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Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may affect overhead athletes and contribute to shoulder injury. To assess data on passive shoulder range of motion (ROM) in young elite swimmers and to determine the prevalence of anatomical and pure GIRD (aGIRD and pGIRD, respectively) in a large sample size of asymptomatic elite swimmers with a new classification method. Cross-sectional study. Research laboratory. A total of 752 asymptomatic elite swimmers were recruited by voluntary participation (391 males and 361 females; mean age, 15.88 ± 2.31 years). Passive glenohumeral rotational ROM was measured bilaterally to investigate the prevalence of aGIRD and pGIRD. Evaluations were performed with athletes at rest before any training or competition. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and associated aGIRD and pGIRD in elite youth swimmers by identifying a standard classification procedure. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits were found in 136 participants (18.1%). Anatomical GIRD was present in 28 cases (3.7%), whereas pGIRD was observed in 108 cases (14.4%). No significant differences were found regarding GIRD between sex, age, age group, years of training, breathing side, and distance. Swimmers with pGIRD showed significantly less dominant internal rotation, total ROM, and external rotation gain (P <.01) than swimmers with aGIRD; conversely, swimmers with aGIRD showed significantly less nondominant internal rotation, external rotation, and total ROM than swimmers with pGIRD (P <.01). Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit is a relatively common condition in asymptomatic elite youth swimmers; as to not overestimate this condition, aGIRD and pGIRD have to be distinguished. Although they play a role, the respiratory side, dominant limb, and crawl did not have a significant impact on an elite swimmer with GIRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Patients with painful shoulder and long head of the biceps (LHB) tendinopathy are candidates for shoulder arthroscopy or other major procedures. However, for patients with comorbidities or to old, a minimally invasive LHB tenotomy may be indicated. We describe the outcomes of ultrasound-assisted LHB tenotomy performed under local anesthesia. Materials and methods. Between 2015 and 2020, 33 patients underwent echo-guided tenotomy surgery. Inclusion criteria were painful shoulder without pseudo paralysis, intact LHB, and inability or refusal to major surgery. Under ultrasound guidance, the LHB is located and fixed with a 18G needle at the proximal biceps groove. After local anesthesia, a mini-open tenotomy is performed. Both a Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score and pain on the visual analog scale (VAS) were recorded at baseline and at follow-up. Satisfaction (1 to 5) and adverse events were recorded. Results. Among the 33 eligible patients, 7 were lost at follow-up. The 26 (of which 17 women) patients enrolled had a median age of 76.5 years (IQR = 7). Mean follow-up was 39.5 months (range 8-63). Median QuickDASH changed from 67.1 to 21.6. Median VAS score before and after tenotomy was 8.5 and 3.5 respectively. Mean satisfaction score was 4.1. We recorded 7 Popeye deformities and 6 hematomas. Four patients presented with cramps and 6 reported a reduction of strength. Only 4/26 would not undergo the procedure again. Conclusions. The ultrasound-assisted LHB tenotomy was confirmed as a reliable and safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]