Search

Increasingly higher education institutions are expected to demonstrate their contribution to academia, society, and the economy. This is pertinent for business schools as a key purpose for them is to provide education that enhances management practice, with Doctorates in Business Administration (DBAs) being the highest-level qualification offered in pursuit of this goal. Yet there is scant research that captures the impact of DBAs beyond the individual and academia. This paper focuses on the important role of DBAs in generating and transferring knowledge from academia to practice and in creating wider impact in society and the economy. Based on 36 semi-structured interviews with DBA students and alumni, our research shows how DBA students are able to generate and exchange knowledge between academia and business, enabling a wide range of impacts to be achieved. We show how knowledge transfer is the outcome of a learning process in which DBA students and their supervisors learn to speak each other's language, enabling two-way communication. Facilitated by the power and associated credibility and legitimacy of the DBA students as practicing senior managers, the knowledge can then be transferred. Personal development in the form of analytical skills and increased confidence gained through the learning process results in a personal impact that acts as the precursor to other forms of impact, such as improved organisational performance and broader societal benefits. Research generated by DBAs is thus well-placed to offer opportunities for impact and contribute substantially to the research-practice conversation in higher education.

Over the past decade, the financial crisis has led to reduced government funding for academic libraries in Greece. Now more than ever, it is imperative for library managers to improve their knowledge and understanding of cost behavior, in order to effectively deliver high quality services at decreasing costs. To do so, they need to apply clearly-defined costing methods, such as Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC), that allow them to identify the various costs involved in the library processes. In our study, we applied the TDABC method at the medium-sized library of the University of Macedonia (UoM), in Thessaloniki, Greece, to evaluate the costs of the Inter-library Loans (ILL) services. Since the library managers did not adopt a cost allocation method, the cost estimation of the UoM ILL services was rather simplistic and rudimentary. Our research provides empirical evidence of the advantages of TDABC in an academic library setting. Namely, the TDABC method can help library administrators decide how to successfully allocate the available resources and improve the efficiency of the library processes.

This study used the provincial panel data on policy adoption rate of university-affiliated think tanks in China from 2005 to 2017 and built a fixed effects model to explore the impact of the policy adoption rate of university-affiliated think tanks on China's economic growth. The results indicated that China's university-affiliated think tanks developed rapidly and the quality of policy advice improved significantly, but obvious regional imbalance existed. The policy adoption rate of university-affiliated think tanks can significantly affect China's economic growth. The impact was significant in the eastern developed region and western underdeveloped region but not in the moderately developed region in central China. The impact was significant in both the southern developed region and northern underdeveloped region, while the impact in the south was more significant than this in the north. Besides, the policy adoption rate of university-affiliated think tanks had obvious time effect on China's economic growth. As time went by, the effect became stronger, which was significant in eastern and central China but not in the western region. The enhancement of effect was significant in both the southern and northern regions, while the enhancement in the south was higher than this in the north.

In March 2020, when public health stay home orders began in order to halt the spread of COVID-19, child care as an industry was drastically and abruptly impacted. This public health emergency highlighted the weaknesses in the child care system in the United States. This study investigated the changes in operations cost, child enrollment and attendance, and state and federal support that occurred during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic among both center-based and home-based child care programs. A total of 196 licensed centers and 283 home-based programs across Iowa participated in an online survey as a part of the 2020 Iowa Narrow Costs Analysis. This mixed method study utilizes qualitative analysis of response as well as descriptive statistics and pre- post comparison testing. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative data revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a marked impact on child care enrollment, the operational cost of child care, the availability of child care, and a variety of other areas including staff workload and mental health. In many instances, participants shared that state and federal COVID-19 relief funds were critical. Although state and federal COVID-19 relief funds were critical for child care providers in Iowa during the pandemic, results suggest similar financial support will be necessary beyond the pandemic to sustain the workforce. Policy suggestions are made for how to continue to support the child care workforce in the future.

The number of short campaigns by hedge funds has dramatically increased over the last two decades. Nearly 80% of campaigns are undertaken by activist hedge funds, particularly those that employ hostile tactics in their long campaigns. Short campaigns are associated with negative abnormal returns of –7%, with aggregate valuation effects similar in magnitude to the gains from long activism campaigns. In contrast to long campaigns, public communication is a critical component of short campaigns. We do not find evidence that such communication is manipulative. Overall, our analysis highlights the importance of short campaigns for understanding the economic impact of activist hedge funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the paradigmatic assumptions and ideologies that have shaped algorithmic management research. We identify two sets of assumptions: one about the "ontology of algorithms" (which holds that human resource management [HRM] algorithms are non‐human entities with material agency) and one about the "ontology of management" that HRM algorithms afford (which understands algorithmic management as a form of control for maximizing economic/shareholder value). We explain how these core assumptions underpin existing research of HRM algorithms, causing blind spots that hinder new ways of understanding and studying algorithmic management. After identifying and unpacking the assumptions and blind spots, we offer avenues to overcome these blind spots, allowing for future research based on new ideological assumption grounds that will help move algorithmic management scholarship further in significant ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the indirect economic impact of tibial fractures and their associated adverse events (AEs) in Tanzania. DESIGN: A secondary analysis of the pilot Gentamicin Open (pGO)-Tibia randomized control trial estimating the indirect economic impact of suffering an AE, defined as a fracture-related infection (FRI) and/or nonunion, after an open tibial fracture in Tanzania. SETTING: The pGO-Tibia trial was conducted from November 2019 to August 2021 at the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: One hundred adults with open tibial shaft fractures participated in this study. INTERVENTION: Work hours were compared between AE groups. Cost data were analyzed using a weighted-average hourly wage and converted into purchasing power parity-adjusted USD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Indirect economic impact was analyzed from the perspective of return to work (RTW), lost productivity, and other indirect economic and household costs. RTW was analyzed using a survival analysis. RESULTS: Half of patients returned to work at 1-year follow-up, with those experiencing an AE having a significantly lower rate of RTW. Lost productivity was nearly double for those experiencing an AE. There was a significant difference in the mean outside health care costs between groups. The total mean indirect cost was $2385 with an AE, representing 92% of mean annual income and an increase of $1195 compared with no AE. There were significantly more patients with an AE who endorsed difficulty affording household expenses postinjury and who borrowed money to pay for their medical expenses. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified serious economic burden after tibial fractures, with significant differences in total indirect cost between those with and without an AE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

This study investigates whether capital account liberalization, a leading characteristic of globalization, is associated with firms' future innovation output. Employing a novel firm-level panel data set covering 41 countries over two decades, we show that capital account liberalization is significantly associated with higher corporate patenting activities, particularly for firms from innovation-intensive industries. Further analyses show that the effect is stronger among firms from economies in a better legal environment, signifying the important role of good institutional quality in facilitating the positive impact of liberalization. The effect is also stronger among firms with higher initial productivity, consistent with the "productivity" hypothesis, according to which bigger and more productive firms generate more innovation after liberalization. Our findings are robust to the use of various measurements, subsamples, and estimation models. This study provides global firm-level evidence of the real economic impact of financial globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickleball offers sociopsychological and physical activity benefits for older adults but lacks racial diversity. The purpose of this study was to identify constraints to pickleball participation with Black older adults (65+ years) as well as examine differences based on physical activity and sex. A Qualtrics panel included Black older adults (N = 292) who have heard of pickleball and are physically able to play but have not played. Results found Knowledge, Accessibility, Interpersonal, and Interest were the most salient constraints overall. Multivariate analysis of variance found that those who report low physical activity had significantly higher Interpersonal, Psychological, Costs, and Perceived Racism constraints. Additionally, females report significantly higher Knowledge, Psychological, and Cost constraints compared to males. The results further the theoretical application of constraints to physical activity research and provide insights into practitioner implications to grow the sport of pickleball for Black older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The surge in Nigeria's population has led to heightened demands for food, clean water, and agricultural products, resulting in a significant increase in waste generation. Nigeria ranks among the top countries globally in terms of waste production, particularly from food, water, and agriculture. Unfortunately, the management of these vast quantities of waste is often inadequate, leading to environmental pollution, disease, and heightened CO2 emissions. While reducing such waste is important, completely stopping waste generation from food, water, and agriculture is impossible. Therefore, it becomes imperative to adopt eco-friendly and cost-effective approaches to handling this waste, including collection, conversion, treatment, recycling, and reuse. Effectively managing waste can mitigate pollution and its adverse impacts on public health. This review delves into the environmental, economic, and health challenges associated with the generation of waste from food, water, and agriculture in Nigeria. It highlights the importance of implementing sustainable practices for waste treatment, conversion, reuse, and application. By harnessing these waste materials effectively, Nigeria stands to reap significant economic benefits while simultaneously safeguarding the environment from pollution.

The present paper aims to identify how economic evolutions related to health conditions during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research includes an analysis on the evolutions of the health and economic conditions during the Covid-19 health crisis and also on they way they are linked to each other. The investigation is conducted at country level and is exemplified on two European countries, namely Italy and Greece. The methodology employed was based on three types of analyses: descriptive, correlation and comparative analyses that used secondary data from international organizations. Results illustrate that the economic life was affected by the Covid-19 conditions (Covid-19 incidence and the associated restrictions), with inflation being the most affected in both countries. At the same time, international trade was affected differently in the two countries, with Italy being negatively and more intensively affected than Greece, for which the association was positive and rather weak.

This article explores the intersection between Frank Gehry’s iconic Hotel Marqués de Riscal (MdR) and the Marques de Riscal winery, investigating their causal relationship with the surge in wine tourism. Using Google Trends data and empirical research, it establishes the influential role of the MdR Hotel in driving positive impacts on the winery and the local economy. Findings highlight: (1) the hotel’s symbolic signaling elevates the winery’s reputation globally, (2) repositioning efforts lead to increased economic returns and profitability, and (3) the transformational MdR Hotel attracts visitors, generating new economic activity and job opportunities in the Rioja region. Insights into the transformative effects of the iconic MdR Hotel on the winery and the local economy are provided.

Abstract Background Seasonal influenza has a significant impact on public health, generating substantial direct healthcare costs, production losses and fiscal effects. Understanding these consequences is crucial to effective decision-making and the development of preventive strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the economic and the fiscal impact of implementing an incremental strategy for seasonal influenza prevention using the cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVc) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Italy. Methods To estimate the economic impact of implementing this strategy, we performed a cost analysis that considered direct healthcare costs, productivity losses and fiscal impact. The analysis considered a 3-year time horizon. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was also conducted. Results Assuming a vaccination coverage rate of 30% among HCWs, the analysis considered a total of 203 018 vaccinated subjects. On analysing the overall differential impact (including direct costs, indirect costs and fiscal impact), implementing QIVc vaccination as a preventative measure against influenza among HCWs in Italy would yield societal resource savings of €23 638.78 in the first year, €47 277.56 in the second year, and €70 916.35 in the third year, resulting in total resource savings of €141 832.69. Conclusions The study demonstrated that implementing the incremental use of QIVc as part of a preventive strategy for seasonal influenza among HCWs in Italy could yield positive economic outcomes, especially in terms of indirect costs and fiscal impact. The resources saved could be utilized to fund further public health interventions. Policy-makers should consider these findings when making decisions regarding influenza prevention strategies targeting HCWs.

To identify barriers and enablers for access to and participation in rehabilitation for people with LLA in East, South, and Southeast Asian developing countries from the perspective of rehabilitation professionals. A mixed-method study involving an anonymous cross-sectional screening survey followed by in-depth interviews of rehabilitation professionals in these regions following the COREQ guidelines. Participants were surveyed online using convenience and snowball sampling techniques to inform a purposive heterogenic sample for semi-structured online interviews, between September 2021 to February 2022. Interview transcripts were analysed and thematically coded using the modified Health Care Delivery System Approach (HCDSA) framework. A total of 201 quantitative survey responses shaped the interview questions and participation of 28 participants from 13 countries for the qualitative investigation. Important factors at the patient level were sex, economics, health issues, language differences, and lack of awareness; at the care team level, peer and/or family support, referrals, and the gender of the professional; at the organizational level, service availability, resources, and quality; and at the environmental level, policies, supports, and physical and/or social accessibility. Identified interlinked factors at multiple levels of the HCDSA underpin the need for a systems approach to develop and address regional rehabilitation service provision but requires contextually adapted policy. Amputation rehabilitation practices need improvements in the developing Asian region including evaluation and redesign of, and processes and policies by, policy makers with increased support for those with lower limb amputation. The consistent factors identified in these regions as negatively impacting rehabilitation services suggest opportunities to collaborate and design common mitigation approaches between rehabilitation providers across countries. Unique local factors impacting rehabilitation in different countries suggest the necessity for customization in consultation with rehabilitation practitioners rather than the adoption of generic charitable models by external agencies. Rehabilitation professionals and others responsible for rehabilitation policy and practice should systematically target factors impacting rehabilitation outcomes for improvements at all levels within the health care systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Correct identification of estrogen receptor (ER) status in breast cancer (BC) is crucial to optimize treatment; however, standard of care, involving biopsy and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and other diagnostic tools such as 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose or 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), can yield inconclusive results. 16α-[18F]fluoro-17β-fluoroestradiol ([18F]FES) can be a powerful tool, providing high diagnostic accuracy of ER-positive disease. The aim of this study was to estimate the budget impact and cost-effectiveness of adding [18F]FES PET/CT to biopsy/IHC in the determination of ER-positive status in metastatic (mBC) and recurrent breast cancer (rBC) in the United States (US). Methods: An Excel-based decision tree, combined with a Markov model, was developed to estimate the economic consequences of adding [18F]FES PET/CT to biopsy/IHC for determining ER-positive status in mBC and rBC over 5 years. Scenario A, where the determination of ER-positive status is carried out solely through biopsy/IHC, was compared to scenario B, where [18F]FES PET/CT is used in addition to biopsy/IHC. Results: The proportion of true positive and true negative test results increased by 0.2 to 8.0 percent points in scenario B compared to scenario A, while re-biopsies were reduced by 94% to 100%. Scenario B resulted in cost savings up to 142 million dollars. Conclusions: Adding [18F]FES PET/CT to biopsy/IHC may increase the diagnostic accuracy of the ER status, especially when a tumor sample cannot be obtained, or the risk of a biopsy-related complication is high. Therefore, adding [18F]FES PET/CT to biopsy/IHC would have a positive impact on US clinical and economic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most widely-used data form in the field of finance, the open-high-low-close (OHLC) data is being collected by all kinds of financial trading systems all the time. This paper puts forward a pseudo-principal component analysis (PCA) for multi-dimensional OHLC data, which can extract their useful information in a comprehensible way for visualization and easy interpretation. Firstly, a novel feature-based representation for OHLC data is proposed, which contains fruitful and explicit economic implications. Next, we define a full set of numerical characteristics and variance-covariance structures for the feature-based OHLC data. Then, the pseudo-PCA procedure for OHLC data is deduced based on the proposed algebraic operators. Finally, the effectiveness and interpretability of the proposed pseudo-PCA method are verified through finite simulations and three typical empirical experiments. This paper enriches the application scenarios of classical PCA and contributes to the multivariate statistical modeling of symbolic data. The proposed applications can serve as models for related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional population mortality correlates with regional socioeconomic development. This study aimed to identify the key socioeconomic factors influencing mortality patterns in Chinese provinces. Using data from the Seventh Population Census, we analyzed mortality patterns by gender and urban‒rural division in 31 provinces. Using a functional regression model, we assessed the influence of fourteen indicators on mortality patterns. Main findings: (1) China shows notable gender and urban‒rural mortality variations across age groups. Males generally have higher mortality than females, and rural areas experience elevated mortality rates compared to urban areas. Mortality in individuals younger than 40 years is influenced mainly by urban‒rural factors, with gender becoming more noticeable in the 40–84 age group. (2) The substantial marginal impact of socioeconomic factors on mortality patterns generally becomes evident after the age of 45, with less pronounced differences in their impact on early-life mortality patterns. (3) Various factors have age-specific impacts on mortality. Education has a negative effect on mortality in individuals aged 0–29, extending to those aged 30–59 and diminishing in older age groups. Urbanization positively influences the probability of death in individuals aged 45–54 years, while the impact of traffic accidents increases with age. Among elderly people, the effect of socioeconomic variables is smaller, highlighting the intricate and heterogeneous nature of these influences and acknowledging certain limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One component of decisions regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment simplification and expansion is the economic perspective. Literature was reviewed for studies which provide estimates for the economic impact of simplifying and expanding treatment eligibility. Eight published studies and four unpublished studies were included and all but one subset of one study found that expanding treatment criteria would result in programs that would be at minimum cost‐effective and most often highly cost‐effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research aimed to identify the fundamental and geographic characteristics of the primary healthcare personnel mobility in Nanning from 2000 to 2021 and clarify the determinants that affect their transition to non-primary healthcare institutions. Methods: Through utilizing the Primary Healthcare Personnel Database (PHPD) for 2000–2021, the study conducts descriptive statistical analysis on demographic, economic, and professional aspects of healthcare personnel mobility across healthcare reform phases. Geographic Information Systems (QGIS) were used to map mobility patterns, and R software was employed to calculate spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I). Logistic regression identified factors that influenced the transition to non-primary institutions. Results: Primary healthcare personnel mobility is divided into four phases: initial (2000–2008), turning point (2009–2011), rapid development (2012–2020), and decline (2021). The rapid development stage saw increased mobility with no spatial clustering in inflow and outflow. From 2016 to 2020, primary healthcare worker mobility reached its peak, in which the most significant movement occurred between township health centers and other institutions. Aside from their transition to primary medical institutions, the primary movement of grassroots health personnel predominantly directs towards secondary general hospitals, tertiary general hospitals, and secondary specialized hospitals. Since 2012, the number and mobility distance of primary healthcare workers have become noticeably larger and remained at a higher level from 2016 to 2020. The main migration of primary healthcare personnel occurred in their districts (counties). Key transition factors include gender, education, ethnicity, professional category, general practice registration, and administrative division. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the features of primary healthcare personnel mobility in the less developed western regions of China, in which Nanning was taken as a case study. It uncovers the factors that impact the flow of primary healthcare personnel to non-primary healthcare institutions. These findings are helpful to policy refinement and support the retention of primary healthcare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seasonal influenza epidemics have a substantial public health and economic burden, which can be alleviated through vaccination. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a 75% vaccination coverage rate (VCR) in: older adults (aged ≥ 65 years), individuals with chronic conditions, pregnant women, children aged 6–24 months and healthcare workers. However, no European country achieves this target in all risk groups. In this study, potential public health and economic benefits achieved by reaching 75% influenza VCR was estimated in risk groups across four European countries: France, Italy, Spain, and the UK. Methods: A static epidemiological model was used to estimate the averted public health and economic burden of increasing the 2021/2022 season VCR to 75%, using the efficacy data of standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine. For each country and risk group, the most recent data on population size, VCR, pre-pandemic influenza epidemiology, direct medical costs and absenteeism were identified through a systematic literature review, supplemented by manual searching. Outcomes were: averted influenza cases, general practitioner (GP) visits, hospitalisations, case fatalities, number of days of work lost, direct medical costs and absenteeism-related costs. Results: As of the 2021/2022 season, the UK achieved the highest weighted VCR across risk groups (65%), followed by Spain (47%), France (44%) and Italy (44%). Based on modelling, the 2021/2022 VCR prevented an estimated 1.9 million influenza cases, avoiding 375,200 GP visits, 73,200 hospitalisations and 38,400 deaths. To achieve the WHO 75% VCR target, an additional 24 million at-risk individuals would need to be vaccinated, most of which being older adults and patients with chronic conditions. It was estimated that this could avoid a further 918,200 influenza cases, 332,000 GP visits, 16,300 hospitalisations and 6,300 deaths across the four countries, with older adults accounting for 52% of hospitalisations and 80% of deaths. An additional €84 million in direct medical costs and €79 million in absenteeism costs would be saved in total, with most economic benefits delivered in France. Conclusions: Older adults represent most vaccine-preventable influenza cases and deaths, followed by individuals with chronic conditions. Health authorities should prioritise vaccinating these populations for maximum public health and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respiratory pathogens inflict a substantial burden on public health and the economy. Although the severity of symptoms caused by these pathogens can vary from asymptomatic to fatal, the factors that determine symptom severity are not fully understood. Correlations in symptoms between infector-infectee pairs, for which evidence is accumulating, can generate large-scale clusters of severe infections that could be devastating to those most at risk, whilst also conceivably leading to chains of mild or asymptomatic infections that generate widespread immunity with minimal cost to public health. Although this effect could be harnessed to amplify the impact of interventions that reduce symptom severity, the mechanistic representation of symptom propagation within mathematical and health economic modelling of respiratory diseases is understudied. Methods and findings: We propose a novel framework for incorporating different levels of symptom propagation into models of infectious disease transmission via a single parameter, α. Varying α tunes the model from having no symptom propagation (α = 0, as typically assumed) to one where symptoms always propagate (α = 1). For parameters corresponding to three respiratory pathogens—seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza and SARS-CoV-2—we explored how symptom propagation impacted the relative epidemiological and health-economic performance of three interventions, conceptualised as vaccines with different actions: symptom-attenuating (labelled SA), infection-blocking (IB) and infection-blocking admitting only mild breakthrough infections (IB_MB). In the absence of interventions, with fixed underlying epidemiological parameters, stronger symptom propagation increased the proportion of cases that were severe. For SA and IB_MB, interventions were more effective at reducing prevalence (all infections and severe cases) for higher strengths of symptom propagation. For IB, symptom propagation had no impact on effectiveness, and for seasonal influenza this intervention type was more effective than SA at reducing severe infections for all strengths of symptom propagation. For pandemic influenza and SARS-CoV-2, at low intervention uptake, SA was more effective than IB for all levels of symptom propagation; for high uptake, SA only became more effective under strong symptom propagation. Health economic assessments found that, for SA-type interventions, the amount one could spend on control whilst maintaining a cost-effective intervention (termed threshold unit intervention cost) was very sensitive to the strength of symptom propagation. Conclusions: Overall, the preferred intervention type depended on the combination of the strength of symptom propagation and uptake. Given the importance of determining robust public health responses, we highlight the need to gather further data on symptom propagation, with our modelling framework acting as a template for future analysis. Author summary: Symptom propagation occurs when the symptoms of an infected individual depend, at least partially, on the symptoms of the person who infected them. An example is when an individual is more likely to develop severe symptoms if infected by someone with severe symptoms themselves. Symptom propagation has important implications for infection control strategies and could be harnessed to amplify the impact of vaccines that reduce the probability of severe disease. Evidence for symptom propagation is growing, yet it is rarely included in models of infectious disease transmission. Here, we provide a new infectious disease transmission model with a single parameter representing the strength of symptom propagation and study the consequences for vaccination control strategies. We show that the strength of symptom propagation has profound effects on infectious disease outbreaks, including notably on the proportion of cases that are severe. We demonstrate that vaccines that reduce symptom severity are more effective in reducing severe and overall cases when symptom propagation is stronger. Knowing the strength of symptom propagation can help understand the effectiveness of vaccines that reduce the risk of infection relative to those that reduce symptoms, helping to shape public health strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to verify the impacts of the UNESCO title Creative City of Gastronomy (CCGU) for Florianópolis, a city located in southern Brazil. The qualitative research used as instrument an interview script considering economic and cultural impacts. The research showed that Florianópolis has unique elements from the value of specific and local ingredients to a characteristic know-how loaded with social aspects and commensality. Economic benefits are observed with respect to jobs and local development, professionalization of the workforce, and increase in tourists. Cultural benefits related to preservation of recipes and ingredients was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Aranya Theater Festival held in Qinhuangdao, China from June 15–25, 2023, which featured diverse international and domestic productions around the theme "Howls and Whispers," showcasing avant-garde works while reflecting on the festival's cultural and economic impact.

The World Health Organization (WHO) set up the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology transfer programme in June 2021 with a development hub in South Africa and 15 partner vaccine producers in middle-income countries. The goal was to support the sustainable development of and access to life-saving vaccines for people in these countries as a means to enhance epidemic preparedness and global public health. This initiative aims to build resilience and strengthen local vaccine research, and development and manufacturing capacity in different regions of the world, especially those areas that could not access coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in a timely way. This paper outlines the current global vaccine market and summarizes the findings of a case study on the mRNA technology transfer programme conducted from November 2022 to May 2023. The study was guided by the vision of the WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All to build an economy for health using its four work streams of value, finance, innovation and capacity. Based on the findings of the study, we offer a mission-oriented policy framework to support the mRNA technology transfer programme as a pilot for transformative change towards an ecosystem for health innovation for the common good. Parts of this vision have already been incorporated into the governance of the mRNA technology transfer programme, while other aspects, especially the common good approach, still need to be applied to achieve the goals of the programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decentralisation has frequently been sold as a means to increase well-being and development. Yet, questions remain as to whether decentralisation improves economic performance. This is possibly because decentralisation processes have often led to 'unfunded mandates', that is, a mismatch between the powers transferred to subnational tiers of government and the resources allocated to them. In this article, we analyse how unfunded mandates shape regional economic growth across 518 regions in 30 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries over the period 1997–2018. There is a negative, statistically significant, and robust impact of unfunded mandates on economic growth. This effect is higher in more politically and less fiscally decentralised regions and in regions with a higher level of wealth. Unfunded mandates thus represent a serious drag on the potential positive economic effect of political decentralisation. Hence, for those benefits to materialise, better not more decentralisation – ensuring that finance follows function – should be pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This clinical focus article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of schizophrenia and understanding of communication disorders resulting from its psychopathology. Schizophrenia is a spectrum disorder with varying levels of symptom expression. It is characterized by positive and negative symptoms that can cause communication disorders of different severity levels. Communication difficulties manifest as a range of symptoms such as alogia, disorganized speech, and impaired social communication. These challenges may result in receptive and expressive language deficits that lead to misunderstandings, reduced social interactions, and difficulties expressing thoughts and emotions effectively. The purpose of this clinical focus article is to explore the role of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) in assessing and treating communication disorders presented in schizophrenia. Conclusions: In order to understand the role of the SLP in assessing and treating communication disorders in schizophrenia, it is imperative to understand the overall course, etiology, assessment, and treatment consideration of this condition. SLPs can provide services in the areas of social skills training and community-based intervention contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calhoun, W.R. and Ezell, E.K., 2024. Marine debris on a protected barrier island in the southeastern United States (St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(3), 485–498. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Marine debris is a global issue with ecological, societal, and economic impacts, but its severity on southeastern North American beaches remains poorly understood. Abundance, composition, and distribution of meso- and macrodebris on St. Catherines Island, a protected barrier island off the coast of Georgia, were estimated in June 2021. The island's 19.4 km of beaches hold an estimated 5522 items (95% confidence interval = 4361–6457) of easily visible anthropogenic marine debris, with a total end-to-end length of 1.1 km (0.7–1.6 km). The N and S ends of the island were identified as plastic debris hot spots by comparing the distributions of anthropogenic and natural debris. Although average debris density (0.012 items m–2) was lower than most global and national averages, this study highlights the vulnerability of remote and undeveloped barrier islands as sinks for marine pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sandwich generation is a group of untrained caregivers involved in the long-term care process. These individuals often face physical, psychological, economic and social problems during care, and according to numerous studies, the number of people falling into this group of caregivers is increasing. The aim of this study was to combine the results of previous studies to better understand and properly manage the consequences of long-term family care for the sandwich generation. To answer the question of what difficulties the sandwich generation cope with, we conducted an extensive review of the literature available on electronic online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Using a systematic search, the studies reporting on the issues faced by the sandwich generation were narrowed down to 23 articles. Combining the results of these studies made it evident that caregivers face many physical, psychological, economic, employment and marital problems during care, the complexity and variety of which can be influenced by the intensity and duration of care. The sandwich generation may suffer from myriad issues resulting from their particular line of work; as such, it is of utmost importance that steps are taken identify these problems and understand how they affect their lives in order to facilitate the planning and implementation of support services which can help alleviate the burden these difficulties cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the various labels ascribed to males in the heterosexual discourse among female undergraduates in Nigeria. Insights from Community of Practice and Sexual Script Theory were used to demonstrate the use of situated linguistic choices to establish the differentials in male sexual behaviours. Data for the study were generated through participant observation and unstructured interviews with the aid of audiotape recordings and field notes. The study involves a representative sample of 22 female undergraduates who served as participants and research assistants. The findings reveal that situated language practices stimulate heterosexual discourses where female undergraduates creatively ascribe labels to the different males' sexual scripts. The labels include those related to male sexual performance, body size and size of sex organs, financial and marital status, familial and gatekeeping roles, and other routine sexual behaviours shown by men in sexual phases such as advances, arousal and intercourse. The scripts are also combined to re-enact the peculiar sexual narratives by the female students that show emerging sexual orientations. It is believed that the categorisation of such males' sexual behaviours in the University social contexts, would provide a basis for comparison with the sexual practices of other young adults' social groups across the globe. The paper discusses the various strands of sexual scripts shown by men in their heterosexual relationships with female undergraduates in a Nigerian University. The students ascribed labels based on the sexual performance, economic and marital status, and other routine behaviours that have an impact on the male sexual lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed the impact of economic development on carbon emissions in Sichuan Province from 1990 to 2020 and put forward some suggestions to accelerate the development of a low-carbon economy. Firstly, the land use type was reclassified, then the IPCC coefficient method was used to calculate the land use carbon emissions, and then the driving factors affecting the carbon emissions were obtained by the log-average factor index (LMDI) method. Finally, the decoupling elasticity index and its influencing factors were obtained using Tapio decoupling model. The results showed that: (1) Carbon emissions in Sichuan Province increased significantly, with a growth rate of 218.7% from 1990 to 2020. Per capita GDP, land use structure and land use intensity per unit GDP were the main reasons for carbon emissions change. (2) Sichuan Province achieved strong decoupling during 1995-2000 and 2015-2020. However, it was in a state of expanding connection during 2000-2005, and the economic pressure on the environment reached the maximum. (3) Per capita GDP was the main factor promoting the elastic growth of decoupling index, while land use intensity per unit GDP is the main reason inhibiting the elastic growth of decoupling index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining spatial network patterns and factors influencing the development of the green economy in typical urban agglomerations in China is crucial for optimizing resource allocation and achieving sustainable economic development. In this study, we utilized the SBM-GML model and a modified gravity model to analyze the roles and status of different regions in the spatial correlation of green economic development in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. We also employed social network analysis to visualize the spatial correlation structure and influencing factors. The research results indicate that the development of green economy is showing a fluctuating upward trend, accompanied by complex network structure characteristics. Cities such as Chizhou, Nanjing, and Shanghai exert significant control over other cities. The analysis of the block model indicates close intercity communication across various sectors, with heightened activity observed in the southeastern coastal areas. Moreover, the central region effectively enhances connectivity within the urban cluster, leading to notable spillover effects in certain cities. Government macroeconomic regulation, environmental regulation, industrial structure, external development, green innovation, and the level of new urbanization emerge as significant factors influencing the formation of the spatial correlation network of green economic development in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of economic freedom on income inequality has been inconclusive in the literature. Previous studies also show the importance of economic freedom in boosting economic development, whereas the Kuznets curve theory indicates the inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and income inequality. Thus, economic development may play an important role in moderating the nexus of economic freedom and income inequality. This study throws light on the effects of economic freedom, economic development, and their interaction on income inequality in 35 Asian economies during 2000–2018 from the Kuznets curve's perspective. Our empirical results demonstrate that initially economic freedom increases income inequality, then until a threshold of economic development, economic freedom reduces income inequality. In addition, the inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve of economic development and income inequality is confirmed in the context of the Asian continent. The robustness of our results is ensured with different proxies of economic freedom and various estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the literature on economic consequences of corruption. We simultaneously consider corruption's impacts on output, production efficiency, and environmental performance in an eco-efficiency framework. Pollution is considered as undesirable output in the production process. We construct an eco-efficiency measure from a non-oriented data envelopment analysis model that incorporates a non-convex metafrontier, super-efficiency, and undesirable outputs into a directional distance function. By using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 1998 to 2016 in a spatial analysis, we find that corruption, measured by filed-cases of corruption-related crimes, has a significantly negative direct impact on eco-efficiency. The regional spillover effect is not significant for provinces in the same geographical region, but is marginally significant for provinces sharing a common border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To help mitigate greenhouse gas (GHGs) generation from burning fossil fuels, many state and local governments are requiring utilities to dramatically increase the share of electricity generated from renewable sources. The City of Los Angeles has set a target of 100% renewable energy by 2045 and has formulated a plan that considers nine potential alternative scenarios that differ by technology, location, and timing. Each scenario has a unique set of local investments, operating and maintenance (O&M) costs, and concomitant rate structures. In this study we develop and apply a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model built specifically for LA to estimate and compare the economic impacts for each of the scenarios over time relative to a reference case. We find differences in economic impacts across scenarios, depending on the level and timing of investment and O&M expenditures, as well as differences in the relative rate changes across scenarios. Results show that employment and economic output are positively correlated with greater capital and O&M spending, while higher electricity rates can dampen economic activity. Several scenarios generate positive economic impacts relative to the reference case, showing that the transition need not have harmful economic impacts, and all scenarios generate a number of other positive co-benefits, such as reduced damage to health from the reduction of ordinary air pollutants. The net employment impacts from 2026 to 2045 across the scenarios range from a low of 3,600 job-year losses annually to 4,700 job-year gains, both around only 0.1% of the baseline average annual employment in the city over that period. The analysis also indicates that lower-income households are relatively more affected than others by the scenarios. Overall, even in the most negatively impactful case, the economic output and employment effects are quite small when taken in the context of the overall size of the regional economy and the large reduction in GHGs. The City of Los Angeles can confidently move forward with its transition to 100% renewable electricity without concern of significant negative aggregate economic impacts. Job impacts across all scenarios can be enhanced by attracting renewable equipment manufacturing and support industries to the City. Even the minimal adverse distributional impacts can be reduced by policies such as subsidies for home energy efficiency improvement, modifications to electricity rate structures or rebates. Both aggregate and distributional impacts can be further addressed by providing training for skilled and semi-skilled labour creating employment opportunities for City residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shortages in the physician anaesthesia workforce have led to proposals to introduce new staff groups, notably in the UK National Health Service (NHS) Anaesthesia Associates (AAs) who have shorter training periods than doctors and could potentially contribute to workflow efficiencies in several ways. We analysed the economic viability of the most efficient staffing model, previously endorsed by both the UK Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists, wherein one physician supervises two AAs across two operating lists (1:2 model). For this model to be economically rational (something which neither national organisation considered), the employment cost of the two AAs should be equal to or less than that of a single supervisor physician (i.e. AAs should be paid <50% of the supervisor's salary). As the supervisor can be an autonomous specialty and specialist (SAS) doctor, this sets the economically viable AA salary envelope at less than £40,000 per year. However, we report that actual advertised AA salaries greatly exceed this, with even student AAs paid up to £48,472. Economically, one way to justify such salaries is for AAs to become autonomous such that they eventually replace SAS doctors at a lower cost. We discuss some other options that might increase AA productivity to justify these salaries (e.g. ≥1:3 staffing ratios), but the medico-political consequences of each of them are also profound. Alternatively, the AA programme should be terminated as economically nonviable. These results have implications for any country seeking to introduce new models of working in anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the 2018 Chinese Family Panel Studies, this study examines the associations between premarital cohabitation, marital satisfaction, and the probability of a subsequent divorce and captures the gradated variations of marital quality by incorporating divorce and self-rated marital satisfaction into a generic measure of marital quality. Findings show positive associations between cohabitation and divorce and negative associations between cohabitation and marital quality. Results further show that the negative association between cohabitation and marital quality is weakened by better education, higher income, and rural origin, and stronger among men. The consistent negative associations between cohabitation and all the marital quality outcomes indicate the persistent strength of the norm of universal marriage, based on which cohabitation is still considered substantively distinct from marriage both in terms of legal status and social recognition. The diverse social gradients of the cohabitation-marital quality links reflect the heterogeneous social meanings of cohabitation in contemporary China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among U.S. youth. More information on the health and economic burden of the most frequent assault mechanisms—or, causes (e.g., firearms, cut/pierce)—can support the development and implementation of effective public health strategies. Using nationally representative data sources, this study estimated the annual health and economic burden of U.S. youth violence by injury mechanism. In 2023, CDC's WISQARS provided the number of homicides and nonfatal assault ED visits by injury mechanism among U.S. youth aged 10-24 years in 2020, as well as the associated average economic costs of medical care, lost work, morbidity-related reduced quality of life, and value of statistical life. The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample provided supplemental nonfatal assault incidence data for comprehensive reporting by injury mechanism. Of the $86B estimated annual economic burden of youth homicide, $78B was caused by firearms, $4B by cut/pierce injuries, and $1B by unspecified causes. Of the $36B billion estimated economic burden of nonfatal youth violence injuries, $19B was caused by struck by/against injuries, $3B by firearm injuries, and $365M by cut/pierce injuries. The lethality of assault injuries affecting youth when a weapon is explicitly or likely involved is high—firearms and cut/pierce injuries combined account for nearly all youth homicides compared to one-tenth of nonfatal assault injury ED visits. There are numerous evidence-based policies, programs, and practices to reduce the number of lives lost or negatively impacted by youth violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the role of innovation in domestic economic development circulation (DEDC) and the impact of international economic development circulation (IEDC) on innovation, we construct an analytical framework for the mediation effect of innovation. Drawing on China's provincial panel data, we employ the causal steps approach to explore the impacts of IEDC on each link in the DEDC through the mediation effect of innovation. The results show that import have a direct effect on each link and export have a negative influence on distribution and consumption. Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has a negative impact on production and circulation through innovation. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and invisible ways have different indirect effects on each process. In addition, the influence of IEDC decreases from east to west in China, whereas import and export better promote DEDC in the central and western regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children who are indirect victims of domestic violence can exhibit the same negative outcomes as children who are direct victims. This study investigated the consequences of children's exposure to domestic violence among parents on a range of children's outcomes: mental health, well‐being, school performance and placement in out‐of‐home care. We used administrative records from full population cohorts of children in Denmark (N = 399 519, born 1997–2003). We examined a target group of children exposed to domestic violence and a comparison group not exposed to it, both groups having similar personal and family backgrounds, including pre‐birth history of family domestic violence. To construct the comparison group, we used propensity score matching. Exposure to domestic violence had a substantial negative impact on academic performance (age 9–15), self‐reported well‐being in school (age 10–15) and also increased the likelihood of being placed in out‐of‐home care (age 9–15) and being diagnosed with post‐traumatic stress disorder (age 9–15). The discounted additional cost (medical and child welfare system) per child indirectly experiencing domestic violence was at least $31 000 (age 0–15). Thus, our results show important adverse effects and suggest that earlier prevention and more preventive social interventions could help reduce the long‐term consequences of childhood exposure to domestic violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the child welfare system in Ontario, Canada, expanded the age of protection to include 16 and 17 year olds for the purpose of mitigating risk of harm for older adolescents. To date, there is little information regarding investigations of older adolescents, particularly in Ontario; this study will address this gap. Data used for this analysis were drawn from the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect‐2018. The Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect‐2018 sample data were weighted to derive an annual incidence estimate of 155 649 maltreatment‐related investigations conducted in Ontario in 2018. Child, caregiver, household, and investigation characteristics were compared across three age groups: children (0–10), younger adolescents (11–15), and older adolescents (16–17). Characteristics and differences in the likelihood of a service response (referral to nonchild welfare services, transfer to ongoing child welfare services, or placement in out‐of‐home care during the investigation) were examined descriptively and using chi‐square automatic interaction detection. Half of investigations involving older adolescents received a service response, and they were more likely to receive a service response when there were concerns about future risk of harm, where there were concerns about the relationship between the adolescent and their caregivers, where internalizing or externalizing symptoms were noted, where caregivers had few social supports, and where the household experienced economic hardship. These findings suggest that older adolescents are being triaged for circumstances that reflect concerns about their vulnerability, including mental health needs, attachment concerns, and caregiver isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to create higher benefits for enterprises in the university supply chain and make them meet the requirements of sustainable development, this study uses information ecology theory to study the cognitive management and transformation path of the green supply chain. Firstly, the related concepts of university supply chain management and green supply chain management are expounded, and the differences are mainly discussed. Then, the evaluation of supply chain greenness is studied. The fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive evaluation method combining quantitative and qualitative is used to establish the evaluation model. Finally, the proposed evaluation model is tested. The test results show that Suzhou University's greenness fuzzy evaluation score is 58.2 points, which is a medium level. The resource factor scored 61 points, the energy factor scored 52.9 points, the environmental factors scored 59.8 points, the economic factor scored 62.7 points, and the social factor scored 55.5 points. The company has obvious advantages in terms of resources and economy, but the level is not very high. The higher the cost synergy between enterprises and customers, the greater the environmental cost synergy. Therefore, manufacturing enterprises should strengthen communication and cooperation with customers. The higher the cost synergy control of manufacturing and waste recycling enterprises, the greater the synergy effect of environmental cost control. Therefore, increasing cooperation with waste recycling enterprises is conducive to developing environmental cost control and coordinated benefits. The proposed scheme provides some ideas for applying information ecology theory in the university supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recognizing the detrimental impact of parental violence on children's mental and physical health throughout their lives, violence remains an all-too-real part of life for many children around the globe. However, data on the child-reported prevalence of experienced family violence are scarce and primarily based on parental reports. This study aimed to broaden the body of evidence and measure the lifetime prevalence of child-reported experience of violent disciplinary practices perpetrated by parents and to identify its associated sociodemographic and economic factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from 5,281 Generation XXI participants recruited from 2005 to 2006 in Porto, Portugal. Parental disciplinary practices were reported by 7-year-old children using the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. Pearson's Chi-squared test was used to compare differences in child-reported frequencies of violent disciplinary practices by sociodemographic variables. We observed statistically significant differences in rates of violent disciplinary practices according to the child's and parent's gender. Specifically, fathers exhibited a higher likelihood than mothers to engage in psychological aggression and corporal punishment, while mothers were more prone to engage in severe and very severe physical assault. When fathers were the perpetrators, boys were more inclined than girls to report all forms of violent disciplinary measures, and when mothers were the perpetrators, boys were particularly susceptible to severe and very severe physical assault compared to girls. In our study, children reported being frequently subjected to violent parental disciplinary practices, independently of family socioeconomic background. Children were more likely to experience psychological aggression and corporal punishment if they were born into high-income families, while severe and very severe physical assaults were more common among children whose parents had lower educational levels. National public awareness of the negative effects of violent disciplinary practices is urgently needed, promoting child-friendly and nonviolent approaches to discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an individual's perspective, social frailty may act as a key determinant of social capital, which is essential for meeting social needs and improvement of overall wellbeing. The present study aimed to understand the social frailty and its determining factors among Indian older adults. Data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI)-wave 1 was used. For the assessment of social frailty the study proposed a multidimensional Social Frailty Index (SFI) score ranging between 0 and 100 using 17 indicators. Bivariate analysis and quantile regression models were applied. The study results indicated that on average female older adults (mean SFI = 63.7) are relatively more socially frail than male older adults (mean SFI = 59.0). Further, the quantile regression analysis revealed that at the 10th, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, female older adults were significantly more likely to be socially frail than male older adults (β = 3.80, p <.01; β = 2.82, p <.01; β = 1.72, p <.01; and β = 2.62, p <.01, respectively). Educational attainment and better economic condition showed a protective effect against social frailty. Investment to improve geriatric health status and socioeconomic conditions shall be a key focus to reduce social frailty prevalence among the older adults. A specific consideration is needed for addressing social frailty among female older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A sustainability assessment of SCCA produced from bio-wastes has been performed. • CAFIPLA reduces the environmental impact and social risk of the benchmark technology. • The plant is profitable as long as the product is sold above 0.49 €/kg. Bio-based products are a fast-growing market due to increasing consumer consciousness for sustainability. Although this is per se a positive trend, it leads to a higher demand for organic feedstocks which normally comes from primary agricultural sources and can lead to undesired deforestation or other land use changes to farmland. At the same time, Europe is facing another challenge related with the treatment of organic wastes. In this context, the project CAFIPLA developed an integrated process to convert heterogeneous organic materials to building blocks for the bio-based economy. This study performs a life cycle sustainability assessment (life cycle assessment, life cycle costing and social life cycle assessment) of the production of short chain carboxylic acids (SCCA) employing municipal bio-wastes as a feedstock. In addition to a hot-spot identification to detect the main sources of impact, a comparison of the novel technology with the current benchmark is carried out applying a cradle-to-gate approach and using 1 kg of SCCA as a functional unit. Results show the great performance of CAFIPLA in all the environmental categories analysed. Furthermore, the profitability of the plant is also verified, reaching a payback period below 6 years as long as the product is sold above 0.49 €/kg. Finally, the potential social risk associated to the supply chain is also improved with CAFIPLA technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion A new treatment interval for nivolumab administration at 480 mg every 4 weeks, in addition to 240 mg every 2 weeks, was approved in Japan in 2020. Using model‐based evaluation, it was speculated that the effects or safety of nivolumab do not differ between the two treatment intervals; however, real‐world data on nivolumab efficacy, safety, and economic impact are lacking. Accordingly, we aimed to examine the effects of nivolumab treatment intervals (2 weeks vs. 4 weeks) in terms of efficacy, safety, and economic impact in Japanese patients with cancer.We retrospectively analyzed 126 patients treated with nivolumab. The patients were divided into two groups depending on whether they received nivolumab at 240 mg every 2 weeks (2‐week group) or 480 mg every 4 weeks (4‐week group).Efficacy results found no significant difference between the 4‐ and 2‐week groups considering median overall survival (p = 0.70) and median progression‐free survival (p = 0.57). The incidence of any grade and ≥  grade 3 immune‐related adverse events did not differ between the 4‐week and 2‐week groups (any grade, p = 0.13; ≥  grade 3, p = 0.36). Excluding drug costs, the 4‐week group had significantly lower medical costs than the 2‐week group (2‐week vs. 4‐week: mean, 94,659 JPY [679.0 USD] vs. 58,737 JPY [421.3 USD]; p < 0.05).Collectively, our findings suggest that nivolumab 480 mg every 4 weeks may be more effective than nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks in terms of economic impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]