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With the continuous advancements in detection methods and the exploration of unknown substances, an increasing number of bioactive compounds are being discovered. Fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids (FAHFAs), a class of endogenous lipids found in 2014, exhibit various physiological activities, such as improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, stimulating insulin secretion, and demonstrating broad anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, some FAHFAs are closely linked to intestinal health and can serve as potential biomarkers for gut health. Various FAHFAs have been observed in food, including palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSA), oleic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (OAHSA), linoleic acid esters of hydroxy linoleic acid (LAHLA). As a type of lipid regularly consumed in the daily diet, it is highly important to ascertain the types and quantities of FAHFAs present in the diet. This article, based on existing research, provides a review of the analysis methods for FAHFAs, particularly focusing on the separation of chiral isomers. It also summarizes the sources and contents of dietary FAHFAs, emphasizing their bioavailability and impact on the gut. Understanding the beneficial effects of these lipids in the diet can serve as a valuable reference for the development of specific functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates numerically the effects of bogie side component positions on the flow behaviour and aerodynamic noise of high-speed trains. To reduce simulation cost, the model size and flow speed are scaled down, while ensuring that the Reynolds number remains within a range conducive to similar flow behaviour. The Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation method with Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is adopted for flow simulations. The time histories of the wall pressures are employed to predict the far field noise using the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation. Analysis of pressure fluctuations on the bogie and car body show that, as the bogie side components protrude further into the flow, the area exhibiting strong noise source on the bogie surfaces increases, while it decreases on the rear walls of the bogie cavity. The aeroacoustic results reveal that the radiated noise rises at higher frequencies and drops below 160 Hz for the bogie and 300 Hz for the car body as the side components protrude further. When the bogie side components are shifted outwards by 400 mm, the overall unweighted sound pressure reduces by 2 dB but the A-weighted level increases by 2.5 dB. The total A-weighted sound power level is increased by 2.9 dB compared to the reference case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algorithm-based social platforms like TikTok have changed livestreaming tourism. Many countries and regions promote tourism via livestreaming. Tourism livestreaming often has low viewer numbers, unstable viewer numbers, and unsatisfactory effects like a lack of travel intention or consumption. Based on the characteristics of space of flows, this paper analyses how tourism livestreaming on social media platforms can improve communication through media reproduction and increase travel intension. Study 1 involved in-depth interviews with 40 social media users who watched tourism livestreaming for over two years. Functional application and reproduction effects embedded in the space of flows, as well as the ambience and anchor capabilities built into the livestreaming, are reasons for audiences to stay. Study 2 uses a questionnaire to examine media representation and travel intention. Results show that tourism livestreaming's objective presentation and representational construction increase travel intention. The mediating effect of sense of place is also revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the scenario of limited labeled remote-sensing datasets, the model's performance is constrained by the insufficient availability of data. Generative model-based data augmentation has emerged as a promising solution to this limitation. While existing generative models perform well in natural scene domains (e.g., faces and street scenes), their performance in remote sensing is hindered by severe data imbalance and the semantic similarity among land-cover classes. To tackle these challenges, we propose the Multi-Class Guided GAN (MCGGAN), a novel network for generating remote-sensing images from semantic labels. Our model features a dual-branch architecture with a global generator that captures the overall image structure and a multi-class generator that improves the quality and differentiation of land-cover types. To integrate these generators, we design a shared-parameter encoder for consistent feature encoding across two branches, and a spatial decoder that synthesizes outputs from the class generators, preventing overlap and confusion. Additionally, we employ perceptual loss ( L V G G ) to assess perceptual similarity between generated and real images, and texture matching loss ( L T ) to capture fine texture details. To evaluate the quality of image generation, we tested multiple models on two custom datasets (one from Chongzhou, Sichuan Province, and another from Wuzhen, Zhejiang Province, China) and a public dataset LoveDA. The results show that MCGGAN achieves improvements of 52.86 in FID, 0.0821 in SSIM, and 0.0297 in LPIPS compared to the Pix2Pix baseline. We also conducted comparative experiments to assess the semantic segmentation accuracy of the U-Net before and after incorporating the generated images. The results show that data augmentation with the generated images leads to an improvement of 4.47% in FWIoU and 3.23% in OA across the Chongzhou and Wuzhen datasets. Experiments show that MCGGAN can be effectively used as a data augmentation approach to improve the performance of downstream remote-sensing image segmentation tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinctive clinicopathologic characteristics of OLP indicated that both microbial dysbiosis and neurogenic inflammation may be jointly involved in its progression, and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) may be a crucial element. The purpose of this study was to explore how TRPV1 mediated P. melaninogenica-induced inflammation. Meanwhile, we aimed to unravel how IL-36γ dysregulated the barrier function in oral keratinocytes. Here, the expression of TRPV1, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and its receptor receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) in OLP patients were detected. Prevotella melaninogenica (P. melaninogenica) was used to build a mouse model of oral chronic inflammation. Normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs) stimulated by P. melaninogenica were used to examine TRPV1 activation and CGRP release. To investigate the effect of exogenous CGRP on Interleukin-36 gamma (IL-36γ) expression in NHOKs and bacterial viability, P. melaninogenica and NHOKs were treated with it, respectively. Recombinant IL-36γ protein was used to probe its regulation of oral epithelial barrier function. TRPV1, CGRP, and RAMP1 were substantially expressed in OLP. P. melaninogenica increased TRPV1 expression in mice and caused the release of CGRP and an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines via activating TRPV1 in NHOKs. Blockade of TRPV1 suppressed P. melaninogenica-induced inflammation. CGRP boosted the production of IL-36γ released by NHOKs, resulting in lower expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Also, CGRP can decrease the viability of P. melaninogenica. Together, these findings provide fresh insight into the vital role performed by P. melaninogenica-induced functional changes in oral epithelial cells and neurons in an intricate OLP inflammatory process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sludge is an inevitable by-product of the sewage treatment process and its high moisture content poses significant challenges for its treatment and disposal. This study focuses on the technology of sludge deep dewatering using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) and explores the relationship between operating parameters (DME/sludge ratio, extraction time and stirring speed) and the water content of the sludge after deep dewatering. After deep dewatering, the sludge's lower heating value (LHV) was significantly increased. The dehydrated filtrate is highly biodegradable and could be treated together with sewage. Based on the response surface method of central composite design, a second-order regression model of the above three variables and sludge water content as the response was established. Finally, the operating conditions diagram was drawn by target water content (36.96 wt.%) which meets the requirement of self-sustained incineration and model equation. This study provides a valuable perspective on sludge drying and fuelisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the reaction behavior of Al/PTFE (Aluminum/Polytetrafluoroethylene) cylindrical shells under inner explosive loading, this paper conducted explosive-driven experiments. The results showed that the flame duration of the reactive samples increased by 448.6% compared to the control group, and the peak overpressure increased by 40% compared to the control group. By comparing the differences between the flame images and overpressure–time curves of different samples, it was found that the anaerobic reaction occurring immediately after detonation significantly enhances the shock wave parameters, particularly the peak overpressure, while the subsequent aerobic reaction has a relatively minor effect on these parameters. To describe the enhancement of the shock wave parameters by the anaerobic reaction, a theoretical model was established from the perspective of shock wave coupling. In this model, the trailing shock wave generated by the Al/PTFE catches up and superimposes the leading shock wave generated by the explosive. During this process of catching up and superposition, the overpressure–time curve of the air shock wave transforms from a double-peak structure to a single-peak structure, and the peak overpressure is enhanced after such transformation. As the explosive mass increases, the air shock wave begins to be enhanced at a distance closer to the explosion center, and the duration of the double-peak structure decreases. Furthermore, as the propagation distance increases, the sample with the highest normalized enhancement rate shows a gradual decrease in the proportion of reactive material. These findings provide a valuable reference for the application of Al/PTFE shells combined with explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The infection of animals and humans with Entamoeba spp. causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry and threatens public health. Animals are potential reservoirs for human infection with Entamoeba spp. Hence, investigations of Entamoeba infections in livestock are important for better control of human infection with Entamoeba spp. However, to date, infection of Entamoeba spp. in sheep and cattle in Shanxi Province remains unknown. In the present study, fecal samples were collected from 311 sheep, 392 dairy cattle, and 393 beef cattle from three representative counties in the northern, central, and southern regions of Shanxi Province and were investigated for Entamoeba spp. by PCR amplification and sequencing. The results showed that the overall infection rates of Entamoeba were 51.5% (160/311), 82.9% (325/392), and 79.1% (311/393) in sheep, dairy cattle, and beef cattle, respectively; and several Entamoeba species were identified, including Entamoeba bovis, Entamoeba Ribosomal Lineage (RL) 2, Entamoeba RL4, and Entamoeba RL8. The present study reports the occurrence and prevalence of Entamoeba spp. for the first time in sheep and cattle in Shanxi Province, which extended the geographical distribution of Entamoeba spp. Entamoeba spp. are common zoonotic intestinal protozoa, which can lead to serious intestinal diseases in both humans and animals through fecal–oral transmission, leading to significant economic losses and public health challenges. To reveal the prevalence of Entamoeba in sheep and cattle in Shanxi Province, North China, fecal samples were collected from 311 sheep, 392 dairy cattle, and 393 beef cattle from three representative counties in the northern, central, and southern regions of Shanxi Province. DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and amplified by PCR with primers targeting the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Entamoeba spp., followed by the sequencing of the positive products. The overall infection rates of Entamoeba were 51.5% (160/311), 82.9% (325/392), and 79.1% (311/393) in sheep, dairy cattle, and beef cattle, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the infection rate of Entamoeba and the location factor in sheep, dairy cattle, and beef cattle (p < 0.001). According to the obtained SSU rRNA sequences, several Entamoeba species, namely Entamoeba bovis, Entamoeba Ribosomal Lineage (RL) 2, Entamoeba RL4, and Entamoeba RL8, were identified. This study represents the first molecular survey of Entamoeba prevalence in sheep, beef cattle, and dairy cattle in Shanxi Province. The findings extend the geographical distribution of Entamoeba spp. and provide valuable scientific data for the prevention and control of amoebiasis in Shanxi Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the limitations of the existing bridge pier damage detection equipment, a rope-driven bridge pier damage detection robot (RDBPDR) is proposed. Firstly, the composition of the RDBPDR system was introduced. Secondly, the kinematical and dynamical model of the RDBPDR was established, and the optimization model of rope tension was given. Based on the dynamic model, the evaluation method and index of the stability of the RDBPDR were given. Finally, the distribution of the stability evaluation index of the RDBPDR in the workspace was clarified with an example calculation and analysis. The results show that the stability of the RDBPR gradually decreases from the geometric center to the boundary area in the horizontal section. With the increase in the height of the damage detection platform, the stability of the RDBPDR gradually increases in the vertical direction, but this change is not significant. It provides a basis for detection task planning, overall structure configuration, and prototype testing in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family members are involved in plant growth and development, physiological metabolism, and various stress response processes. Pinus massoniana is a major turpentine-producing and wood-producing tree in seasonally dry areas of southern China. Its economic and ecological values are well known. The forestry industry holds it in exceptionally high regard. Drought severely limits the growth and productivity of P. massoniana, and the functional role of PmbHLH58 in drought stress is not clear. Therefore, PmbHLH58 was cloned from P. massoniana and its bioinformation was analyzed. Subcellular mapping of the gene was performed. The biological function of PmbHLH58 overexpression in Populus davidiana × P. bolleana was studied. The results show that the drought tolerance of PmbHLH58-overexpressed poplar was significantly improved, which may be due to the increase in water use efficiency and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under drought stress. In an ethylene-responsive manner, PmERF71 interacted with the PmbHLH58 protein, which was found by yeast two-hybridization. We further demonstrated that the drought-induced PmbHLH58 transcription factor increased the expression of key enzyme genes in ABA receptor family genes in PmbHLH58-overexpressing poplar lines (OE). These findings provide new insights into transcriptional regulation mechanisms related to drought stress and will promote the progression of the genetic improvement and plantation development of P. massonsiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mammalian Hippo kinases, MST1 and MST2, regulate organ development and suppress tumor formation by balancing cell proliferation and death. In macrophages, inflammasomes detect molecular patterns from invading pathogens or damaged host cells and trigger programmed cell death. In addition to lytic pyroptosis, the signatures associated with apoptosis are induced by inflammasome activation, but how the inflammasomes coordinate different cell death processes remains unclear. Here, we identify the crucial role of MST1/2 in inflammasome-triggered cell death. Macrophages proteolytically convert full-length MST1/2 into the MST1/2 N-terminal fragments (MST1/2-NT) when the NLRC4 inflammasome detects flagellin from the pathogenic bacterium, Legionella pneumophila . Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by the damage-associated molecular pattern, extracellular ATP, also produces MST1/2-NT. Caspase-1, the protease activated by these inflammasomes, directly cleaves MST1/2, and blockage of caspase-1 inhibits MST1/2-NT production in macrophages challenged with L. pneumophila . Importantly, MST1/2-NT production is critical for macrophages to trigger a set of death processes associated with apoptosis upon inflammasome activation and knocking out Mst1/2 causes dysregulated gasdermin protein cleavage for pyroptotic death. Furthermore, macrophages lacking MST1/2 have increased susceptibility to virulent L. pneumophila, revealing that the Hippo kinases are important restriction factors against the pathogen. These findings demonstrate that proteolytic cleavage of MST1/2 induced by inflammatory stimuli is an immune pathway to regulate programmed cell death in macrophages and uncover a unique link between the tumor-suppressive Hippo kinases and the inflammasomes in innate immunity., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

The ancient proverb "disease enters through the mouth" elucidates the connection between food and pathogens, underscoring the pivotal role of food preservation in preventing foodborne diseases. Drawing inspiration from ancient food preservation techniques such as waxing and the use of spices, a novel approach combining the deprotonation-induced solid-liquid phase separation of natural polymer solutions with the solubilization of plant-derived antibacterial compounds has been developed. The "two-step soaking" construction strategy enables the creation of biodegradable and adaptable for hydrogel coatings with micro-scale thickness. These multifunctional coatings can be applied to the surfaces of fresh fruits, vegetables, and meats in 35 s, providing both moisture retention and antioxidant protection. The coating's versatility allows for the targeted can achieve the elimination of various Staphylococcus and other bacterial strains through the selection of bactericides with differing antibacterial mechanisms. The scalability of this approach offers significant potential for broad applications in sterilization and food preservation in across diverse contexts., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Purpose : The utilization of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and Impella has been suggested as means of left ventricular unloading in veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) patients. This study aimed to assess the local hemodynamic alterations in VA-ECMO patients through simulation analyses. Methods : In this study, a 0D-3D multiscale model was developed, wherein resistance conditions were employed to define the flow-pressure relationship. An idealized model was employed for the aorta, and simulations were conducted to contrast the hemodynamics supported by two configurations: VA-ECMO combined with IABP, and VA-ECMO combined with Impella. Results : In relation to VA-ECMO alone, the combination treatment had the following differences: (1) overall mean mass flow rate increased significantly when combined with Impella and did not change significantly when combined with IABP. Blood flow pulsatility was the strongest in ECMO + IABP, and blood flow pulsatility was significantly suppressed in ECMO + Impella; (2) for all arterial inlets, HI was decreased with ECMO + Impella and increased with ECMO + IABP; (3) the flow field did not change much with ECMO + IABP, with better blood flow compliance, whereas the flow field was relatively more chaotic and disorganized with ECMO + Impella; (4) the difference between shear stress values in ECMO + IABP and ECMO alone was small, and ECMO + Impella (P6) had the largest shear stress values. Conclusions : Variances in hemodynamic efficacy between VA-ECMO combined with IABP and VA-ECMO combined with Impella may underlie divergent prognoses and complications. The approach to ventricular unloading during ECMO and the degree of support should be meticulously tailored to individual patient conditions, as they represent pivotal factors influencing vascular complications., (© 2024 Honglong Yu et al., published by Sciendo.)