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The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care offers revolutionary enhancements in patient diagnostics, clinical processes, and overall access to services. Nevertheless, this technological transition brings forth various new, intricate risks that pose challenges to current safety and ethical norms. This research explores the ability of enterprise risk management as an all-encompassing framework to tackle these arising risks, providing both a forward-looking and responsive strategy designed for the health care industry. At the core of this method are instruments that together seek to proactively uncover and address AI-related weaknesses like algorithmic bias, system failures, and data privacy issues. On the reactive side, it incorporates incident reporting systems and root cause analysis, tools that enable health care providers to quickly address unexpected events and consistently improve AI implementation procedures. However, some application difficulties still exist. The unclear, "black box" characteristics of numerous AI models hinder transparency and responsibility, prompting inquiries about the clarity of AI-generated choices and their adherence to ethical benchmarks in patient treatment. The research highlights that with the progress of AI technologies, the enterprise risk management framework also needs to evolve, addressing these new complexities while promoting a culture focused on safety in health care settings., (© 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Health Care Risk Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Health Care Risk Management.)

Introduction: Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of focal epilepsy, often associated with cognitive impairments, particularly in memory functions, and depression. Sex and APOE ε4 genotype play a crucial role in modulating cognitive outcomes and depression in various neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease. However, the combined effects of APOE genotype and sex on cognitive performance and depression in temporal lobe epilepsy have not been previously investigated., Objective: This study aims to (i) identify impaired cognitive performance and clinically relevant depression; (ii) explore the interaction between sex and APOE ε4 genotype on cognitive performance and depression in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy., Methods: We used a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests to assess domains such as learning and memory, attention, executive functions, language, and visuo-spatial constructional skills and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. We also performed APOE genotyping to assess its role in the study. The final sample was composed by fifty-four patients (53.7% female). Cognitive performance and depression were analyzed using normative cut-off scores. To examine the main effects and interactions of sex and APOE ε4 carrier status on neuropsychological test scores and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, we also conducted a two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)., Results: Female APOE ε4 carriers compared to normative cut-offs, exhibited poor performance on multiple test scores, including the MMSE, The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (immediate and delayed recall), The Corsi Block-Tapping Task, The Verbal Fluency Test, The Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and The Pentagon-copying Test. Males showed impairment only in visuo-spatial short-term memory. ANOVA analysis revealed significant main effects of APOE ε4 status and sex on the MMSE, The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, The Verbal Fluency, The Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and The Pentagon-copying Test scores. Specifically, female APOE ε4 carriers performed consistently worse than other groups on many tasks. For depression, only an effect of sex emerged. Females scored higher besides APOE genotype., Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of considering both sex and APOE genotype when assessing cognitive performance in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The significant cognitive deficits we observed among females carrying the APOE ε4 allele highlight previously unexplored genetic and sex-related influences on cognition. This has potential implications for personalized therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the need for targeted assessment and intervention., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Bruno, Spadafora, Veltri, Cuconati, Condino, Cerantonio, De Benedittis, Greco, Di Palma, Gallo, Citrigno, Qualtieri, Cundari and Cavalcanti.)

Introduction: Adverse events in hospitals significantly compromise patient safety and trust in healthcare systems, with medical errors being a leading cause of death globally. Despite efforts to reduce these errors, reporting remains low, and effective system changes are rare. This systematic review explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical risk management., Methods: The systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines to ensure a comprehensive and transparent approach. We utilized the online tool Rayyan for efficient screening and selection of relevant studies from three different online bibliographic., Results: AI systems, including machine learning and natural language processing, show promise in detecting adverse events, predicting medication errors, assessing fall risks, and preventing pressure injuries. Studies reveal that AI can improve incident reporting accuracy, identify high-risk incidents, and automate classification processes. However, challenges such as socio-technical issues, implementation barriers, and the need for standardization persist., Discussion: The review highlights the effectiveness of AI in various applications but underscores the necessity for further research to ensure safe and consistent integration into clinical practices. Future directions involve refining AI tools through continuous feedback and addressing regulatory standards to enhance patient safety and care quality., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 De Micco, Di Palma, Ferorelli, De Benedictis, Tomassini, Tambone, Cingolani and Scendoni.)

Background: Mycotoxin exposure during pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes and poor infant growth. We assessed multiple biomarkers and metabolites of exposure to mycotoxins at birth and their associations with birth outcomes and infant growth in 274 newborns in rural Burkina Faso., Methods: Whole-blood microsamples were analyzed for mycotoxin concentrations in newborns in the Biospecimen substudy nested in the MIcronutriments pour la SAnté de la Mère et de l'Enfant-III trial using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Unadjusted and adjusted associations between mycotoxin exposure, and birth outcomes and infant growth at 6 mo were estimated using linear regression models for continuous outcomes and linear probability models with robust variance estimation for binary outcomes. Infant growth trajectories from birth to 6 mo were compared by exposure status using mixed-effects models with a random intercept for the individual infant and a random slope for the infant's age., Results: Ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure was detected in 38.3% of newborns, with other mycotoxins being detected in the range of 0.36% and 4.01%. OTA exposure was significantly associated with adverse birth outcomes, such as lower birth weight [β (95% CI): -0.11 kg (-0.21, 0.00); P = 0.042] and ponderal index [β (95% CI): -0.62 gm/cm 3 (-1.19, -0.05); P = 0.034], and a marginally significant lower length growth trajectories during the first 6 mo [β (95% CI): -0.08 cm/mo (-0.15, 0.0); P = 0.057]., Conclusions: OTA exposure was prevalent among newborns and also associated with lower growth at birth and during the first 6 mo. The results emphasize the importance of nutrition-sensitive strategies to mitigate dietary OTA, as well as adopting food safety measures in Burkina Faso during the fetal period of development., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)