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The coupling of numerical methods in different scales is of great significance in the investigation of intricate multiscale phenomena. This work develops a dynamic coupling approach based on domain decomposition by combining the mesoscale lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and microscale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the proposed scheme, a two-way concurrent exchange of information between different scales has been achieved. At the atomistic scale, the fluid dynamics are modeled through the particle-based MD method on the framework of the open large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS). While at the coarse scale, the fluid system is simulated utilizing the LBM approach, which relies on the collision and streaming of the particles constrained in discretized lattices, adhering to the conservation laws of mass and momentum. The exchange of velocity distributions between the two scales was handled. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed coupling scheme were validated through simulations of the classic Poiseuille and Couette flows. The obtained results show that satisfactory agreement against pure MD results has been achieved. Moreover, a notable improved efficiency as high as 92.8% has been observed for the coupling scheme in comparison to MD simulations. Due to the inherent parallelism of LBM and MD, the proposed coupling scheme exhibits great potential for extended application in studying complex multiscale phenomena with dynamic coupling between different scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implications of various pH solutions in the gastrointestinal fluid system as solvent-mediated phase transitions on concurrent polymorphism transformation, notably metastable polymorphic forms of Efavirenz (EFV), has never been investigated. The impact will be shifting in the solubility and crystallinity of EFV polymorphisms, particularly metastable Forms II and III. EFV's metastable form is generated by recrystallization with n-hexane and methanol, which were all immersed in artificial digestion buffer solutions for 10 and 100 h, respectively. Form II showed a 9–13.2% increase in solubility, whereas Form III increased by 2–7.3% over Form I. Interestingly, Form II revealed decreased crystallinity, but Form III tended to retain or slightly increase. In acidic solutions, all metastable polymorphs had the highest solubility and crystallinity. Form III appears to have a lower impact on phase transitions owing to pH variations than Form II. These findings indicate that variability in the pH of digestive secretions are essential steps in developing successful pharmaceutical formulations. Finally, our findings provide information on the complex interaction between solvents, pH variations, and EFV polymorphs. The findings identified the importance of these factors in the development of successful pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the Extended Cluster-based Network Modeling (eCNM), a methodology to analyze complex fluid flows. The eCNM focuses on characterizing dynamics within specific subspaces or subsets of variables, providing valuable insights into complex flow phenomena. The effectiveness of the eCNM is demonstrated on a swirl flame in unforced conditions, characterized by a precessing vortex core (PVC), using synchronized data from PIV measurements, UV-images filtered around the OH* chemiluminescence wavelength, featuring the heat release rate distribution, and pressure signals from jet inlet probes. The analysis starts with choosing the distance metric for the coarse-graining process and the number of clusters of the model. This has been pursued by designing a filtered distance metric based on the filtered correlation matrix and minimizing the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) score, balancing the goodness of the fit of a model with its complexity. The standard cluster-based network model on the velocity fluctuations allowed for determining the characteristic frequency of the PVC. The construction of extended cluster centroids of the heat release rate reveals a rotating flame pattern, predominantly localized within regions influenced by PVC's vortices roll-up. Spatial subdomain analysis is carried out, demonstrating the benefits of focusing on specific regions of interest within the fluid system and providing significant computational savings. Furthermore, eCNM allows for the handling of different sampling frequencies among datasets. Leveraging high-resolution pressure measurements as a reference dataset and velocity components as undersampled data, extended cluster centroids for velocity are successfully estimated, even when the velocity sampling frequency is artificially reduced. This study showcases the adaptability and robustness of eCNM as a valuable tool for comprehending and analyzing coherent structures in complex fluid flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems of poor temperature resistance and low crosslinking efficiency of crosslinking agent for sulphonated guar gum fracturing fluid, in this paper, nano‐silica was reacted with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane to obtain surface‐modified nano‐silica, which was then reacted with boric acid and n‐butyl titanate to obtain nano‐silica‐based boron‐titanium composite crosslinking agent. Its physical properties and structure were characterized by infrared (IR), laser particle size analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The sulphonated hydroxypropyl guar gum fracturing fluids formed by nano‐crosslinking agent were analyzed: When the temperature was uniformly increased from 25 to 120°C and the shear rate was 170 s−1, the viscosity was finally constant at about 50 mPa · s, which indicated that the temperature and shear resistance were good; the system had a better filtration‐loss reduction performance; the average sedimentation rate of ceramic grains in the fracturing fluid system was 0.00872 cm · min−1, indicating that the system had good sand carrying performance; the damage rate of fracturing fluid filtrate to the core was 23.33%; the gel breaking performance test showed that the fracturing fluid had good gel breaking performance. By analyzing the performance of the fracturing fluid, it can be seen that the nano‐crosslinking agent has the advantages of good temperature resistance and high cross‐linking efficiency compared with the traditional boron and titanium cross‐linking agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a detail analysis on (3+1)-dimensional Yu Toda Sasa Fukuyama (YTSF) equation. YTSF has so many applications in the description of elastic quasiplane waves in a lattice and interfacial waves in a two-layer fluid system. The YTSF equation represents the dynamics of the interface between two immiscible fluid layers of varying densities in the setting of interfacial waves in a two-layer liquid. The equation takes into account the nonlinear effects and dispersion that occur in a system where these layers may have varying velocities. Stable soliton-like structures localized waves that hold their shape while propagating can be described by the YTSF equation because of its integrability. With the aid of extended modified auxiliary equation mapping, we establish some solitary wave solutions (SWS) like various types of kink, periodic, doubly periodic, bell type, trigonometric, rational, and combined SWS, which have various applications in engineering and physical sciences. The behaviour of flaws in crystalline structures or phase transitions in materials is described by kink and anti-kink solutions. This approach gives us various types of SWS as compared to other analytical methods. We also discuss the stability analysis (SA) for our model. The SA involves examining whether the solutions to the equation, particularly SWS or other waveforms, maintain their structure over time when subjected to small perturbations. In other words, it determines whether these solutions are stable or unstable under slight changes in initial conditions or in the parameters of the system. Finally, we will provide graphical representation to the obtained solutions in various dimensions like 3D, 2D and contour plots by using mathematica with suitable values of subsequent parameters. For the first time, we use this approach for this model and our results are new and novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of tight matrix, underdeveloped natural fractures, small pore throat radius, poor pore connectivity, and abundant clay minerals result in a high potential for damage to the tight sandstone reservoirs of the Shaximiao Formation in the Qiulin Block in the Sichuan Basin. In order to reduce the retention damage caused by fracturing fluid to the tight sandstone reservoir, a low damage fracturing fluid system applicable to the target reservoir is developed in this work, and the indoor performance meets the requirements of on‐site fracturing operation. A low‐damage, heat‐resistant, shear‐stable amphiphilic polyacrylamide (PAAD) was prepared by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution using acrylamide, acrylic acid, and methacryloyloyloxyethyl dimethyloctadecyl ammonium bromide (DM18) as the monomers. The amphoteric polyacrylamide was characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), light scattering molecular weight determination, and thermogravimetric analysis. Fracturing fluids were formulated with the amphiphilic hydrophobic associative polymer PAAD as a drag‐reducing agent, the fluorine‐containing and nonionic complex surfactant FD1 as a clean‐up additive, CT10‐4B as a bactericide and CT1‐12 as an emulsion breaker. The fracturing fluid formulation was preferred, and the performance of the fracturing fluid was evaluated in terms of temperature resistance and shear resistance, drag reduction, anti‐expansion, and core damage. The fracturing fluid showed good temperature and shear resistance, with a viscosity retention of 58.4% at 120°C and 170 s−1 shear for 1 h. At a loading of 0.1%, the drag reduction rate reaches 72.3%, the anti‐expansion rate of the gel‐breaking fluid is 86.04%, and the damage rate to the tight sandstone core is 16.25%. The results show that the fracturing fluid has good heat resistance and shear stability, as well as low damage and good resistance reduction and anti‐expansion properties. This work can provide new strategies for designing polymeric fracturing fluids with low damage, good heat resistance and shear stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) to simulate the seabed liquefaction process in the Chengdao area. The liquefied soil and the overlying water are considered as a two-layer fluid system in the model. By constructing various topographies using Gaussian functions, it is possible to achieve an agreement between simulation and measurement. The simulation results reveal the characteristics of pore pressure in different topographies. The main findings include the following: (1) The expansion of liquefaction zone leads to an accelerated attenuation of pore pressure amplitude. (2) A decrease in topographic slope diminishes the wave group characteristics of pore pressure due to the sensitivity of certain wave components with specific frequencies to topographic slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the local hydrodynamics of a dense fluid confined in nanoscale slit-pores with different heights. Using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of the fluid system, we induce a steady-state sinusoidal velocity profile across the channel having a characteristic wavelength, thus, probing the fluid response to a specific Fourier mode. As expected, for sufficiently large channel heights and wavelengths there is an excellent agreement between the hydrodynamic predictions and simulation data. As the wavelength decreases to around 5 molecular diameters, the classical hydrodynamics fails to predict the steady-state velocity profile; we attribute this to the non-local nature of the fluid response and the presence of density gradients in the wall–fluid interfacial region. Using generalized hydrodynamics and the Fourier spectrum of the density profile, we derive the strain rate amplitude and shear pressure corrections due to these two effects. The local relaxation from the steady-state to the zero flow situation is tracked for different channel heights and wavelengths. The relaxation is in general visco-elastic in the wall–fluid region, and we argue that this phenomenon is the mechanism behind the "enhanced viscosity" used in the literature. We also report a surprising dynamics for the fluid located between the wall–fluid region and bulk region, which cannot be explained by classical hydrodynamics; here, an initial exponential relaxation abruptly transitions into a linear relaxation. The work highlights the many different physical mechanisms present in nano-confined fluids, and that the fluid response is in general position and wavelength dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research of heat and mass transfer enhancement is influenced by several physical effects such as thermal conductivity, heterogeneous catalytic reaction, heat source/sink, thermal radiation and suction/injection, and is a significant area of study, particularly in the field of applied materials science, nanotechnology and mechanical engineering. The main objective of this research is to analyze and explore the heat and mass transfer of a novel ternary hybrid nanofluids binary nanofluid flow while considering the influences of the control parameters mentioned earlier. The model is developed for Hamilton and Crosser to analyze the radiation mechanism in a fluid system subjected to a Riga wedge. Due to the upgraded thermal transportation, the novel ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNs) show great potential in addressing these difficulties because of their significant properties, which include enhanced thermal conductivity, convective thermal transport and the ability to improve autocatalysis reactions. The governing model equations and boundary conditions are nondimensionalized by introducing suitable similarity transformations. Thereafter, the computational Chebyshev collocation spectral technique implemented in the MATHEMATICA 11.3 environment is used to calculate the numerical solution. The THNs demonstrate an efficiency rate of about 2.79%, with a minimum efficiency rate of 3.27%. It has been revealed that heat generation and solar radiation parameters are significant physical features for enhancing heat transfer processes. Figure (a) represents the physical flow of thermostatic reaction with autocatalysis in non-Newtonian Casson-Cross tetra hybrid binary nanofluid flow through a stretching/shrinking Riga wedge. The x-axis aligns with the wedge sheet, while the y-axis is perpendicular to the x-axis. The magnetic field strength B(x) = B0xm–1/2 denoted by varies in an inclined magnetic field acting on the fluid, representing the constant magnetic field strength. This was achieved through the utilization of Navier-Stokes equations, the law of entropy, and Fick's second law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluations were conducted on the thermal performance of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system using three fluids as the evaporative system at a low‐grade heat source. The modified ORC evaporators were replaced with a three‐fluid system, which included hot fluids at the top and bottom and an isopentane working fluid in the middle section. Furthermore, the thermal performance assessment with a hot fluid heat transfer ratio in the outer and inner tubes (Q2/Q1) varying from 25:75 to 75:25 has been investigated. The impact of the hot fluid's (Q2/Q1) heat transfer ratios to saturated steam on the modified ORC's thermal performance assessment was examined, with an evaporative temperature range of 45–65°C and a pinch point temperature difference (PPTD) of 3–10°C. The Taguchi technique solves multiparameter optimization using the L9 orthogonal array. The findings showed that in three‐fluid‐based modified ORC systems, the network output, exergetic efficiency, and irreversibility went down with PPTD for all three Q2/Q1 cases. For Q2/Q1 of 75:25, the ORC's energetic efficiency and overall irreversibility reached their optimum, while a PPTD of 3–10°C reduced the exergetic efficiency by 19.71%. Also, Q2/Q1 of 75:25 showed the highest and 200% higher ORC system work done at PPTD of 3°C than Q2/Q1 of 25:75—the lowest. Modified ORC network generation, energy output, and heat transfer rate showed excellent results at an evaporative temperature of 58.33°C. For optimal network productivity, Q2/Q1 of 75:25 was 160% and 40% greater than 50:50 and 25:75 at 58.33°C, respectively. The three‐fluid‐based modified ORC system performs better with a 75:25 Q2/Q1 ratio. According to Taguchi's analysis, evaporation temperature affects the improved ORC system's thermal, exergy, and network generation. Also, heat transfer ratios (F = Q2/Q1) largely affect system irreversibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of particle concentration on tuneable magneto-optical transmittance and optically induced refractive index coefficients in Fe3O4-based nanomagnetic fluid (NMF) at room temperature. A static magneto-optical experimental setup was devised to investigate the magneto-optical effects arising from variations in particle concentration and dipolar interactions, under varying magnetic fields. In this work, Fe3O4-based nanomagnetic fluid was synthesized using a chemical co-precipitation method. The structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the fluid were investigated using sophisticated characterization techniques including x-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). Our investigation focused on the tunability of magneto-optical transmittance as a function of the varying magnetic field at different particle concentrations. Further, we observed variations in diffraction fringes in the nanomagnetic fluid, correlating with particle concentration, by passing a high-power laser through the diluted fluid system. Light–matter interaction in the presence of a varying magnetic field induces optical anisotropy in the fluid, whereas dipole–moment interaction and magnetic particle alignment in the presence of a magnetic field are the main supporting phenomenon of magneto-optical tunability in our experiment. Experimental modulation of the transmittance profile and field-induced refractive index coefficients in NMF, elucidated through fringe diffraction, has potential for applications such as tuneable magneto-optical devices, optical filters, and optical limiters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel system of DOAPA + NaSbs is proved to be a good scCO 2 foam stabilizer. • NaSbs induces DOAPA to form worm-like micelles, enhancing foam stability. • Foam stabilization mechanism is explained from interfacial and bulk properties. • This foam fracturing fluid exhibits excellent performance under high pressure. • The system shows good potential in developing recyclable foam fracturing fluid. Hydraulic fracturing is an essential technique for extracting unconventional oils and gases. However, as unconventional oil and gas resources are extensively exploited, the high costs of traditional fracturing fluids have become increasingly apparent. In this study, a high-performance CO 2 -responsive VES-CO 2 foam fracturing fluid was developed by combining CO 2 foam fracturing fluid with viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluid, based on responsive surfactants, to establish a recyclable fracturing fluid system stimulated and reduce operational costs. Firstly, a CO 2 -responsive VES-CO 2 foam fracturing fluid was constructed in a scCO 2 environment. Secondly, the stability mechanism of the CO 2 -responsive VES-CO 2 foam system was revealed through analysis of bulk rheological properties and interfacial characteristics. Finally, the performance of the fracturing fluid under high pressures was tested. The study found that under CO 2 stimulation, oleamidopropyl dimethylamine (DOAPA) forms a cationic surfactant, DOAPA-CO 2 , which, with the assistance of sodium benzenesulfonate (NaSbs), generates worm-like micelles. This transformation increases the zero-shear viscosity of the foaming solution from 12 mPa·s to 2869.69 mPa·s. The elastic modulus rises by two orders of magnitude, while the foam drainage half-life extends from 610 s to 3720 s. Encapsulation parameter P (P = 0.38) and TME tests confirmed the formation of worm-like micelles in the DOAPA@NaSbs-CO 2 system. Moreover, interfacial dilational rheology experiments indicated that the presence of worm-like micelles altered the relaxation mode of DOAPA-CO 2 molecules, enhancing the interfacial dilational viscoelasticity of the liquid film, thereby improving foam stability and the sand suspension capability of the liquid film. Performance evaluations showed that as the pressure increased, the proppant settling rate first decreased slowly and then rapidly, mainly because of the phase transition of CO 2. Within the test range, the proppant settling rate stabilized below 2.4 cm/min, meeting the engineering requirements. By controlling the presence of CO 2 , the fracturing fluid can break its gel, and the foam viscosity can switch between low and high, providing conditions for recycling the fracturing fluid. Additionally, the damage rate of this CO 2 -responsive VES-CO 2 foam fracturing fluid was only 8.08 %, indicating its compatibility with formations and fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Density, viscosity, speed of sound, and refractive index for 2-propanol + n -decane are reported. • Excess properties of the mixture were analysed and correlated using RK equation. • The PFP model predicts the primary molecular interactions contributing to the excess molar volume. • Eyring-NRTL model was used to predict the viscosity and VLE of the binary system. To study the effects of temperature as well as molecular interaction of a fluid system on the thermophysical properties of 2-propanol and n-Decane binary mixture, the density (ρ), dynamic viscosity (η), speed of sound (u), and refractive index (n D) of pure 2-propanol and n-Decane, along with their binary mixtures, were experimentally measured across the entire compositional range at temperatures from 283.15 to 343.15 K and atmospheric pressure. These experimental measurements helped in the evaluation of various thermophysical properties, such as excess molar volume (v E) , coefficient of thermal expansion (α E), and isentropic compressibility ( κ s E). The experimental dynamic viscosity (η) and density (ρ) data were used to evaluate kinematic viscosity ( v ) and Gibbs free energy (Δ G) of flow with an equation based on Eyring's absolute state theory, and their corresponding excess properties. The excess properties of the binary mixtures were correlated using a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation via the least-squares regression method, with fitting parameters determined for the binary system. Moreover, the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory (PFP) was utilized to identify the primary molecular interactions contributing to the excess molar volume at 293.15, 308.15, and 323.15 K for the binary mixtures. Additionally, the capability of the Eyring-NRTL model was tested to predict the viscosity as well as vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the binary system, and the correlated model results agreed with literature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to safety concerns, residential proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operate at significantly lower pressures, which heightens the risk of water condensation and anode flooding due to reverse osmosis. Consequently, investigating the flow field distribution under low-pressure scenarios is crucial. However, research on low-pressure PEMFCs remains limited. This study introduces an innovative visualization technique combined with numerical simulation to investigate the influence of different flow field inlet configurations, inlet pressures, and flow rates on gas distribution uniformity under low-pressure conditions. A novel visualization experimental device is developed to verify gas flow behavior under different operating conditions. The device uses polystyrene (PS) microspheres as tracer particles, combining the "velocity determination by image difference (VDID)" method—a cost-effective and efficient alternative to particle image velocimetry (PIV). Four flow field designs—ipsilateral access flow field (IAFF), opposite access flow field (OAFF), middle access flow field (MAFF), and entire access flow field (EAFF)—are modeled and experimentally validated. The results indicate that the EAFF consistently outperforms other designs, achieving a low coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.62% across various operating conditions. These findings highlight the effectiveness and convenience of visualization experiments combining microsphere tracer with the VDID method for early-stage flow field design and underscore the superiority of EAFF for low-pressure PEMFC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the Keller–Segel–Stokes system with indirect signal production n t + u · ∇ n = ∇ · (n m - 1 ∇ n) - χ ∇ · (n ∇ v) + r n - μ n α , v t + u · ∇ v = Δ v - v + w , w t + u · ∇ w = Δ w - w + n , u t = Δ u - ∇ P + n ∇ ϕ , ∇ · u = 0 in a bounded domain Ω ⊂ R 3 with smooth boundary, where χ > 0 , r ∈ R , μ > 0 and ϕ ∈ W 2 , ∞ (Ω) . We prove that under the conditions m > 1 and α ∈ 5 4 , 2 , the initial-boundary value problem of the 3D Keller–Segel–Stokes system with nonlinear diffusion possesses a globally bounded weak solution for all reasonable regular initial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the Keller–Segel system coupled with the Navier–Stokes equations in a bounded domain Ω ⊂ R 2 as follows n t + u · ∇ n = Δ n - ∇ · (n ∇ c) - κ n 2 , c t + u · ∇ c = Δ c - n c , v t + u · ∇ v = Δ v - γ v + n , u t + (u · ∇) u + ∇ π = Δ u - n f , ∇ · u = 0. We establish the global existence of classical solutions for the initial-boundary value problem in a bounded domain under mild assumption on the initial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the asymptotics of certain parabolic–elliptic chemotaxis-consumption systems with logistic growth and constant concentration of chemoattractant on the boundary. First we prove that in two dimensional bounded domains there exists a unique global classical solution which is uniformly bounded in time, and then, we show that if the concentration of chemoattractant on the boundary is sufficiently low, then the solution converges to the positive steady state as time goes to infinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensemble learning (EL) is a machine learning paradigm where multiple learning algorithms (base learners) are trained to solve the same problem. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of widely used EL algorithms, including bagging, boosting, and stacking, highlighting their significant advantages in terms of accuracy and generalization of mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM). This study tested mapping of prospectivity for gold deposits in the Qingchengzi Pb–Zn–Ag–Au polymetallic district using single machine learning algorithms and EL algorithms. According to the critical and favorable geological factors for magmatic-related medium-temperature hydrothermal lode system for gold deposits, five targeting criteria were extracted from multi-source geoscience datasets (i.e., geological map, gravity and magnetic datasets, stream sediment geochemical datasets) for mineral prospectivity mapping. The receiver operating characteristic curve, the area under the curve, and learning curves were used to evaluate the performance of the tested single and ensemble machine learning algorithms. The results demonstrate that the stacking model, which combines multiple base models for hierarchical feature extraction, achieves the best predictive performance. The concentration–area fractal model was used to outline the prospective areas predicted by the EL algorithms, clarifying areas with very high prospectivity for gold mineralization in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanogel (NG) drug delivery systems have emerged as promising tools for targeted and controlled drug release, revolutionizing treatment approaches across various diseases. Their unique physicochemical properties, such as nano size, high surface area, biocompatibility, stability, and tunable drug release, make them ideal carriers for a wide range of therapeutic agents. Nanogels (NGs), characterized by their 3D network of crosslinked polymers, offer unique edges like high drug loading capacity, controlled release, and targeted delivery. Additionally, the diverse applications of NGs in medical therapeutics highlight their versatility and potential impact on improving patient outcomes. Their application spans cancer treatment, infectious diseases, and chronic conditions, allowing for precise drug delivery to specific tissues or cells, minimizing side effects, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Despite their potential, challenges such as scalability, manufacturing reproducibility, and regulatory hurdles must be addressed. Achieving clinical translation requires overcoming these obstacles to ensure therapeutic payloads' safe and efficient delivery. Strategies such as surface modification and incorporating stimuli-responsive elements enhanced NG performance and addressed specific therapeutic challenges. Advances in nanotechnology, biomaterials, and targeted drug design offer opportunities to improve the performance of NGs and address current limitations. Tailoring NGs for exploring combination therapies and integrating diagnostics for real-time monitoring represent promising avenues for future research. In conclusion, NG drug delivery systems have demonstrated tremendous potential in diverse disease applications. Overcoming challenges and leveraging emerging technologies will pave the way for their widespread clinical implementation, ushering in a new era of precision medicine and improved patient care. Role of NGs in treatment of various diseases. The figure was created using BioRender (www.biorender.com) (accessed 4 January 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate how the geometrical parameter of spheroidicity, which quantifies the deviation from spherical symmetry, influences the complexity of self-gravitating, static systems. We employ the concept of complexity in self-gravitating systems as formulated by Herrera et al. (Phys. Rev. D 97, 044010, 2018) and apply it to various models of compact stellar structures, all set within the framework of the Vaidya-Tikekar (VT) background geometry. Specifically, we analyze three models: (i) the anisotropic compact stellar model by Das et al. (Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 52, 101, 2020), constrained by the Karmakar condition, (ii) the stellar model by Das et al. (Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 13, 2024) employing the VT metric ansatz under the vanishing complexity condition, and (iii) the compact stellar model using a polytropic equation of state with the VT metric ansatz (Baskey et al., New Astron. 108, 102164, 2024). These models were selected based on whether their solutions are complexity-free or not. We establish a connection between the complexity factor and the spheroidal parameter to analyze how pressure anisotropy and density inhomogeneity, as constituent components, are influenced by this geometric parameter. Our findings indicate that deviations from spherical symmetry lead to a marked increase in the complexity of the stellar structure for all the models based on VT metric ansatz. Moreover, our results indicate an inconsistent pattern in the dependence of the complexity factor ( Y TF ) and its components on spheroidicity ( K ), demonstrating that this relationship is both model-dependent and is not generic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examines fractional higher-order evolution and fundamental wave equations, namely the third- and fifth-order fractional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)-type equations, which regulate diverse nonlinear physical processes, especially those occurring in fluids and plasmas. For this purpose, the Aboodh/Laplace residual power series method (ARPSM) and the Aboodh/Laplace transform iterative method (ATIM) are carried out to derive high-accurate approximations. These methods are applied in conjunction with the Caputo operator, which effectively handles the fractional derivatives. The results illustrate the efficacy of both ARPSM and ATIM in analyzing third- and fifth-order time fractional KdV-type equations, providing valuable insights and potential applications in fractional calculus and its applications to complicated physical and engineering issues. The derived approximations are investigated graphically and numerically to understand the effect of the fractional parameter on the properties of the nonlinear phenomena characterized by this family. Furthermore, the precision and efficacy of the suggested techniques are verified by comparing the derived approximations to the exact solutions for the integer-order cases. The findings of this investigation have the potential to benefit a wide range of researchers who are interested in optical physics, fluid physics, and plasma physics. They can be employed to analyze and comprehend the results of their laboratory and space observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jet grouting is a geotechnical consolidation technique commonly used to improve soil mechanicals. Despite its successful applications, understanding micro-level interactions between the jet and soil is incomplete. This paper utilizes the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) methods to simulate fluid-soil interactions in both non-submerged and submerged environments. Analysis covers the flow fields and soil erosion. Findings show erosion velocity remains steady in non-submerged conditions, with the jet compacting and flushing soil. In submerged conditions, the simulated jet flow field under soil constraint is similar to that in the free submerged conditions. However, influenced by soil deformation, damage, and the backflow of the slurry, the jet flow field under soil constraint displays distinct features. For instance, velocity distributions in certain cross-sections cannot be accurately described by normal distribution, and axial velocity distribution curves exhibit different partitions compared to free submerged jet theory. Comparative simulations vary jet pressures, grout water-cement ratios, and soil compactness to analyze the erosion process. It is found that jet pressure significantly affects the depth of the erosion pit. The limit erosion distance in ALE simulations were compared with theoretical values derived from an established theory, and a model experiment was also conducted to analyze the jet-grouted diameter at different left speeds and rotational speeds of rod. The results show that ALE method can offer high accuracy in predicting the jet-grouted diameter and proves to be a feasible approach for fluid-soil interaction simulations in jet grouting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular membrane vesicles (EVs) offer promising values in various medical fields, e.g., as biomarkers in liquid biopsies or as native (or bioengineered) biological nanocarriers in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and cancer therapy. Based on their cellular origin EVs can vary considerably in composition and diameter. Cell biological studies on mammalian prominin-1, a cholesterol-binding membrane glycoprotein, have helped to reveal new donor membranes as sources of EVs. For instance, small EVs can originate from microvilli and primary cilia, while large EVs might be produced by transient structures such as retracting cellular extremities of cancer cells during the mitotic rounding process, and the midbody at the end of cytokinesis. Here, we will highlight the various subcellular origins of prominin-1+ EVs, also called prominosomes, and the potential mechanism(s) regulating their formation. We will further discuss the molecular and cellular characteristics of prominin-1, notably those that have a direct effect on the release of prominin-1+ EVs, a process that might be directly implicated in donor cell reprogramming of stem and cancer stem cells. Prominin-1+ EVs also mediate intercellular communication during embryonic development and adult homeostasis in healthy individuals, while disseminating biological information during diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal solitary waves (ISWs) propagate in stratified waters, enhancing diapycnal mixing, sediment and mass transport on shelves. They have typical wavelengths of hundreds of meters and tens of minutes periods, requiring high resolution and high frequency measurements for their sampling. But such in-situ measurements are scarce and ISWs remain largely unpredictable. We evidence that large amplitude ISWs propagating in the Strait of Gibraltar have a signature in the sea level at the Tarifa tide gauge and we propose an algorithm to automatically detect them. We validate the algorithm with in-situ measurements and satellite Sentinel-1 images. Thanks to the accuracy of this method, we analyse the ISW emission in the SoG from 2015 to 2023 from tidal to seasonal scales. This promising new method of in-situ ISW measurements offers potential benefits by supplying data on ISWs at various locations. These data will enhance our understanding of ISW dynamics, their parameterization and prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the suboptimal physical properties and distinctive geological conditions of deep coalbed methane reservoirs, any reservoir damage that occurs becomes irreversible. Consequently, the protection of these deep coalbed methane reservoirs is of paramount importance. This study employs experimental techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and micro-CT imaging to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the pore structure, mineral composition, fluid characteristics, and wettability of coal seams 3# and 15# in the northern Qinshui Basin of China. The objective is to elucidate the types of reservoir damage induced by fracturing fluid intrusion along with potential contributing factors. This research is critical for ensuring safe drilling practices, effective gas injection, and efficient development strategies for coalbed methane reservoirs. The findings indicate that the mineral composition of the coal rock consists of 18.52% clay minerals, 34% quartz, and 8.98% calcite. Furthermore, hydrophilicity and natural fractures within the coal rock may lead to water-sensitivity, velocity- sensitivity, alkali- sensitivity, and acid- sensitivity damages to the coalbed methane reservoir. There exists good compatibility between fracturing fluids and both coal rock as well as formation water. The fine particles generated from hydraulic fracturing are prone to transport through the coal seam while obstructing pore throats. Thus exhibiting pronounced velocity sensitivity characteristics in this reservoir type. Coal rock demonstrates pronounced stress sensitivity. As the effective stress escalates from 2 MPa to 10 MPa, there is a marked decrease in the permeability of coal rock. With increasing effective stress, the pore structure and natural fractures within the coal rock are compressed more tightly, resulting in a diminished permeability of the coal rock. When exposed to fracturing fluid saturation, not only does the volume of these particles expand but they can also cause blockages that result in up to a 60% reduction in fracture flow capacity. These insights are vital for optimizing fracturing designs aimed at protecting reservoir integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations is an important tool for studying their long-term behavior. However, when studying the asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations with delay, the delay factor u (t + θ) in the delay term may lead to oscillations, hysteresis effects, and other phenomena in the solution, which increases the difficulty of studying the well-posedness and asymptotic behavior of the solution. This study investigates the global well-posedness and asymptotic behavior of solutions to the non-autonomous Navier–Stokes equations incorporating infinite delays. To establish global well-posedness, we first construct several suitable function spaces and then prove them using the Galekin approximation method. Then, by accurately estimating the number of determining nodes, we reveal the asymptotic behavior of the solution. The results indicate that the long-term behavior of a strong solution can be determined by its values at a finite number of nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dynamics of two oscillating rigid spheres moving through an infinite porous medium saturated with Stokes fluid flow, addressing the problem of how fluid properties, permeability, frequency, and slip length influence the system. The objective is to model the interactions between the spheres, which differ in size and velocity as they move along the axis connecting their centers while applying slip boundary conditions to their surfaces. We derive the governing field equations using a semi-analytical method and solve the resulting system of equations numerically through a collocation technique. Our novel quantitative results include insights into the drag force coefficients for both in-phase and out-of-phase oscillations of each hydrophobic sphere, considering parameters such as diameter ratio, permeability, frequency, velocity ratios, slip lengths, and the distances between the spheres. Notably, when the spheres are sufficiently far apart, the normalized drag force coefficients behave as if each sphere is moving independently. Additionally, we present streamlines that illustrate the interactions between the spheres across a range of parameters, highlighting the novelty of our findings. A purely viscous medium and no-slip conditions are used to validate the numerical approach and results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of chemical biology, DNA origami has been actively researched. This technique, which involves folding DNA strands like origami to assemble them into desired shapes, has made it possible to create complex nanometer-sized structures, marking a major breakthrough in nanotechnology. On the other hand, controlling the folding mechanisms and folded structures of proteins or shorter peptides has been challenging. However, recent advances in techniques such as protein origami, peptide origami, and de novo design peptides have made it possible to construct various nanoscale structures and create functional molecules. These approaches suggest the emergence of new molecular design principles, which can be termed "molecular origami". In this review, we provide an overview of recent research trends in protein/peptide origami and DNA/RNA origami and explore potential future applications of molecular origami technologies in electrochemical biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas reservoir-type underground gas storage (UGS) plays a critical role in China's natural gas reserves and peak shaving, serving as an essential component of the energy security system. Its unique cyclic injection and production operations not only stabilize the natural gas supply but also impose stringent requirements on the safety and integrity of geological structures, wellbores, and surface facilities. Weaknesses in current practices can cause accidents, directly threatening energy security. Therefore, continuously improving integrity management is the key to mitigating energy risks. Currently, the integrity management of gas storage faces challenges such as an abundance of standards and the complexity of management elements, which affect both operational safety and management efficiency. To address these issues, this study systematically analyzes domestic and international standards related to gas storage and establishes a technical system based on "three-in-one" integrity management (geological structure, wellbore, and surface facilities). Key elements of integrity management are identified and optimized, and recommended execution standards for critical factors are proposed to provide a theoretical basis and decision-making support for the safe operation of gas storage. This study not only offers a reference for optimizing and implementing integrity management standards but also has significant practical implications for enhancing energy security and reducing energy risks, ensuring the smooth execution of China's natural gas reserve and peak shaving initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing oil recovery efficiency is vital in the energy industry. This study investigates magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants to reduce interfacial tension (IFT) and improve oil recovery. Pendant drop method measurements revealed a 70% IFT reduction, significantly improving nanoparticle dispersion stability due to SDS. Alterations in Zeta Potential and viscosity, indicating enhanced colloidal stability under reservoir conditions, were key findings. These results suggest that the MgO-SDS system offers a promising and sustainable alternative to conventional methods, although challenges such as scaling up and managing nanoparticle–surfactant dynamics remain. The preparation of MgO nanofluids involved magnetic stirring and ultrasonic homogenization to ensure thorough mixing. Characterization techniques included density, viscosity, pH, Zeta Potential, electric conductivity, and electrophoretic mobility assessments for the nanofluid and surfactant–nanofluid systems. Paraffin oil was used as the oil phase, with MgO nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 wt% and a constant SDS concentration of 0.5 wt%. IFT reduction was significant, from 47.9 to 26.9 mN/m with 0.1 wt% MgO nanofluid. Even 0.01 wt% MgO nanoparticles reduced the IFT to 41.8 mN/m. Combining MgO nanoparticles with SDS achieved up to 70% IFT reduction, enhancing oil mobility. Changes in Zeta Potential (from −2.54 to 3.45 mV) and pH (from 8.4 to 10.8) indicated improved MgO nanoparticle dispersion and stability, further boosting oil displacement efficiency under experimental conditions. The MgO-SDS system shows promise as a cleaner, cost-effective Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method. However, challenges such as nanoparticle stability under diverse conditions, surfactant adsorption management, and scaling up require further research, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches and rigorous field studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates air–water interactions during a controlled filling process of an actual water pipeline using a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. The main objectives are to understand the dynamic interaction of these fluids through water inflow patterns, pressure pulses, and air-pocket dynamics based on contours. This study uses an existing cast iron pipeline 485 m in length, a nominal diameter of 400 mm, and an air valve with a nominal diameter of 50 mm. The methodology of this CFD model includes the Partial Volume of Fluid (pVoF) method for air–water interface tracking, a turbulence model, mesh sensitivity and numerical validation with pressure and velocity measurements. Results highlight the gradual pressurization of pipelines and air pocket behavior at critical points and show the thermodynamic interaction concerning heat transfer between gas and liquid. This study advances the application of CFD in actual water pipelines, offering a novel approach to air pocket management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems of long dissolution and preparation time, cumbersome preparation, and easy moisture absorption and deterioration during storage or transportation, acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), sodium p-styrene sulfonate (SSS), and cetyl dimethylallyl ammonium chloride (DMAAC-16) were selected as raw materials, and the emulsion thickener P(AM/AA/SSS), which can be instantly dissolved in water and rapidly thickened, was prepared by the reversed-phase emulsion polymerization method. DMAAC-16, the influence of emulsifier dosage, oil–water ratio, monomer molar ratio, monomer dosage, aqueous pH, initiator dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time, and other factors on the experiment was explored by a single-factor experiment, and the optimal process was determined as follows: the oil–water volume ratio was 0.4, the emulsifier dosage was 7% of the oil phase mass, the initiator dosage was 0.03% of the total mass of the reaction system, the reaction time was 4 h, the reaction temperature was 50 °C, the aqueous pH was 6.5, and the monomer dosage was 30% of the total mass of the reaction system (monomeric molar ratio n(AM):n(AA):n(SSS):n(DMAAC-16) = 79.2:20:0.5:0.3). X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy analysis were carried out on the polymerization products. At the same time, a series of performance test experiments such as thickening performance, temperature and shear resistance, salt resistance, sand suspension performance, core damage performance, and fracturing fluid flowback fluid reuse were carried out to evaluate the comprehensive effect and efficiency of the synthetic products, and the results show that the P(AM/AA/SSS/DMAAC-16) polymer had excellent solubility and excellent properties such as temperature and shear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Important infrastructure elements like elevated water tanks are vulnerable to fluid sloshing brought on by earthquakes, which can seriously harm the structure. In order to precisely capture the fluid–structure interaction, this work uses a 3D finite element model based on the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach to investigate the dynamic response of raised water tanks under seismic excitation. Seismic ground motions were applied to the model, and the displacements, accelerations, and stresses that resulted were examined. The results highlight how fluid sloshing significantly affects the dynamic response of the tank because sloshing waves increase structural stresses and deformations by imposing large hydrodynamic pressures on the tank walls. The water tank's performance as a tuned liquid damper (TLD) was also evaluated in the study. Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were created and trained in order to further examine and forecast the dynamic response. According to statistical analysis and Taylor diagram evaluation, the ANN model outperformed the MARS model in forecasting the displacement response. The numerical simulations and precise results were made possible by the use of ABAQUS software, a potent finite element analysis tool. The study's conclusions can be used to improve the analysis and construction of elevated water tanks in order to reduce seismic risk. The impact of different tank geometries, fluid characteristics, and seismic ground motions on the dynamic response of raised water tanks may be investigated in future studies. This research innovatively employs ABAQUS software to simulate the stabilizing effect of sloshing in steel structures during earthquakes. By optimizing water levels to 60% capacity, the study explores sloshing as a potential damping mechanism to mitigate structural vibrations. In comparison to empty tanks, this leads to better damping throughout velocity, acceleration, and displacement responses, which speeds up stabilization and lowers dynamic loads. The study also demonstrates how well adjusted liquid dampers (TLDs) reduce vibrations in raised water tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]