsive disorders. In 2 other classes (eating disorders; hyperkinetic disorders), there was no evidence of greater benefit or harm of ST. For affective disorders, a statistically significant effect to the disadvantage of ST was found for 1 outcome, supporting the conclusion of a hint of lesser benefit of ST., Conclusions: Our results show a hint of greater benefit of ST (or ST as an add-on to CBT) compared with CBT for 2 mental disorder classes in children and adolescents (mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use, obsessive compulsive disorders). Given the importance of CBT as a control intervention, ST can therefore be considered a beneficial treatment option for children and adolescents with certain mental disorders. Limitations include an overall high risk of bias of studies and outcomes and a lack of data for several disorders., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Mitigating heat is a vital ecosystem service of trees, particularly with climate change. Land surface temperature measures captured at a single time of day (in the morning) dominate the urban heat island literature. Less is known about how local tree canopy and impervious surface regulate air temperature throughout the day, and/or across many days with varied weather conditions, including cloud cover. We use bike-mounted air temperature sensors throughout the day in New Haven, Connecticut, USA, from 2019 to 2021 and generalized additive mixed models across 156 rides to estimate the daily variation in cooling benefits associated with tree canopy cover, and warming from impervious surface cover in 90 m buffers surrounding bike observations. Cooling is inferred by subtracting the bicycle-observed temperature from a reference station. The cooling benefits from tree canopy cover were strongest in the midday (11:00-14:00, -1.62 °C), afternoon (14:00-17:00, -1.19 °C), and morning (8:00-11:00, -1.15 °C) on clear days. The cooling effect was comparatively smaller on cloudy mornings -0.92 °C and afternoons -0.51 °C. Warming from impervious surfaces was most pronounced in the evening (17:00-20:00, 1.11 °C) irrespective of clouds, and during cloudy nights (20:00-23:00) and cloudy mornings 1.03 °C 95 % CI [1.03, 1.04]. Among the hottest observed days (top 25th percentile of reference station daily maxima), tree canopy was associated with lower temperatures on clear afternoons -1.78 °C [-1.78, -1.78], cloudy midday -1.17 °C [-1.19, -1.15], clear midday -1.12 °C [-1.12, -1.11]. We add a broader spectrum of weather conditions by explicitly including clouds, and greater temporal resolution by measuring throughout the day to bike-based urban heat research. Future mobile sampling campaigns may broaden the spatial extent with more environmental variation, representing an opportunity for public science and engagement., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

In the Northern Great Plains, cattle may be exposed to water with an elevated sulfate concentration resulting in ruminal hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production and risk of copper deficiency. There are currently few strategies available to help mitigate effects arising from high-sulfate water (HS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding a moderate-forage diet with or without bismuth subsalicylate (BSS; 0.0% vs. 0.4% DM basis) when provided water with a low- (LS; 346 ± 13) or HS (4,778 ± 263 mg/L) concentration on feed and water intake, ruminal H2S concentration, and liver and serum trace-mineral concentrations. Twenty-four Limousin × Simmental cross beef heifers (221 ± 41 kg) were stratified based on initial liver Cu into a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Feed and water intake (measured weekly), ruminal H2S concentration (measured on days 42 and 91), liver (measured on days -13 and 91), and serum trace-mineral concentrations (measured on days 1, 28, 56, and 91) were evaluated. Initial liver trace-mineral concentrations were used as a covariate in the statistical model. Water intake tended to be reduced with the inclusion of BSS (P = 0.095) but was not affected by water sulfate (P = 0.40). Water sulfate and BSS did not affect dry matter intake (DMI; P ≥ 0.89). Heifers consuming HS had a ruminal H2S concentration that was 1.58 mg/L more (P < 0.001) than LS. The inclusion of BSS reduced (P = 0.035) ruminal H2S concentration by more than 44% (1.35 vs. 0.75 mg/L). Regardless of the water sulfate concentration, heifers fed BSS had lesser liver Cu concentration (average of 4.08 mg/kg) than heifers not provided BSS, and when not provided BSS, HS had lesser Cu than LS (42.2 vs. 58.3; sulfate × BSS, P = 0.019). The serum concentration of Cu did not differ over time for heifers not provided BSS; whereas, heifers provided BSS had lesser serum Cu concentration on day 91 than on days 28 and 55 (BSS × time, P < 0.001). The liver concentration of selenium was reduced (P < 0.001) with BSS inclusion but the selenium concentration in serum was not affected by sulfate, BSS, or time (P ≥ 0.16). BSS reduced ruminal H2S concentration, but depleted liver Cu and Se. Moreover, sulfate concentration in water did not appear to affect DMI, water intake, or growth, but increased ruminal H2S and reduced liver Cu concentration., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)