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Populus tree species are commonly used for creating shelter forests in vast areas of northern China, at least partially due to their fast growth. However, they are facing severe problems of decline and mortality caused by drought. In contrast, tree species native to water-limited environments usually have slow growth and are currently not commonly used in afforestation, while these species are gaining more attention in forestry for their greater resilience to drought. In Horqin Sandy Land, we conducted a comparative analysis of xylem hydraulics and associated physiological traits between six Populus tree species and six tree species native to drought-prone areas. Compared to the native species, the Populus species exhibited significantly higher stem hydraulic conductivity but lower resistance to drought-induced xylem embolism than the native tree species. The observed interspecific variations and contrasts in xylem hydraulics between the two species groups were predominantly attributed to xylem anatomical characteristics at the pit level rather than at the tissue level. In line with the divergences in hydraulics, we found significantly lower intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE i ) in Populus than in the native species, suggesting that the two groups adopted relatively acquisitive and conservative water use strategies, respectively. The trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety, as well as that between hydraulic efficiency and WUE i , underlies the contrasts in performance between Populus species and the native tree species, that is, fast growth of Populus species but high risk of hydraulic dysfunction when facing drought, and vice versa., (© 2025 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)