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The use of main battle tanks in armies goes back many years. The most crucial component is undoubtedly the weapon system. In this study, it is aimed to model the elevation dynamics of the weapon system that provides the movement of the weapon system in the vertical axis. The elevation dynamics consists of three parts: an electric motor, a driver, and a barrel. Both parts are expected to have similar vibration characteristics. The linear graph method was preferred as the modeling method. First of all, the system components and types were determined, and the linear graph, normal tree, and tree links of the system were drawn. Then the state variables, primary and secondary variables, as well as the number of branches, nodes, and sources, were determined, respectively. Elemental, continuity, and compatibility equations were written using the obtained graphs. By organizing these equations, state equations were obtained in standard form and matrix form. With the simulation studies carried out in MATLAB/Simulink, the displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses of the breech and muzzle sections were obtained. It is seen that obtained angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration results for both breech and muzzle sections are almost the same. As a result, the breech and muzzle sections have similar vibration motions and have proven to be able to work in harmony. This result shows that the barrel can be designed from two parts without additional stress and tension, which makes it difficult to focus on the target. By forming the barrel in two parts, the risk of damage can be minimized by better distributing the stress and tension occurring in the barrel during firing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the variation of soil physical properties in relation to land use and elevation is essential for modeling soil-landscape relationships and sustainable land management. Hence, this study investigates the spatio-temporal variability of soil physical properties in a lower Himalayan watershed, where agriculture, forest, and grasslands are dominant. Samples from 104 sites in a 422 km 2 watershed were collected using a gridded sampling scheme (2 km × 2 km resolution) over 57 weeks. Spatial patterns were analyzed using the Kriging technique, and Spearman rank correlation was employed to identify landform-dependent correlations between soil properties and elevation. The interdependence of the properties was detected using principal component analysis (PCA), while the random forest (RF) approach explored the factors influencing electrical conductivity (EC), organic content (OC), soil temperature (ST), and soil moisture (SM). The results revealed that forest landforms have higher coarser fractions (40%) compared to other landforms, while grasslands have higher soil fines (66%). A positive correlation was observed for elevation with sand content (0.15*), organic content (0.42*), and specific gravity (0.03), while a negative correlation was observed for silt (0.10), clay (0.21*), bulk density (0.52*), electrical conductivity (0.41*), soil moisture (0.28*), and temperature (0.31*). Elevation, soil texture, and specific gravity were identified as critical controls for EC, OC, ST, and SM, emphasizing the importance of soil properties, especially elevation and texture, in shaping spatial distributions. These findings contribute to creating a high-resolution regional inventory for effective land use management, adaptation to climate change, and improved livelihood, specifically for mountain people., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)