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Despite evidence of the benefits of early care and education (ECE) for child development and family employment, the supply of providers is scarce and variable; leading many families with young children to experience limited and inequitable access. To examine the multidetermined nature of access, this study leverages a multidimensional, family-centered definition and a nationally representative sample of families of preschoolers from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study -- Birth Cohort to examine (1) patterns of access-related features present in preschool-age children's ECE arrangements, and (2) child characteristics, household circumstances, and care setting type that may be related to patterns of access. Latent class analysis model enumeration revealed five latent classes of children's nonparental care arrangements along features of accessibility: "High Across Most Access Features" (26.4 %), "Single, Long-Term Provider" (30.1 %), "Limited Across Most Access Features" (11.6 %), "Low Affordability, Multiple Providers" (10.1 %), and "High Affordability, Recent Transition" (21.8 %). These results suggested many children were in ECE that met multiple dimensions of access, with others in care arrangements that reflected trade-offs. Children were also differentially classified into types of ECE arrangements in relation to care setting type, race/ethnicity, income, household urbanicity, and parental employment. The implications of investigating ECE access as a multidimensional construct, and recommendations for how ECE providers and policy can more closely align with family needs are discussed.

Urban-farming activities can provide durability to an area, ensuring, among other benefits, environmental awareness, access to fresh food, individual health, and, potentially, an increased family income. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between the following benefits of urban agriculture perceived by the inhabitants of western Romanian towns: socialisation and recreation and the avoidance of food waste with their levels of education and financial situations. The data were collected through an online questionnaire, completed by 648 respondents, and processed in SPSS-IBM using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey interval test. The study results demonstrated that a high level of education leads to increased belief in the contributions that urban farming makes to improving the socialisation and recreation of city residents. The income level also significantly shapes opinions regarding the contribution of urban agriculture to the increase in recycling. This study reflected critical lifestyle perspectives that impact people's perception of the benefits of urban agriculture. The findings are expected to provide new insights for regulators and decision-makers, enabling them to develop tailored methods, strategies, policies, and legal measures to achieve sustainable growth in the urban community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: The relationship between economic disadvantages and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), as well as its impact on birth outcomes, remains uncertain. Materials and Methods: From the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database, we identified 984,712 pregnant women between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2018. Using propensity score matching, we selected 5,068 pairs of women across four income levels: very low, low, middle and high. We used a multivariable Cox regression model to assess the risk of GDM in these pregnant women and analyzed the birth outcomes. Results: The mean age of the pregnant women was 30.89 years. We found no significant difference in GDM risk among pregnant women with different family income. However, newborns of women with GDM and very low‐income were at higher risk for several adverse conditions, such as small for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.31), large for gestational age (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.08–1.51), hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (aOR 3.19, 95% CI 1.15–8.86), respiratory distress (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.14–2. 19), congenital anomalies (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.08–1.62), jaundice requiring phototherapy or exchange transfusion (aOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24) and so on. Conclusions: This study found that low family income alone was not associated with GDM development. However, for a GDM pregnancy, pregnant women with lower income had worse birth outcomes. Improving maternal health and nutrition among low‐income pregnant women with GDM might be critical to improving birth outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban-farming activities can provide durability to an area, ensuring, among other benefits, environmental awareness, access to fresh food, individual health, and, potentially, an increased family income. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between the following benefits of urban agriculture perceived by the inhabitants of western Romanian towns: socialisation and recreation and the avoidance of food waste with their levels of education and financial situations. The data were collected through an online questionnaire, completed by 648 respondents, and processed in SPSS-IBM using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey interval test. The study results demonstrated that a high level of education leads to increased belief in the contributions that urban farming makes to improving the socialisation and recreation of city residents. The income level also significantly shapes opinions regarding the contribution of urban agriculture to the increase in recycling. This study reflected critical lifestyle perspectives that impact people’s perception of the benefits of urban agriculture. The findings are expected to provide new insights for regulators and decision-makers, enabling them to develop tailored methods, strategies, policies, and legal measures to achieve sustainable growth in the urban community.