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Surface ozone (O 3) is the primary air pollutant threatening global vegetation. It typically reduces the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, leading to changes in carbon, water, and energy cycles; vegetation structure and composition; and climate. Several parameterization schemes have been developed to integrate the photosynthetic and stomatal responses to O 3 exposure in regional and global process-based models to simulate time- and space-varying O 3 plant damage and its cascading dynamic influence. However, these schemes are calibrated based on limited observations and often fail to reproduce the response relationships in observations, impeding accurate assessments of the role of O 3 plant damage in the Earth system. This study proposes a new parameterization scheme to utilize the extensive observations from O 3 fumigation experiments to inform large-scale modeling. It is built on 4210 paired data points of photosynthetic and stomatal responses compiled from the peer-reviewed literature, more than 6 times larger than those employed in earlier schemes. Functions of phytotoxic O 3 dose (POD) are found to accurately reproduce the statistically significant linear or nonlinear relationships observed between POD and either relative leaf photosynthetic rate or relative stomatal conductance for needleleaf trees, broadleaf trees, shrubs, grasses, and crops. These eliminate the practice in earlier schemes of setting response functions as constants and applying the response function from one vegetation type to another. It outperforms the old scheme in the Community Land Model (CLM), which skillfully reproduces the observed response for crop photosynthetic rate only. The nonlinear response functions we developed depict decreasing plant sensitivity with increases in POD, enabling models to implicitly capture the variability in plant ozone tolerance and the shift among plant species for both intra- and inter-PFTs (plant functional types) within a vegetation type observed in the real world. Then, the new scheme is incorporated into the Community Earth System Model version 2.2 (CESM2.2), specifically its land component CLM5, to quantify the global impacts of present-day O 3 plant damage by comparing the simulations with and without O 3 plant damage. Results show that O 3 exposure reduces the global leaf photosynthetic rate by 8.5 % and stomatal conductance by 7.4 %, around half the estimates using the old scheme. Furthermore, the new scheme improves global gross primary productivity (GPP) simulations, decreasing RMSE by 11.1 % relative to simulations without O 3 plant damage and by 11.7 % compared to the old scheme. These results underscore the importance of including O 3 plant damage in large-scale process-based models and the effectiveness of the new scheme in assessing and projecting globally the role of O 3 plant damage in the Earth system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]