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Background: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of glycemic fluctuations, fatigue, and sleep disturbances during Ramadan, and to identify factors associated with hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia events in this period., Methods: A cross-sectional study of 88 individuals with type 2 diabetes during Ramadan fasting from (08/03/2024) until (20/04/2024) was conducted. HbA1c levels before Ramadan were obtained from medical records. Participants monitored blood glucose twice daily (during the day and two hours after breaking fast). Blood glucose under 70 mg/dl was considered hypoglycemia, and over 200 mg/dl was hyperglycemia. Fatigue was thoroughly assessed using the Indonesian Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 (IMFI-20), while the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was utilized to evaluate sleep quality. In addition, data on sleep duration, as well as dietary habits during Ramadan, were also collected., Results: A total of 88 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age, 52.7 years) participated, predominantly female (68.2%) and married (63.6%). The study found a prevalence of 21.6% for hypoglycemia and 30.6% for hyperglycemia. Additionally, 30.7% of participants experienced fatigue, and 40.9% reported poor sleep quality. HbA1c levels before Ramadan and fatigue were significantly associated with both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia (p <  0.05). Sleep quality was also significantly associated with hyperglycemia events (p <  0.05). Furthermore, sleep duration was significantly related to hyperglycemia events (p =  0.01). Meal timing, frequency, and dietary patterns during Ramadan were also found to be significantly associated with both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia (both p <  0.05)., Conclusion: Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are common among people with type 2 diabetes during Ramadan. Fatigue and poor sleep quality were also widespread. Key factors linked to these glycemic fluctuations were pre-Ramadan HbA1c levels and fatigue, while sleep quality was particularly associated with hyperglycemia. These results highlight the need for personalized care to manage blood sugar levels and improve overall health during Ramadan. We recommend that healthcare providers advise patients with type 2 diabetes to aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night to help control blood glucose levels. Additionally, having three meals a day (Suhoor, Iftar, and a post-Iftar snack) with low glycemic index foods can help maintain stable blood glucose and prevent both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia during Ramadan., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2025 Pratama et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) is a key pest of maize and sorghum. It undergoes both in estivation and hibernation depending on prevailing environmental conditions. Present investigations were aimed to decipher the regulation of ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone III (JH III) during different stages (prediapause, diapause and post-diapause/pupae) of hibernation and estivation as compared to counterpart nondiapause C. partellus. Significant variations were found in the ecdysone, 20E and JH III titers in the hemolymph of different stages of hibernation and estivation over the nondiapause C. partellus. At the prediapause stages of hibernation and estivation, the 20E was greater than the ecdysone. However, the ecdysone and 20E downregulated, while JH III upregulated during prediapause stages of hibernation and estivation as compared to nondiapause larvae. During diapause, 20E decreased in hibernation, and increased in estivation as compared to their respective prediapause stages. The JH III significantly upregulated in diapause stages of hibernation and estivation over the nondiapause larvae. However, it was significantly greater in prediapause and diapause stages of estivation as compared to hibernation strain. During post-diapause stage, the ecdysone and 20E titers were greater in estivation than in the hibernation and nondiapause strains, while JH III was greater in nondiapause than in the hibernation and estivation strains. These findings suggest the crucial role of these hormones in establishing switch between different stages of diapause and metamorphosis in C. partellus, which could further be useful to strategize sustainable management of C. partellus., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Myositis, or idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, encompasses a group of autoimmune diseases with broad-spectrum clinical presentations, with a common presentation of muscle weakness and inflammation. The management of myositis presents significant challenges due to the rarity and variability of the disease and lack of large-scale, randomised controlled trials. Due to limited evidence available from smaller studies as well as variation in treatment practices across geographical regions and disease subtypes, available published treatment recommendations vary significantly. There is a need, therefore, to develop multidisciplinary consensus-driven guidelines which appropriately reflect the diverse and complex nature of the disease. This comparative review presents an in-depth analysis of existing myositis treatment guidelines from diverse organisations, highlighting similarities and key differences in diagnoses, treatment and management recommendations. We propose that there is a need for developing globally unified, consensus-driven standardised set of guidelines for effective myositis management., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Hummus provides an ideal environment for microbial growth. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) on i) microbial safety/quality, ii) physical/chemical properties, and iii) sensory characteristics of hummus. Uninoculated and hummus inoculated with Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes were subjected to HPP at 350 MPa for 1-5 min. After treatment, the D-value of the pathogens was calculated and uninoculated samples were stored for up to 28 d at 4 and 10 °C and total microbial counts (TMC) were enumerated. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), colour, textural and rheological properties and sensory characteristics of hummus were also analysed. The D 10 -value for Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7 spp. and L. monocytogenes were 2.10 ± 0.13, 1.48 ± 0.08, and 3.77 ± 0.36 min, respectively. As compared to the control, HPP for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min instantly decreased TMC on average by 0.7, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4 and 1.8 log cfu/g, respectively. The shelf life of hummus in this study after an HPP treatment of 350 MPa for 2-5 min was 28 d at 4 o C and one week at 10 °C, while it was 14 d and 7 d in the control samples, respectively. HPP decreased TBARS but did not significantly change hummus lightness, greenness, and yellowness. HPP enhanced the gel strength and viscoelastic properties of hummus without compromising its sensory qualities. Thereby, HPP at 350 MPa for 1-5 min can be effective and adopted by producers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2025 The Authors.)

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent genetic kidney disorder, affecting over 10 million individuals worldwide. Cystic expansion typically progresses to kidney failure and also involves the liver with limited treatment options. Pathogenic variants in PKD1 or PKD2 account for 85-90% of cases. Genetic re-expression of Pkd1 or Pkd2 has been shown to partially reverse key characteristics of the disease phenotype in mice. Despite advancements in the understanding of the genetic basis, it remains unclear whether the correction of underlying pathogenic variants can effectively prevent, modify, or reverse the disease. Additionally, the feasibility of extrinsically delivered genome editing as a treatment option for ADPKD remains largely unexplored. In this study, we employed CRISPR base editing to correct a spectrum of representative pathogenic PKD1 variants selected from a patient cohort achieving precise and efficient editing in vitro . Correction of a representative murine missense variant (c.6646C>T (R2216W)) in primary renal epithelial cells successfully increased polycystin-1 expression and reduced levels of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker sXBP1. In vivo , base editor delivery to the c.6646C>T (R2216W) knock-in mouse enabled correction of the pathogenic variant, resulting in a significant reduction in liver cysts. These findings provide the first evidence of ADPKD reversibility through genome editing, opening promising novel therapeutic perspectives for affected patients and their families.

Introduction: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a subclinical condition caused by fecal-oral contamination leading to enteric inflammation and dysbiosis. This study investigates bile acid metabolism in Bangladeshi children with EED and its association with growth impairment., Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study of 100 Bangladeshi infants (aged 6-9 months) and quantified serum and fecal bile acids using LC-MS/MS. We compared profiles to a control group of 6 American children (6 - 12 months) and 80 older Bangladeshi children (aged 2 years)., Results: Bangladeshi infants had higher levels of plasma unconjugated primary (65.23% vs. 44.25%, p = .003) and sulfated primary bile acids (12.98% vs. <0.001%, p = .01), with lower primary conjugated bile acids (0.69% vs 2.74%, p = <0.001) compared to American children. Stool unconjugated primary bile acids were inversely associated with weight-for-age (regression coefficient [β] = -0.01, p = 0.01) and height-for-age z scores (β = -0.01, p = 0.03). Conjugated secondary bile acids were inversely associated with small intestine bacterial overgrowth (β = -1096.68, p = 0.05). Fecal myeloperoxidase was associated with sulfated secondary bile acids (β = -0.40, p = 0.04). Compared to 2-year-old children, the Bangladeshi infant's serum had higher levels of unconjugated primary bile acids (65.23% vs. 9.20%, p = <0.001) and lower levels of primary conjugated bile acids (0.69% vs 80.38%, p = <0.001)., Discussion: Our data suggests an age-dependent defect in conjugation of primary bile acids in Bangladeshi children with compensatory hydrophilic shunting. Additionally, bile acid profiles are associated with intestinal overgrowth.

Recent literature proposed an association between physical activity (PA) and carotenoid status due to their overlapping role in mediating oxidative stress. However, this relationship has yet to be explored in young children. This study examined the relationship between objectively measured PA (ActiGraph triaxial accelerometry) and skin carotenoid levels (pressure-mediated reflection spectroscopy) in a sample of 3- to 5-years-old. Fourteen children (44 ± 7 months old, 71% male) from a single child care center were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Linear regression modeling indicated more time spent in PA was associated with higher skin carotenoid scores (β = 3.448, p = 0.032). These findings from our pilot study indicate a potential cross-sectional link between physical activity and carotenoid status in young children.

MGTs most commonly arise from malignant melanoma. MGTs from primary cervical cancers are an extremely rare clinical finding with only a limited number of cases reported in the literature to date. We present the case of a 41-year-old female who presented with complaints of dysphagia and fatigue with a history of advanced cervical cancer. Endoscopy results revealed an infiltrating metastatic mass, with biopsy findings consistent with squamous gastric carcinoma of metastatic origin. Despite being on parenteral nutrition, poor disease prognosis led to eventually being discharged to hospice., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2025 The Author(s). Clinical Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study investigated pesticide residues in nectar, pollen, and beebread samples collected from 17 apiaries situated near rapeseed fields in Golestan province, Iran. A total of 54 pesticides, including all those registered for use in the region within the past five years, were analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS following QuEChERS extraction. A total of 19, 21, and 18 pesticides were detected in nectar, pollen, and beebread, respectively. While overall pesticide concentrations were similar across matrices, distinct pesticide distributions were observed. Fungicides (propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, and carbendazim), along with organophosphate and neonicotinoid insecticides, were more prevalent in beebread compared to pollen or nectar. Hazard quotients (HQs) and risk quotients (RQs) were calculated to evaluate potential risks to honey bees. Maximum HQ values for nectar, pollen, and beebread ranged from <0.01 to 5690.80, <0.01 to 4589.61, and <0.01 to 13,090.78, respectively. Diazinon, imidacloprid, and propiconazole exhibited the highest HQ values. Pollen and beebread samples were associated with the highest risks to honey bees, exhibiting a higher number of pesticides with HQs >50 and higher overall HQ values. RQ values revealed that diazinon and imidacloprid exceeded the level of concern for forager bees and drones, while diazinon posed a risk to nurse bees. Our findings highlight the potential exposure of honey bees to pesticide residues from rapeseed fields and emphasize the need for strategies to mitigate these risks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: To investigate the effects of personalized DiaBetes TEXT messaging combined with Peer Support Education (DB-TEXT+ PSE) on clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes., Methods: An assessor-blinded, three-arm randomized controlled trial recruited 84 participants between December 2022 and July 2023. Participants were randomly assigned to a DB-TEXT + PSE group, a DB-TEXT group, or a professional education program (PEP) group. Primary outcomes included glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ), fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, and clinical remission rates, whereas secondary outcomes measured lipid profiles, fatigue, sleep quality, depression, and quality of life (QoL). Outcomes were assessed at baseline (T0), three months (T1), and six months (T2) postintervention., Results: Relative to PEP, personalized DB-TEXT + PSE and DB-TEXT alone led to significantly reduced HbA 1c levels at T1 and decreased FBG levels at T1 and T2. Type 2 diabetes remission was achieved by 35.7% and 50% of the participants in the DB-TEXT + PSE group, by 17.9% and 25% in the DB-TEXT group, and by 3.7% and 3.7% in the PEP group at T1 and T2, respectively. Relative to the PEP, DB-TEXT + PSE led to significantly reduced TC levels, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and improved sleep quality and QoL over time., Conclusions: Personalized DB-TEXT + PSE is more effective at enhancing clinical outcomes, reducing fatigue, improving sleep quality, and improving quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes than DB-TEXT alone and PEPs are. Educators can incorporate personalized DB-TEXT + PSE as a component of diabetes education programs and thereby integrate digital interventions and supplementary programs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant cause of post-operative surgical site infections and persistent bacteremia. Here, we describe a patient who experienced three episodes of S. aureus infection over a period of 4 months following a total knee arthroplasty. The initial bloodstream isolate (SAB-0429) was a clonal complex 5 (CC5) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), whereas two subsequent isolates (SAB-0485 and SAB-0495) were CC5 isolates but methicillin-sensitive S. aureus . The two latter isolates harbored a plasmid encoding three superantigen genes that were not present in the primary MRSA isolate. SAB-0485 and SAB-0495 both expressed the plasmid-encoded staphylococcal enterotoxin R exotoxin and demonstrated increased superantigen activity compared with SAB-0429. Compared to SAB-0429, the latter isolates also demonstrated an increased bacterial burden in a mouse bacteremia model that was dependent on increased interferon-γ production. Curing of the plasmid from SAB-0485 reduced this virulence phenotype. These findings suggest that the superantigen exotoxins may provide a selective advantage in chronic post-surgical infections.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we investigated bacterial isolates from a patient who experienced three recurrent S. aureus infections over a 4 month period following total knee arthroplasty. Genomic and phenotypic characterization of these isolates revealed that they all belonged to clonal complex 5, yet the latter two strains contained an additional plasmid encoding superantigen exotoxins. Subsequent experimental infection experiments in mice demonstrated that the plasmid-encoded superantigens exacerbated bacteremia by promoting liver abscess formation. These experiments suggest that despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, bacterial superantigens may be able to promote persistent infection following post-surgery.

Background: The interaction between Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Veillonella species (Veillonella spp.) is unclear. This study aims to investigate the interaction between S. mutans and Veillonella spp. on caries development using systematic review., Methods: This systematic review was accorded to the guideline of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Three electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library, were used to conduct a systematic search for eligible studies from their inception until July 18, 2023. PROSPERO registration number was No. CRD42023445968., Results: We initially identified 4,774 articles. After eliminating duplicates and irrelevant articles, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies revealed important aspects of the relationship between S. mutans and Veillonella spp. in dental caries. One significant finding is that Veillonella spp. can affect the acid production capacity of S. mutans. Some studies indicate that Veillonella spp. can inhibit the acid production by S. mutans, potentially reducing the cariogenic process. Another aspect is the competition for substrates. Veillonella spp. utilize lactic acid, which is a by product of S. mutans metabolism, as a source of carbon. This metabolic interaction may decrease the availability of lactic acid for S. mutans, potentially influencing its cariogenic potential., Conclusions: This systematic review highlights the emerging evidence on the interaction between S. mutans and Veillonella spp. in dental caries. The findings suggest that Veillonella spp. can modulate the acid production, and substrate competition of S. mutans, potentially influencing the cariogenic process., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2025 Hasan F et al.)

High-pressure processing (HPP) is used as a non-thermal approach for controlling microbial viability. The purposes of this study were to (i) establish the decimal reduction times (D-values) for pathogenic bacteria during 350 MPa HPP treatment,; (ii) evaluate the impact of 350 MPa HPP on total plate count (TPC), yeasts and molds (YM), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in camel milk; (iii) investigate the behavior of several spoilage-causing bacteria during storage at 4 °C and 10 °C for up to 10 d post-HPP treatment; and (iv) assess the effect of HPP on the protein degradation of camel milk. The D-values for L. monocytogenes , E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. were 3.77 ± 0.36 min, 1.48 ± 0.08 min, and 2.10 ± 0.13 min, respectively. The HPP treatment decreased pathogenic microorganisms by up to 2 to 3 log cfu/mL (depending on treatment conditions). However, HPP reduced TPC, YM, and LAB by <1 log cfu/mL, regardless of the length of pressure exposure. HPP treatment, even at extended holding times, did not significantly alter either the proteolytic activity or casein micelle structure in camel milk. This study highlights HPP as a promising non-thermal technique for enhancing the microbiological safety of camel milk.

Immersion in nature has been linked to wide-ranging benefits on mental health and cognitive functions, from reducing stress to enhancing creativity. However, a walk in nature is not always feasible, and whether a proxy for nature immersion via a mental walk in nature can elicit the same benefits as a physical walk remains largely unknown. Accordingly, the current study utilized guided imagery to examine whether a mental walk in nature would improve creativity in general and when compared to a mental walk in an urban environment. We implemented a within-subjects design, wherein participants completed both mental walk conditions (in a nature and urban environment) at least five days apart in counterbalanced order on an online platform. During each session, participants (N = 97) completed two pre-walk tasks assessing convergent (measured by the Remote Associates Test) and divergent creative thinking (measured by the Alternate Uses Test), followed by a mental walk in either a nature or urban environment, then finally the identical two post-walk creativity tasks. After five days, they repeated the same procedure with a mental walk in the other environment. While comparisons of post-walk creativity scores between the nature and urban environment did not significantly differ from each other, the comparisons between the pre- and post-walk creativity scores revealed a significant improvement in convergent creative thinking in the nature environment condition, but not the urban environment condition. Our results suggest that taking a mental walk in nature can enhance at least one aspect of creativity, therefore providing preliminary evidence for the potential to access the creative benefits of mentally immersing ourselves in nature. These findings have important implications for those who wish to enjoy the benefits of nature but are unable to readily access nature physically., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2025 Drake et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: In the last years, artificial intelligence (AI) has contributed to improving healthcare including dentistry. The objective of this study was to develop a machine learning (ML) model for early childhood caries (ECC) prediction by identifying crucial health behaviours within mother-child pairs., Methods: For the analysis, we utilized a representative sample of 724 mothers with children under six years in Bangladesh. The study utilized both clinical and survey data. ECC was assessed using ICDAS II criteria in the clinical examinations. Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) and Random Forest (RF) was applied to identify the optimal subsets of features. Random forest classifier (RFC), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector machine (SVM), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models were used to identify the best fitted model as the predictor of ECC. SHAP and MDG-MDA plots were visualized for model interpretability and identify significant predictors., Results: The RFC model identified 10 features as the most relevant for ECC prediction obtained by RFE feature selection method. The features were: plaque score, age of child, mother's education, number of siblings, age of mother, consumption of sweet, tooth cleaning tools, child's tooth brushing frequency, helping child brushing, and use of F-toothpaste. The final ML model achieved an AUC-ROC score (0.77), accuracy (0.72), sensitivity (0.80) and F1 score (0.73) in the test set. Of the prediction model, dental plaque was the strongest predictor of ECC (MDG: 0.08, MDA: 0.10)., Conclusions: Our final ML model, integrating 10 key features, has the potential to predict ECC effectively in children under five years. Additional research is needed for validation and optimization across various groups., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study, approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Mymensingh Medical College (Reference: MMC/IRB/2021/349). Written consent from the mothers was obtained prior to participation. Confidentiality and participant privacy were maintained, and the research complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Physical and mind-body exercises represent distinct intervention strategies that may improve sleep quality by influencing physiological and psychological factors. Nevertheless, their effectiveness in individuals with diabetes is not well-established. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the impacts of physical and mind-body exercise interventions on sleep quality in patients with diabetes mellitus., Methods: Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria were identified from PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Ovid-Medline Library. The effect size for sleep quality was calculated using the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), employing a random-effects model. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also examined, and subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed., Results: Physical and mind-body exercise interventions significantly improved sleep quality, with an SMD of -1.040 (95% CI, -1.686 to -0.394). Subgroup analysis revealed significant differences with respect to the type of intervention (p=0.047), or its duration (p=0.282). Meta-regression analysis indicated that mean hemoglobin A1c level was the only factor to be significantly related to the effect size for sleep quality, demonstrating a negative association (p=0.033). The assessment of publication bias and the sensitivity analysis suggested that the findings were reliable and robust., Conclusions: Physical and mind-body exercises may serve as effective interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus who experience poor sleep quality. However, to substantiate these findings, additional rigorous RCTs with larger sample sizes, longer follow-up periods, and standardized interventions are required.

Adolescents in India experience body dissatisfaction and its associated adverse impacts on physical and mental health and gender equality. However, evidence-based interventions are scarce. Mental health interventions worldwide have traditionally relied upon delivery by expert providers. However, this prevents scalability, particularly in rural settings, where resources are often lacking. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of a low-resource teacher-delivered mixed-gender comic-based body image intervention among adolescents in semi-rural Indian schools. A randomised controlled trial was conducted among 2631 students (50 % girls; classes 6 to 8; Mage = 12.03 years, SD = 1.22) across 41 schools around the Jaipur district in Rajasthan. Each school was randomly allocated to receive six comic-based intervention sessions ( n = 1347) or lessons-as-usual ( n = 1284; control). The primary outcome of body esteem and related secondary and exploratory outcomes assessing mental health and gender stereotyping were assessed at baseline, 1 week-post-intervention, and 3-months follow-up (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04317755). Linear Mixed Model analyses revealed that compared to the control group, intervention students reported significantly higher body esteem and skin shade satisfaction, and significantly lower eating pathology, internalisation of appearance ideals, and gender stereotyping, with all effects maintained at follow-up. Compared to control group, boys in the intervention group also demonstrated significantly higher body image-related life engagement and body hair satisfaction at follow-up. Both students and teachers indicated high intervention acceptability via quantitative and qualitative findings. These findings present the first effective teacher-delivered school-based body image intervention in India, which can be implemented at scale using minimal resources, and thus indicates promise regarding broader dissemination across urban and rural settings., Competing Interests: HLS and PD are independent consultants to the Dove Self-Esteem Project, and PD was on the Dove Self-Esteem Project Global Advisory Board from 2013–2016. The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2025 The Author(s).)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in the world. From 2005 to 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) planned an initiative to reduce the mortality rate of CVD by 2030 by addressing health, finance, transport, education, and agriculture in these communities. Plans were underway by many countries to meet the goals of the WHO initiative. However, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic derailed these goals, and many health systems suffered as the world battled the viral pandemic. The pandemic made health inequities even more prominent and necessitated a different approach to understanding and improving the socioeconomic determinants of health (SDOH). WHO initiated a special initiative to improve SDOH globally. This paper is an update on what other regions across the globe are doing to decrease, more specifically, the impact of socioeconomic determinants of cardiovascular health. Our review highlights how countries and regions such as Canada, the United States, India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa are uniquely affected by various socioeconomic factors and how these countries are attempting to counter these obstacles by creating policies and protocols to facilitate an infrastructure that promotes screening and treatment of CVD. Ultimately, interventions directed toward populations that have been economically and socially marginalized may aid in reducing the disease and financial burden associated with CVD., (Copyright © 2024 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)