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Oxidative stress and inflammation significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Persistent inflammatory stimuli drive the progression of myocardial fibrosis and impaired cardiac function. Phloridzin (Phl), a natural compound, demonstrates both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, its therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms in DCM remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms through which Phl inhibited myocardial fibrosis and exerted its antioxidative effects. The impact of Phl on DCM was evaluated using a high-fat/high-sugar diet combined with streptozotocin to induce an animal model and an in vitro H9C2 cell model stimulated by high glucose (HG). Untargeted metabolomics identified potential mechanisms underlying myocardial fibrosis. Phl treatment significantly enhanced left ventricular ejection fraction (EF%) and shortening fraction (FS%), while reducing myocardial injury markers, such as lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase-MB, and suppressing myocardial collagen fiber accumulation. Simultaneously, Phl attenuated myocardial inflammation via inhibition of MyD88/NF-κB signaling, modulated the Nrf2/GPX4 axis to counter oxidative stress, and mitigated ferroptosis. In vitro, Phl inhibited high glucose-induced myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis in H9C2 cells, while also repressing NF-κB activation in cardiomyocytes. Metabolomic profiling revealed that Phl ameliorated DCM through modulation of glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways, linking these metabolic shifts to enhanced antioxidant capacity, thereby reflecting its ability to reduce oxidative stress in the myocardium. Collectively, Phl provides cardioprotective effects by alleviating inflammation and oxidative damage., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Senescence is recognized as a principal risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, with a significant association between the senescence of cardiomyocytes and inferior cardiac function. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes exacerbates this aging process. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) has well-established cardiovascular benefits and, in recent years, has been posited to possess anti-aging properties. However, there are no reported data on their improvement of cardiomyocytes function through the alleviation of aging. Consequently, our study aims to investigate the mechanism by which SGLT2i exerts anti-aging and protective effects at the cardiac level through its action on the FOXO1-ANGPTL4 pathway., Methods: To elucidate the underlying functions and mechanisms, we established both in vivo and in vitro disease models, utilizing mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ) administration, and AC16 human cardiomyocyte cell subjected to stimulation with high glucose (HG) and palmitic acid (PA). These models were employed to assess the changes in the senescence phenotype of cardiomyocytes and cardiac function following treatment with SGLT2i. Concurrently, we identified ANGPTL4, a key factor contributing to senescence in DCM, using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology and bioinformatics methods. We further clarified ANGPTL4 role in promoting pathological aging of cardiomyocytes induced by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia through knockdown and overexpression of the factor, as well as analyzed the impact of SGLT2i intervention on ANGPTL4 expression. Additionally, we utilized chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative real-time PCR (ChIP-qPCR) to confirm that FOXO1 is essential for the transcriptional activation of ANGPTL4., Results: The therapeutic intervention with SGLT2i alleviated the senescence phenotype in cardiomyocytes of the DCM mouse model constructed by high-fat feeding combined with STZ, as well as in the AC16 model stimulated by HG and PA, while also improving cardiac function in DCM mice. We observed that the knockdown of ANGPTL4, a key senescence-promoting factor in DCM identified through RNA-seq technology and bioinformatics, mitigated the senescence of cardiomyocytes, whereas overexpression of ANGPTL4 exacerbated it. Moreover, SGLT2i improved the senescence phenotype by suppressing the overexpression of ANGPTL4. In fact, we discovered that SGLT2i exert their effects by regulating the upstream transcription factor FOXO1 of ANGPTL4. Under conditions of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, compared to the control group without FOXO1, the overexpression of FOXO1 in conjunction with SGLT2i intervention significantly reduced both ANGPTL4 mRNA and protein levels. This suggests that the FOXO1-ANGPTL4 axis may be a potential target for the cardioprotective effects of SGLT2i., Conclusions: Collectively, our study demonstrates that SGLT2i ameliorate the pathological aging of cardiomyocytes induced by a high glucose and high fat metabolic milieu by regulating the interaction between FOXO1 and ANGPTL4, thereby suppressing the transcriptional synthesis of the latter, and consequently restoring cardiac function., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Jinan University Experimental Animal Welfare Ethics Committee approved all animal experiments in this study (IACUC-20220512-06). Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) leads to heart failure, with few effective approaches for its intervention. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an essential nutrient that benefits the cardiovascular system, but its effect on DC remains unknown. Here, we report that EPA protects against DC in streptozotocin and high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice, with an emphasis on the reduction of cardiac M1-polarized macrophages. In vitro, EPA abrogates cardiomyocyte injury induced by M1-polarized macrophages, switching macrophage phenotype from M1 to Mox, but not M2, polarization. Moreover, macrophage Mox polarization combats M1-polarized macrophage-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Further, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) was identified to maintain the Mox phenotype, mediating EPA suppression of macrophage M1 polarization and the consequential cardiomyocyte injury. Mechanistic studies reveal that G-protein-coupled receptor 120 mediates the upregulation of HO-1 by EPA. Notably, EPA promotes Mox polarization in monocyte-derived macrophages from diabetic patients. The current study provides EPA and macrophage Mox polarization as novel strategies for DC intervention., Competing Interests: Disclosure and competing interests statement. The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as cardiac dysfunction involving changes in structure, function, and metabolism in the absence of coronary artery disease, which eventually developed into heart failure. There is still a lack of effective drugs for the treatment of DCM, while the ameliorative effects of traditional herbs on DCM have been commonly reported. Polydatin (PD) is a glucoside derivative of traditional herbs of resveratrol, which has been shown to ameliorate the pathological development of DCM. However, the cardioprotective effect and mechanism of PD in the improvement of myocardial injury are still unclear., Aim of Study: This study aimed to investigate the cardio-protective role of PD on DCM and reveal the critical effect of Cav1 in PD' regulation of DCM., Materials and Methods: The Cav1 -/- and Cav1 +/+ mice and H9C2 cells were used to induce DCM models and then given PD treatment (150 mg/kg) or not. The cardiac functions of all mice were checked via echocardiography, and myocardial histological changes were measured by H&E, periodic acid-schiff (PAS) and Masson staining. The markers expression of heart fibrosis and inflammation, and hypertrophic factors were detected using western blotting. The NF-κB signaling activation was performed by confocal, immunohistochemical, Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and western blotting., Results: Here, we found that PD significantly improved the cardiac function and injury of diabetic Cav1 +/+ mice, and enhanced the expression of Cav1 in the cardiac tissues of diabetic Cav1 +/+ mice and HG-induced H9C2 cells. Further investigation showed that when Cav1 was knocked down, PD no longer plays the cardioprotective effect and inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway activation in HFD/stz-treated diabetic mice and HG-induced H9C2 cells., Conclusion: These results demonstrated that PD inhibited the hyperglycemia-induced myocardial injury and inflammatory fibrosis of DCM models in vivo and in vitro, and targeting Cav1 may provide a novel understanding the mechanism of the treatment of PD in DCM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Long-term dysfunction of glucose metabolism causes cardiac dysfunction called diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of RS on the process of DCM, mouse models induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) were fed RS (2 g/kg/day) and vehicle treatment (by oral gavage) for 14 weeks. Various analyses, including qRT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence staining, histology staining, cardiac function, and diversity detection of intestinal microbiota were performed. RS intervention could directly improve myocardial fibrosis, hypertrophy, apoptosis, and cardiac insufficiency in DCM. These beneficial effects may be achieved by elevating the expression of IGF-1, activating the ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, by carrying out nano LC-MS/MS analyses and 16S rDNA sequencing, we found RS might primarily affect proteins in the cytoplasm involved in post-translational modification, protein conversion, and signal transduction mechanisms. RS altered intestinal microbiota and improved intestinal mucosal permeability towards a favorable direction in DCM. This multidimensional assessment of RS suggests that might be a promising approach towards the treatment of DCM., Competing Interests: Declarations of competing interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Aging is influenced by genetic determinants and comorbidities, among which diabetes increases the risk for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. There is no therapy to prevent heart dysfunction in aging and diabetic individuals. In previous studies, a single administration of the longevity-associated variant (LAV) of the human BPIFB4 gene halted heart decline in older and type 2 diabetic mice. Here, we asked whether orally administered LAV-BPIFB4 protein replicates these benefits., Materials and Methods: In two controlled, randomized studies, 18-month-old male C57BL/6 J mice and 9-week-old C57BLKS/J-Leprdb/Leprdb/Dock7 + [db/db] mice of both sexes underwent baseline echocardiography. They then received a recombinant purified LAV-BPIFB4 protein (3 µg/animal, every three days) or vehicle by gavage. After 30 days, the animals underwent echocardiography, and the hearts were collected post-termination for histology., Results: All the animals completed the study except one female diabetic mouse, which was culled prematurely because tooth malocclusion caused eating problems. There was no effect of the LAV-BPIFB4 protein on body weight in the two studies or glycosuria in the diabetic study. In aging mice, LAV-BPIFB4 increased myocardial Bpifb4 expression, improving heart contractility and capillarity while reducing perivascular fibrosis and senesce. In male diabetic mice, LAV-BPIFB4 therapy improved systolic function, microvascular density, and senescence, whereas the benefit was limited to systolic function in females., Conclusions: This study shows the feasibility and efficacy of a variant protein associated with human longevity in contrasting pivotal risk factors for heart failure in animal models. The diabetic study revealed that sex influences the treatment efficacy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and its mechanisms are complex and poorly understood. Despite growing evidence suggesting that ferroptosis plays a significant role in cardiovascular disease, it has been less extensively studied in DCM. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), whose mechanism of action is closely related to ferroptosis, is widely utilized in studies focused on the prevention and treatment of glucolipid metabolism-related diseases and cardiovascular diseases., Objective: To confirm the significant role of ferroptosis in DCM and to investigate whether FGF21 improves DCM by inhibiting ferroptosis and elucidating its specific molecular mechanisms., Methods: The animal DCM models were established through high-fat feeding combined with streptozotocin injection in C57BL/6J mice or by db/db mice, and the diabetic cardiomyocyte injury model was created using high glucose and high fat (HG/HF) culture of primary cardiomyocytes. Intervention modeling of FGF21 were performed by injecting adeno-associated virus 9-FGF21 in mice and transfecting FGF21 siRNA or overexpression plasmid in primary cardiomyocytes., Results: The findings indicated that ferroptosis was exacerbated and played a significant role in DCM. The overexpression of FGF21 inhibited ferroptosis and improved cardiac injury and function, whereas the knockdown of FGF21 aggravated ferroptosis and cardiac injury and function in DCM. Furthermore, we discovered that FGF21 inhibited ferroptosis in DCM by directly acting on ferritin and prolonging its half-life. Specifically, FGF21 binded to the heavy and light chains of ferritin, thereby reducing its excessive degradation in the proteasome and lysosomal-autophagy pathways in DCM. Additionally, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) served as the upstream regulator of FGF21 in DCM., Conclusions: The ATF4-FGF21-ferritin axis mediates the protective effects in DCM through the ferroptosis pathway and represents a potential therapeutic target for DCM., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammasome activation from advanced glycation end product (AGE)-receptor of advanced glycation end product (RAGE) interaction contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) formation and progression. Our study revealed the impact of β -caryophyllene (BCP) on activating cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2Rs) against diabetic complication, mainly cardiomyopathy and investigated the underlying cell signaling pathways in mice. The murine model of DCM was developed by feeding a high-fat diet with streptozotocin injections. After the development of diabetes, the animals received a 12-week oral BCP treatment at a dose of 50 mg/kg/body weight. BCP treatment showed significant improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance and enhanced serum insulin levels in diabetic animals. BCP treatment effectively reversed the heart remodeling and restored the phosphorylated troponin I and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a expression. Ultrastructural examination showed reduced myocardial cell injury in DCM mice treated with BCP. The preserved myocytes were found to be associated with reduced expression of AGE/RAGE in DCM mice hearts. BCP treatment mitigated oxidative stress by inhibiting expression of NADPH oxidase 4 and activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. Also, BCP suppressed cardiac fibrosis and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in DCM mice by inhibiting transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) signaling. Further, BCP treatment suppressed nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in DCM mice and alleviated cellular injury to the pancreatic tissues evidenced by significant elevation of the number of insulin-positive cells. To demonstrate a CB2R-dependent mechanism of BCP, another group of DCM mice were pretreated with AM630, a CB2R antagonist. AM630 was observed to abrogate the beneficial effects of BCP in DCM mice. Taken together, BCP demonstrated the potential to protect the myocardium and pancreas of DCM mice mediating CB2R-dependent mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: BCP, a CB2R agonist, shows protection against DCM. BCP attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in DCM via activating CB2Rs. BCP mediating CB2R activation favorably modulates AGE/RAGE, PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 β and TGF- β /Smad and (NLRP3) inflammasome in diabetic cardiomyopathy., (Copyright © 2024 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.)

Nimbolide has been demonstrated to possess protective properties against gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy. However, the role and molecular mechanism of nimbolide in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) remain unknown. Diabetes was induced in rats via a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and then the diabetic rats were administered nimbolide (5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) or dimethyl sulfoxide daily for 12 weeks. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to high glucose (25 mM glucose) to mimic DCM in vitro. The protective effects of nimbolide against DCM were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. The potential molecular mechanism of nimbolide in DCM was further explored. We found that nimbolide dose-dependently decreased blood glucose and improved body weight of diabetic rats. Additionally, nimbolide dose-dependently improved cardiac function, alleviated myocardial injury/fibrosis, and inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis in diabetic rats. Moreover, nimbolide dose-dependently improved mitochondrial function and activated the Akt/mTOR signaling. We consistently demonstrated the cardioprotective effects of nimbolide in an in vitro model of DCM. The involvement of ER stress and mitochondrial pathways were further confirmed by using inhibitors of ER stress and mitochondrial division. By applying a specific Akt inhibitor SC66, the cardioprotective effects of nimbolide were partially blocked. Our study indicated that nimbolide alleviated DCM by activating Akt/mTOR pathway. Nimbolide may be a novel therapeutic agent for DCM treatment., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and myocardial damage caused by hyperglycemia is the main cause of heart failure. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of myocardial damage caused by diabetes. At present, we believe that the cellular inflammatory damage caused by hyperglycemia is one of the causes of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Pyroptosis, as a proinflammatory form of cell death, is closely related to the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Therefore, this paper focuses on the important role of inflammation in the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. From the perspective of pyroptosis, we summarize the pyroptosis of different types of cells in diabetic cardiomyopathy and its related signaling pathways. It also summarizes the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy, hoping to provide methods for the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting pyroptosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All other authors declared no potential competing interest relevant to the authorship and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a serious and common condition affecting millions of people worldwide, with obesity being a major cause of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, on the obese- and diabetes-related cardiomyopathy., Methods and Results: We used db/db mice and high fat diet-streptozotocin induced diabetic mice to investigate the underlying mechanisms of fenofibrate's beneficial effects on heart function. Fenofibrate reduced fibrosis, and lipid accumulation, and suppressed inflammatory and immunological responses in the heart via TNF signaling. In addition, we investigated the beneficial effects of fenofibrate on HF hospitalization. The Korean National Health Insurance database was used to identify 427,154 fenofibrate users and 427,154 non-users for comparison. During the 4.22-year follow-up, fenofibrate use significantly reduced the risk of HF hospitalization (hazard ratio, 0.907; 95% CI 0.824-0.998)., Conclusions: The findings suggest that fenofibrate may be a useful therapeutic agent for obesity- and diabetes-related cardiomyopathy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Aims/introduction: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have protected against many cardiovascular diseases. This study was intended to explore the effect of Tregs on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) using a db/db mouse model., Materials and Methods: Eight-week-old male db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, administered 200 μL phosphate-buffered saline; the small-dose Treg group, administered 10 5 Tregs; the large-dose Treg group, administered 10 6 Tregs; and the PC group, administered 100 μg anti-CD25 specific antibody (PC61) and 10 6 Tregs. After 12 weeks, mice were euthanized. Transthoracic echocardiography was carried out at the beginning and end of the experiment. Relevant basic experiments to evaluate the effects of Tregs on DCM were carried out., Results: Echocardiography showed that the impaired diastolic and systolic functions were significantly improved in mice administered large-dose Tregs. Large-dose Tregs significantly ameliorated myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, and decreased hypertrophic gene expression and collagen deposition. The protective effects of Tregs on diabetic hearts were associated with decreased oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis. In addition, Tregs promoted the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling pathway, whereas they inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, which might be responsible for the cardioprotective role of Tregs against DCM., Conclusions: Tregs ameliorated myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, improved cardiac dysfunction, and protected against DCM progression in db/db mice. The mechanisms involved a decrease of inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis, which might be mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Hence, Tregs might serve as a promising therapeutic approach for DCM treatment., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Diabetes Investigation published by Asian Association for the Study of Diabetes (AASD) and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the serious complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vasant Kusumakar Rasa (VKR) is a Herbo-metallic formulation reported in Ayurveda, an Indian system of medicine. The present work was designed to study the effect of VKR in cardiomyopathy in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks followed by streptozotocin (STZ) administration (35 mg/kg i.p.). VKR was administered orally at dose of 28 and 56 mg/kg once a day for 16 weeks. The results of the study indicated that VKR treatment significantly improved the glycemic and lipid profile, serum insulin, CK-MB, LDH, and cardiac troponin-I when compared to diabetic control animals. VKR treatment in rats significantly improved the hemodynamic parameters and cardiac tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL- 6 were also reduced. Antioxidant enzymes such as GSH, SOD, and catalase were improved in all treatment groups. Heart sections stained with H & E and Masson's trichome showed decreased damage to histoarchitecture of the myocardium. Expression of PI3K, Akt, and GLUT4 in the myocardium was upregulated after 16 weeks of VKR treatment. The study data suggested the cardioprotective capability of VKR in the management of diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Atrial cardiomyopathy (ACM) is responsible for atrial fibrillation (AF) and thromboembolic events. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for ACM. However, the potential mechanism between ACM and DM remains elusive., Methods: Atrial tissue samples were obtained from patients diagnosed with AF or sinus rhythm (SR) to assess alterations in NR4A3 expression, and then two distinct animal models were generated by subjecting Nr4a3-/- mice and WT mice to a high-fat diet (HFD) and Streptozotocin (STZ), while db/db mice were administered AAV9-Nr4a3 or AAV9-ctrl. Subsequently, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the impact of NR4A3 on diabetes-induced atrial remodeling through electrophysiological, biological, and histological analyses. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and metabolomics analysis were employed to unravel the downstream mechanisms., Findings: The expression of NR4A3 was significantly decreased in atrial tissues of both AF patients and diabetic mice compared to their respective control groups. NR4A3 deficiency exacerbated atrial hypertrophy and atrial fibrosis, and increased susceptibility to pacing-induced AF. Conversely, overexpression of NR4A3 alleviated atrial structural remodeling and reduced AF induction rate. Mechanistically, we confirmed that NR4A3 improves mitochondrial energy metabolism and reduces oxidative stress injury by preserving the transcriptional expression of Sdha, thereby exerting a protective influence on atrial remodeling induced by diabetes., Interpretation: Our data confirm that NR4A3 plays a protective role in atrial remodeling caused by diabetes, so it may be a new target for treating ACM., Funding: This study was supported by the major research program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) No: 82370316 (to Q-S. W.), No. 81974041 (to Y-P. W.), and No. 82270447 (to Y-P. W.) and Fundation of Shanghai Hospital Development Center (No. SHDC2022CRD044 to Q-S. W.)., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy may result from the overproduction of ROS, TRPM2 and TRPV2. Moreover, the therapeutic role of ginger, omega-3 fatty acids, and their combinations on the expression of TRPM2 and TRPV2 and their relationship with apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative damage in heart tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes have not yet been determined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ginger and omega-3 fatty acids on diabetic cardiomyopathy by evaluating the cardiac gene expression of TRPM2 and TRPV2, oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in male rats. Ninety adult male Wistar rats were equally divided into nine control, diabetes, and treated diabetes groups. Ginger extract (100 mg/kg) and omega-3 fatty acids (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) were orally administrated in diabetic rats for 6 weeks. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding a high-fat diet and a single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg). Glucose, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lipid profile, insulin in serum, and TNF-alpha IL-6, SOD, MDA, and CAT in the left ventricle of the heart were measured. The cardiac expression of TRPM2, TRPV2, NF-kappaB, Bcl2, Bax, Cas-3, and Nrf-2 genes was also measured in the left ventricle of the heart. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was continuously recorded to monitor arrhythmia at the end of the course. The serum levels of cTnI, glucose, insulin, and lipid profile, and the cardiac levels of MDA, IL-6, and TNF-alpha increased in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the cardiac levels of SOD and CAT decreased in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The cardiac expression of TRPM2, TRPV2, NF-kappaB, Bax, and Cas-3 increased and Bcl2 and Nrf-2 expression decreased in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, simultaneous and separate treatment with ginger extract and omega-3 fatty acids (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) could significantly moderate these changes (p<0.05). The results also showed that the simultaneous treatment of ginger extract and different doses of omega-3 fatty acids have improved therapeutic effects than their individual treatments (p<0.05). It can be concluded that ginger and omega-3 fatty acids showed protective effects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative damage of the heart and reducing blood glucose and cardiac expression of TRPM2 and TRPV2. Combining ginger and omega-3 in the diet may provide a natural approach to reducing the risk or progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy while preserving heart structure and function.

The incidence of cardiovascular disorders is continuously rising, and there are no effective drugs to treat diabetes-associated heart failure. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore alternate approaches, including natural plant extracts, which have been successfully exploited for therapeutic purposes. The current study aimed to explore the cardioprotective potential of Phoenix dactylifera (PD) extract in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Following in vitro phytochemical analyses, Wistar albino rats (N = 16, male; age 2-3 weeks) were fed with a high-fat or standard diet prior to injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg i.p.) after 2 months and separation into the following four treatment groups: healthy control, DCM control, DCM metformin (200 mg/kg/day, as the reference control), and DCM PD treatment (5 mg/kg/day). After 25 days, glucolipid and myocardial blood and serum markers were assessed along with histopathology and gene expression of both heart and pancreatic tissues. The PD treatment improved glucolipid balance (FBG 110 ± 5.5 mg/dL; insulin 17 ± 3.4 ng/mL; total cholesterol 75 ± 8.5 mg/dL) and oxidative stress (TOS 50 ± 7.8 H 2 O 2 equiv./L) in the DCM rats, which was associated with preserved structural integrity of both the pancreas and heart compared to the DCM control (FBG 301 ± 10 mg/dL; insulin 27 ± 3.4 ng/mL; total cholesterol 126 ± 10 mg/dL; TOS 165 ± 12 H 2 O 2 equiv./L). Gene expression analyses revealed that PD treatment upregulated the expression of insulin signaling genes in pancreatic tissue ( INS-I 1.69 ± 0.02; INS-II 1.3 ± 0.02) and downregulated profibrotic gene expression in ventricular tissue ( TGF-β 1.49 ± 0.04) compared to the DCM control ( INS-I 0.6 ± 0.02; INS-II 0.49 ± 0.03; TGF-β 5.7 ± 0.34). Taken together, these data indicate that Phoenix dactylifera may offer cardioprotection in DCM by regulating glucolipid balance and metabolic signaling.

Background: As a common complication of diabetes, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) often leads to further damage to the heart muscle. Curcumin has been proven to have a variety of cardioprotective effects, however, the protective effect against DCM has not been systematically reviewed., Purpose: In this study, we aimed to analyze the preclinical (animal model) evidence of curcumin's therapeutic effects in DCM., Methods: Eight databases and two registry systems were searched from the time of library construction to 1 November 2023. We performed rigorous data extraction and quality assessment. The included studies' methodological quality was appraised using the SYRCLE RoB tool, statistical analyses were carried out using RevMan 5.4 software, and Funnel plots and Egger's test were performed using Stata 17.0 software to assess publication bias., Results: This study included 32 trials with a total of 681 animals. Meta-analysis showed that curcumin significantly improved cardiac function indices (LVEF, LVFS, and LVSd) (p < 0.01), decreased markers of myocardial injury, HW/BW ratio, and randomized blood glucose compared to the control group, in addition to showing beneficial effects on mechanistic indices of myocardial oxidation, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Curcumin may exert cardioprotective effects in DCM through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, autophagy-enhancing, and anti-apoptotic effects. Its protective effect is proportional to the dose, and the efficacy may be further increased at a concentration of more than 200 mg/kg, and further validation is needed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Flavonoids derived from plants offer a broad spectrum of therapeutic potential for addressing metabolic syndrome, particularly diabetes mellitus (DM), a prevalent non-communicable disease. Hyperglycemia in DM is a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which substantially impact global mortality rates. This review examines the potential effects of naringin, a citrus flavonoid, on both DM and its associated cardiovascular complications, including conditions like diabetic cardiomyopathy. The safety profile of naringin is summarized based on various pre-clinical studies. The data for this review was gathered from diverse electronic databases, including Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, and Emerald Insight. Multiple pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that naringin exerts hypoglycemic and cardioprotective effects by targeting various vascular mechanisms. Specifically, research indicates that naringin down-regulates the renin-angiotensin and oxidative stress systems while concurrently upregulating β-cell and immune system functions. Clinical trial outcomes also support the therapeutic potential of naringin in managing hyperglycemic states and associated cardiovascular issues. Moreover, toxicity studies have confirmed the safety of naringin in animal models, suggesting its potential for safe administration in humans. In conclusion, naringin emerges as a promising natural candidate for both antidiabetic and cardioprotective purposes, offering potential improvements in health outcomes. While naringin presents a new avenue for therapies targeting DM and CVDs, additional controlled and long-term clinical trials are necessary to validate its efficacy and safety for human use., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors state that they have no known competing interests that could have appeared to influence the work recognized in this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder affecting different body organs; one of its serious complications is diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Thus, finding more cardiopreserving agents to protect the heart against such illness is a critical task. For the first time, we planned to study the suspected role of diacerein (DIA) in ameliorating DCM in juvenile rats and explore different mechanisms mediating its effect including inflammasome/caspase1/interleukin1β pathway. Four-week-aged juvenile rats were randomly divided into groups; the control group, diacerein group, diabetic group, and diabetic-treated group. Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose was administered for induction of type 1 diabetes on the 1st day which was confirmed by detecting blood glucose level. DIA was given in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks to diabetic and non-diabetic rats, then we evaluated different inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative stress parameters. Induction of DCM succeeded as there were significant increases in cardiac enzymes, heart weights, fasting blood glucose level (FBG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), histopathological changes, and increased caspase 3 immunoexpression. Furthermore, there was an increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), inflammasome, caspase1, angiotensin II, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin 1β (IL1β). However, antioxidant parameters such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) significantly declined. Fortunately, DIA reversed the diabetic cardiomyopathy changes mostly due to the observed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties with regulation of blood glucose level.DIA has an ability to regulate DCM-associated biochemical and histopathological disturbances., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In a translational study involving animal models and human subjects, Lv et al. demonstrate that arachidonic acid (AA) exhibits cardioprotective effects in diabetic myocardial ischemia, suggesting a departure from its known role in promoting ferroptosis-a form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. However, the study does not address how underlying diabetic conditions might influence the metabolic pathways of AA, which are critical for fully understanding its impact on heart disease. Diabetes can significantly alter lipid metabolism, which in turn might affect the enzymatic processes involved in AA's metabolism, leading to different outcomes in the disease process. Further examination of the role of diabetes in modulating AA's effects could enhance the understanding of its protective mechanism in ischemic conditions. This could also lead to more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies for managing myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients, such as optimizing AA levels to prevent heart damage while avoiding exacerbating factors like ferroptosis., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors significantly improve cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients; however, the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that dapagliflozin improves cardiac outcomes via beneficial effects on systemic and cardiac inflammation and cardiac fibrosis., Research and Design Methods: This randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial enrolled 62 adult patients (mean age 62, 17% female) with type 2 diabetes (T2D) without known heart failure. Subjects were randomized to 12 months of daily 10 mg dapagliflozin or placebo. For all patients, blood/plasma samples and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) were obtained at time of randomization and at the end of 12 months. Systemic inflammation was assessed by plasma IL-1B, TNFα, IL-6 and ketone levels and PBMC mitochondrial respiration, an emerging marker of sterile inflammation. Global myocardial strain was assessed by feature tracking; cardiac fibrosis was assessed by T1 mapping to calculate extracellular volume fraction (ECV); and cardiac tissue inflammation was assessed by T2 mapping., Results: Between the baseline and 12-month time point, plasma IL-1B was reduced (- 1.8 pg/mL, P = 0.003) while ketones were increased (0.26 mM, P = 0.0001) in patients randomized to dapagliflozin. PBMC maximal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) decreased over the 12-month period in the placebo group but did not change in patients receiving dapagliflozin (- 158.9 pmole/min/10 6 cells, P = 0.0497 vs. - 5.2 pmole/min/10 6 cells, P = 0.41), a finding consistent with an anti-inflammatory effect of SGLT2i. Global myocardial strain, ECV and T2 relaxation time did not change in both study groups., Gov Registration: NCT03782259., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a collection of metabolic disorder that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Recent studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory reactions in the development of DM. Curcumin (CUR), a natural compound derived from turmeric, exerts beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus through its interaction with the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Research indicates that CUR targets inflammatory mediators in diabetes, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. By reducing the expression of these inflammatory factors, CUR demonstrates protective effects in DM by improving pancreatic β-cells function, normalizing inflammatory cytokines, reducing OS and enhancing insulin sensitivity. The findings reveal that CUR administration effectively lowered blood glucose elevation, reinstated diminished serum insulin levels, and enhanced body weight in Streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats. CUR exerts its beneficial effects in management of diabetic complications through regulation of signaling pathways, such as calcium-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), NF-κB, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1). Moreover, CUR reversed the heightened expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6) and chemokines like MCP-1 in diabetic specimens, vindicating its anti-inflammatory potency in counteracting hyperglycemia-induced alterations. CUR diminishes OS, avert structural kidney damage linked to diabetic nephropathy, and suppress NF-κB activity. Furthermore, CUR exhibited a protective effect against diabetic cardiomyopathy, lung injury, and diabetic gastroparesis. Conclusively, the study posits that CUR could potentially offer therapeutic benefits in relieving diabetic complications through its influence on the NF-κB pathway., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the leading cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, with its underlying mechanisms still elusive. This study aims to investigate the role of cholesterol-25-monooxygenase (CH25H) in T2DM induced cardiomyopathy., Methods: High fat diet combined with streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) were used to establish a T2DM model. CH25H and its product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) were detected in the hearts of T2DM model. Gain- or loss-of-function of CH25H were performed by receiving AAV9-cTNT-CH25H or CH25H knockout (CH25H -/- ) mice with HFD/STZ treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography, and cardiac tissues were collected for immunoblot analysis, histological assessment and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Mitochondrial morphology and function were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Seahorse XF Cell Mito Stress Test Kit. RNA-sequence analysis was performed to determine the molecular changes associated with CH25H deletion., Results: CH25H and 25HC were significantly decreased in the hearts of T2DM mice. CH25H -/- mice treated with HFD/STZ exhibited impaired mitochondrial function and structure, increased lipid accumulation, and aggregated cardiac dysfunction. Conversely, T2DM mice receiving AAV9-CH25H displayed cardioprotective effects. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing and qPCR analysis revealed that CH25H deficiency decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and its target gene expression. Additionally, administration of ZLN005, a potent PGC-1α activator, partially protected against high glucose and palmitic acid induced mitochondria dysfunction and lipid accumulation in vitro., Conclusion: Our study provides compelling evidence supporting the protective role of CH25H in T2DM-induced cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, the regulation of PGC-1α may be intricately involved in this cardioprotective process., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared that no competing interest exists., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) contributes significantly to the heightened mortality rate observed among diabetic patients, with myocardial fibrosis (MF) being a pivotal element in the disease's progression. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) has been shown to mitigate MF, but the specific underlying mechanisms have yet to be thoroughly understood. A connection has been established between the evolution of DCM and the incidence of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. Our research offers insights into H 2 S protective impact and its probable mode of action against DCM, analyzed through the lens of MF. In this study, a diabetic rat model was developed using intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ), and hyperglycemia-stimulated cardiomyocytes were employed to replicate the cellular environment of DCM. There was a marked decline in the expression of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), a catalyst for H 2 S synthesis, in both the STZ-induced diabetic rats and hyperglycemia-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Experimental results in vivo indicated that H 2 S ameliorates MF and enhances cardiac functionality in diabetic rats by mitigating cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. In vitro assessments highlighted the induction of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and the subsequent decline in cell viability under hyperglycemic conditions. However, the administration of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) curtailed cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and augmented cell viability. In contrast, propargylglycine (PAG), a CSE inhibitor, reversed the effects rendered by NaHS administration. Additional exploration indicated that the mitigating effect of H 2 S on cardiomyocyte pyroptosis is modulated through the ROS/NLRP3 pathway. In essence, our findings corroborate the potential of H 2 S in alleviating MF in diabetic subjects. This therapeutic effect is likely attributable to the regulation of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis via the ROS/NLRP3 pathway. This discovery furnishes a prospective therapeutic target for the amelioration and management of MF associated with diabetes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common and severe complication of diabetes. Inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in DCM development. Bicyclol is a hepatoprotective drug in China that exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB pathways to prevent obesity-induced cardiomyopathy. Our purpose was to explore the effect and mechanism of bicyclol on DCM., Methods: A type 1 diabetes mouse model was established using C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The therapeutic effect of bicyclol was evaluated in both heart tissues of diabetic mice and high concentration of glucose (HG)-stimulated H9c2 cells., Results: We showed that bicyclol significantly attenuated diabetes-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, which is accompanied by the preservation of cardiac function in mice. In addition, bicyclol exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, bicyclol inhibited the hyperglycemia-induced activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, while upregulating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway to exhibit protective effects., Conclusion: Our data indicate that bicyclol could be a promising cardioprotective agent in the treatment of DCM., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a crucial complication of long-term chronic diabetes that can lead to myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and heart failure. There is increasing evidence that DCM is associated with pyroptosis, a form of inflammation-related programmed cell death. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily, which regulates oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell survival to mitigate myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, and vascular injury. However, the role of GDF11 in regulating pyroptosis in DCM remains to be elucidated. This research aims to investigate the role of GDF11 in regulating pyroptosis in DCM and the related mechanism., Methods and Results: Mice were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce a diabetes model. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were cultured in high glucose (50 mM) to establish an in vitro model of diabetes. C57BL/6J mice were preinjected with adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) intravenously via the tail vein to specifically overexpress myocardial GDF11. GDF11 attenuated pyroptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes after high-glucose treatment. In diabetic mice, GDF11 alleviated cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, reduced myocardial fibrosis, and improved cardiac function. Mechanistically, GDF11 inhibited pyroptosis by preventing inflammasome activation. GDF11 achieved this by specifically binding to apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and preventing the assembly and activation of the inflammasome. Additionally, the expression of GDF11 during pyroptosis was regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)., Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that GDF11 can treat diabetic cardiomyopathy by alleviating pyroptosis and reveal the role of the PPARα-GDF11-ASC pathway in DCM, providing ideas for new strategies for cardioprotection., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) capable of progressing to the development of symptomatic heart failure (HF), independently of traditional risk factors for it, such as coronary artery disease and hypertension. There is no specific treatment for DCM; however, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are hypoglycemic drugs that act on SGLT2 channels, inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidney. In addition, they have cardioprotective effects, which is why their mechanisms at the cardiac level have been studied. According to the results of preclinical studies, SGLT2i act by interfering in the pathophysiology of DCM. Their main effects are: improvement in diastolic function and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), attenuation in the progress of cardiac fibrosis, reduction of oxidative stress and proinflammatory markers. The clinical trials in humans specifically with DCM that have been carried out are limited; however, randomized clinical trials in patients with HF have shown benefits with SGLT2i, regardless of glycemic control in the reduction of hospitalization for HF and mortality from cardiovascular causes. In summary, SGLT2i suggest a treatment in DCM due to their cardiovascular benefits, in preclinical and clinical models of DCM and in the glycemic control of T2DM., (Licencia CC 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) © 2024 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common severe complication of diabetes that occurs independently of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and valvular cardiomyopathy, eventually leading to heart failure. Previous studies have reported that Tectorigenin (TEC) possesses extensive anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress properties. In this present study, the impact of TEC on diabetic cardiomyopathy was examined. The model of DCM in mice was established with the combination of a high-fat diet and STZ treatment. Remarkably, TEC treatment significantly attenuated cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac dysfunction. Concurrently, TEC was also found to mitigate hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in the DCM mouse. At the molecular level, TEC is involved in the activation of AMPK, both in vitro and in vivo, by enhancing its phosphorylation. This is achieved through the regulation of endothelial-mesenchymal transition via the AMPK/TGFβ/Smad3 pathway. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the level of ubiquitination of the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) protein is associated with TEC-mediated improvement of cardiac dysfunction in DCM mice. Notably the substantial reduction of myocardial fibrosis. In conclusion, TEC improves cardiac fibrosis in DCM mice by modulating the AdipoR1/AMPK signaling pathway. These findings suggest that TEC could be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The author declares that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which still lacks adequate therapy. Irisin, a cleavage peptide off fibronectin type III domain-containing 5, has been shown to preserve cardiac function in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Whether or not irisin plays a cardioprotective role in DCM is not known., Methods and Results: T1DM was induced by multiple low-dose intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ). Our current study showed that irisin expression/level was lower in the heart and serum of mice with STZ-induced TIDM. Irisin supplementation by intraperitoneal injection improved the impaired cardiac function in mice with DCM, which was ascribed to the inhibition of ferroptosis, because the increased ferroptosis, associated with increased cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) and protein expressions of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), was ameliorated by irisin. In the presence of erastin, a ferroptosis inducer, the irisin-mediated protective effects were blocked. Mechanistically, irisin treatment increased Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and decreased p53 K382 acetylation, which decreased p53 protein expression by increasing its degradation, consequently upregulated SLC7A11 and GPX4 expressions. Thus, irisin-mediated reduction in p53 decreases ferroptosis and protects cardiomyocytes against injury due to high glucose., Conclusion: This study demonstrated that irisin could improve cardiac function by suppressing ferroptosis in T1DM via the SIRT1-p53-SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway. Irisin may be a therapeutic approach in the management of T1DM-induced cardiomyopathy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a common complication of diabetes, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure associated with excessive reactive oxygen species and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis generation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (MAPK-JNK), regulated by microRNA (miR)-210, affects mitochondrial function and is activated by advanced glycation end-products (AGE) in cardiac cells. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), an antioxidant in garlic oil, inhibits stress-induced cardiac apoptosis. This study examined whether DATS enhances miR-210 expression to attenuate cardiac apoptosis. We investigated the DATS-mediated attenuation mechanism of AGE-enhanced cardiac apoptosis by modulating miR-210 and its upstream transcriptional regulator, FoxO3a. We found FoxO3a binding sites in the miR-210 promoter region. Our results indicated that DATS treatment inhibited AGE-induced JNK activation, phosphoprotein c-Jun nuclear transactivation, and cardiac apoptosis and reversed the AGE-induced reduction in cardiac miR-210 levels. The luciferase activity after DATS treatment was significantly lower than that of the control and was reversed following AGE treatment. We also showed that FoxO3a, upregulated by DATS treatment, may bind to the miR-210 promoter to enhance its expression and downregulates JNK expression to attenuate AGE-induced cardiac apoptosis. Oral administration of DATS enhanced FoxO3a expression in the heart and reduced diabetes-induced heart apoptosis. Our findings indicate that DATS mediates AGE-induced cardiac cell apoptosis attenuation by promoting FoxO3a nuclear transactivation to enhance miR-210 expression and regulate JNK activation. Our results suggest that DATS can be used as a cardioprotective agent, and miR-210 is a critical regulator in inhibiting diabetic cardiomyopathy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: Anti-hypertensive agents are one of the most frequently used drugs worldwide. However, no blood pressure-lowering strategy is superior to placebo with respect to survival in diabetic hypertensive patients. Previous findings show that Wnt co-receptors LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) can directly bind to several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Because angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) is the most important GPCR in regulating hypertension, this study examines the possible mechanistic association between LRP5/6 and their binding protein Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and activation of the AT1R and further hypothesizes that the LRP5/6-GPCR interaction may affect hypertension and potentiate cardiac impairment in the setting of diabetes., Methods: The roles of serum DKK1 and DKK1-LRP5/6 signalling in diabetic injuries were investigated in human and diabetic mice., Results: Blood pressure up-regulation positively correlated with serum DKK1 elevations in humans. Notably, LRP5/6 physically and functionally interacted with AT1R. The loss of membrane LRP5/6 caused by injection of a recombinant DKK1 protein or conditional LRP5/6 deletions resulted in AT1R activation and hypertension, as well as β-arrestin1 activation and cardiac impairment, possibly because of multiple GPCR alterations. Importantly, unlike commonly used anti-hypertensive agents, administration of the anti-DKK1 neutralizing antibody effectively prevented diabetic cardiac impairment in mice., Conclusions: These findings establish a novel DKK1-LRP5/6-GPCR pathway in inducing diabetic injuries and may resolve the long-standing conundrum as to why elevated blood DKK1 has deleterious effects. Thus, monitoring and therapeutic elimination of blood DKK1 may be a promising strategy to attenuate diabetic injuries., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Metabolic disorders and oxidative stress are the main causes of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) exerts a powerful antioxidant effect and prevents the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the mechanism of its cardiac protection and direct action on cardiomyocytes are not well understood. Here, we investigated in a cardiomyocyte-restricted Nrf2 transgenic mice (Nrf2-TG) the direct effect of Nrf2 on cardiomyocytes in DCM and its mechanism. In this study, cardiomyocyte-restricted Nrf2 transgenic mice (Nrf2-TG) were used to directly observe whether cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Nrf2 can prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy and correct glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in the heart. Compared to wild-type mice, Nrf2-TG mice showed resistance to diabetic cardiomyopathy in a streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mouse model. This was primarily manifested as improved echocardiography results as well as reduced myocardial fibrosis, cardiac inflammation, and oxidative stress. These results showed that Nrf2 can directly act on cardiomyocytes to exert a cardioprotective role. Mechanistically, the cardioprotective effects of Nrf2 depend on its antioxidation activity, partially through improving glucose and lipid metabolism by directly targeting lipid metabolic pathway of AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α activation via upstream genes of sestrin2 and LKB1, and indirectly enabling AKT/GSK-3β/HK-Ⅱ activity via AMPK mediated p70S6K inhibition., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease or those at high risk for developing the condition are often offered exercise as a form of therapy. Patients with cancer who are at an increased risk for cardiovascular issues are increasingly encouraged to participate in exercise-based, interdisciplinary programs due to the positive correlation between these interventions and clinical outcomes following myocardial infarction. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) is a cardiac disorder that arises due to disruptions in the homeostasis of individuals with diabetes. One of the primary reasons for mortality in individuals with diabetes is the presence of cardiac structural damage and functional abnormalities, which are the primary pathological features of DC. The aetiology of dilated cardiomyopathy is multifaceted and encompasses a range of processes, including metabolic abnormalities, impaired mitochondrial function, dysregulation of calcium ion homeostasis, excessive cardiomyocyte death, and fibrosis. In recent years, many empirical investigations have demonstrated that exercise training substantially impacts the prevention and management of diabetes. Exercise has been found to positively impact the recovery of diabetes and improve several metabolic problem characteristics associated with DC. One potential benefit of exercise is its ability to increase systolic activity, which can enhance cardiometabolic and facilitate the repair of structural damage to the heart caused by DC, leading to a direct improvement in cardiac health. In contrast, exercise has the potential to indirectly mitigate the pathological progression of DC through its ability to decrease circulating levels of sugar and fat while concurrently enhancing insulin sensitivity. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism via exercise facilitates the restoration of DC disease must be understood. Our goal in this review was to provide helpful information and clues for developing new therapeutic techniques for motion alleviation DC by examining the molecular mechanisms involved., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Escin may significantly inhibit myocardial damage through its NF-κβ inhibitory, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and potent anti-inflammatory activity. Hence, the study was carried out to evaluate the effect of escin in diabetic cardiomyopathy., Methods: Diabetes induction was done in rats with streptozotocin. After six weeks of induction, diabetic animals were administered with escin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) for the next four weeks., Results: Escin prevented the progression of abnormalities in the biochemical, hemodynamic parameters and electrocardiogram. Escin also prevented the progression of abnormality in the oxidative stress parameters. The expression of NF-κβ and MCP-1 was significantly reduced with escin treatment. Furthermore, escin also prevented damage to myocardial cells and reduced collagen deposition in the cardiomyocytes., Conclusion: Escin prevented the progression of cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats. Hence escin can be an alternative option for the management of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Background: Type I diabetes is a metabolic syndrome that severely impacts the normal lives of patients through its multiple complications, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Phoenixin-14 is a peptide found to be widely expressed in eukaryons with multiple protective properties, including anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aims to explore the potential therapeutic impacts of Phoenixin-14 on DCM., Methods: Type I diabetes was induced by treatment with a single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days. Mice were divided into four groups: the Control, Phoenixin-14, T1DM, and Phoenixin-14 +T1DM groups. The levels of myocardial injury markers were measured. Cardiac hypertrophy was assessed using wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining., Results: Phoenixin-14 was significantly downregulated in the cardiac tissue of diabetic mice. The myocardial injury and deteriorated cardiac function in diabetic mice induced by STZ were significantly ameliorated by Phoenixin-14, accompanied by the alleviation of cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, the severe oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic mice were dramatically mitigated by Phoenixin-14. Lastly, the downregulated SIRT3 and upregulated p-FOXO3 in diabetic mice were pronouncedly reversed by Phoenixin-14. It is worth mentioning that compared to the Control, no significant changes to any of the investigated parameters in the present study were found in the Phoenixin-14-treated normal mice, suggesting that treatment with it has no side effects., Conclusion: Our data revealed that Phoenixin-14 protected against cardiac damages in STZ-induced diabetes mice models.

Aims: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major cause of mortality in patients with diabetes, and the potential strategies for treating DCM are insufficient. Melatonin (Mel) has been shown to attenuate DCM, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B) in DCM is little known. In present study, we aimed to investigate whether Mel alleviated DCM via regulation of VEGF-B and explored its underlying mechanisms., Methods and Results: We found that Mel significantly alleviated cardiac dysfunction and improved autophagy of cardiomyocytes in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) induced cardiomyopathy mice. VEGF-B was highly expressed in DCM mice in comparison with normal mice, and its expression was markedly reduced after Mel treatment. Mel treatment diminished the interaction of VEGF-B and Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and reduced the interaction of GRP78 and protein kinase RNA -like ER kinase (PERK). Furthermore, Mel increased phosphorylation of PERK and eIF2α, then up-regulated the expression of ATF4. VEGF-B -/- mice imitated the effect of Mel on wild type diabetic mice. Interestingly, injection with Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9)-VEGF-B or administration of GSK2656157 (GSK), an inhibitor of phosphorylated PERK abolished the protective effect of Mel on DCM. Furthermore, rapamycin, an autophagy agonist displayed similar effect with Mel treatment; while 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor neutralized the effect of Mel on high glucose-treated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes., Conclusions: These results demonstrated that Mel attenuated DCM via increasing autophagy of cardiomyocytes, and this cardio-protective effect of Mel was dependent on VEGF-B/GRP78/PERK signaling pathway., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a known complication of diabetes mellitus. Herein, we aimed to determine whether glycemic control mediated by sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, can ameliorate diabetic myocardial abnormalities by modulating TGF-β signaling via the SMAD and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) pathways., Methods: Four groups of male Wistar albino rats were used, with six rats in each group. Two nondiabetic and two diabetic (produced by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg)) groups were administered either normal saline or sitagliptin (100 mg/kg) orally for 6 weeks. Subsequently, HW/BW ratios and cardiac enzymes were assessed, along with a histological examination of cardiac tissues. Levels of TGF-β, collagen I, p-SMAD2/3, TNF-α, MMP-9, and ILK were detected., Results: Compared with the diabetic control group, sitagliptin-treated diabetic rats exhibited considerably reduced HW/BW ratios and troponin I and creatine kinase-MB levels, with improvements in histopathological changes in cardiac tissues. TGF-β, collagen I, p-SMAD2/3, TNF-α, and MMP-9 levels were significantly decreased in the sitagliptin-treated diabetic group, whereas ILK was elevated following sitagliptin treatment., Conclusion: Sitagliptin could afford cardioprotective effects for the first time by altering ILK-associated TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathways. Thus, sitagliptin may be a promising therapeutic target for the prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a chronic microvascular complication of diabetes that is generally defined as ventricular dysfunction occurring in patients with diabetes and unrelated to known causes. Several mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to the occurrence and persistence of DCM, in which oxidative stress and autophagy play a non-negligible role. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (AMPK/Nrf2) are expressed in the heart, and studies have shown that asiaticoside (ASI) and activated AMPK/Nrf2 have a protective effect on the myocardium. However, the roles of ASI and AMPK/Nrf2 in DCM are unknown. The intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat feed were used to establish the DCM models in 100 C57/BL mice. Asiaticoside and inhibitors of AMPK/Nrf2 were used for intervention. Cardiac function, oxidative stress, and autophagy were measured in mice. DCM mice displayed increased levels of oxidative stress while autophagy levels declined. In addition, AMPK/Nrf2 was activated in DCM mice with ASI intervention. Further, we discovered that AMPK/Nrf2 inhibition blocked the protective effect of ASI by compound C and treatment with ML-385. The present study demonstrates that ASI exerts a protective effect against DCM via the potential activation of the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway. Asiaticoside is a potential therapeutic target for DCM., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Cardiovascular complications and renal disease is the growing cause of mortality in patients with diabetes. The subversive complications of diabetes such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance lead to an increase in the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF) as well as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among the commercially available anti-hyperglycemic agents, incretin-based medications appear to be safe and effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated cardiovascular and renal disease. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been shown to be fruitful in reducing HbA1c, blood glucose, lipid profile, and body weight in diabetic patients. Several preclinical and clinical studies revealed the safety, efficacy, and preventive advantages of GLP-1RAs against diabetes- induced cardiovascular and kidney disease. Data from cardio-renal outcome trials had highlighted that GLP-1RAs protected people with established CKD from significant cardiovascular disease, lowered the likelihood of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), and lowered all-cause mortality. They also had a positive effect on people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and CKD. Beside clinical outcomes, GLP-1RAs reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and improved lipid profile pre-clinically in diabetic models of cardiomyopathy and nephropathy that demonstrated the cardio-protective and reno-protective effect of GLP-1RAs. In this review, we have focused on the recent clinical and preclinical outcomes of GLP-1RAs as cardio-protective and reno-protective agents as GLP-1RAs medications have been demonstrated to be more effective in treating T2DM and diabetes-induced cardiovascular and renal disease than currently available treatments in clinics, without inducing hypoglycemia or weight gain., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

A high-glucose environment is involved in the progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aims to explore the regulatory effects of quercetin (QUE) on autophagy and apoptosis after myocardial injury in rats with DM. The type 2 DM rat models were constructed using low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) treatment combined with a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet in vivo . Compared with the control group, the body weight was decreased, whereas blood pressure, blood glucose, and the LVW/BW ratio were increased in the diabetic group. The results showed that the myocardial fibers were disordered in the diabetic group. Moreover, we found that the myocardial collagen fibers, PAS-positive cells, and apoptosis were increased, whereas the mitochondrial structure was destroyed and autophagic vacuoles were significantly reduced in the diabetic group compared with the control group. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin1 were decreased, whereas the expression levels of P62, Caspae-3, and Bax/Bcl-2 were increased in the diabetic group in vitro and in vivo . Moreover, QUE treatment alleviated the cellular oxidative stress reaction under high-glucose environments. The results of immunoprecipitation (IP) showed that the autophagy protein Beclin1 was bound to Bcl-2, and the binding capacity increased in the HG group, whereas it decreased after QUE treatment, suggesting that QUE inhibited the binding capacity between Beclin1 and Bcl-2, thus leading to the preservation of Beclin1-induced autophagy. In addition, the blood pressure, blood glucose, and cardiac function of rats were improved following QUE treatment. In conclusion, QUE suppressed diabetic myocardial injury and ameliorated cardiac function by regulating myocardial autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis in diabetes through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a pathophysiological condition triggered by diabetes mellitus and can lead to heart failure. Doublecortin-like kinase protein 1 (DCLK1) is a multifunctional protein kinase involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Current studies on DCLK1 mainly focus on cancer development; however, its role in non-tumor diseases such as DCM is yet to be deciphered. Our analysis revealed that DCLK1 was upregulated in cardiomyocytes of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mouse, suggesting a correlation between DCLK1 and DCM progression. It was further demonstrated that either cardiomyocyte-specific DCLK1 knockout or pharmacological DCLK1 inhibitor DCLK1-IN-1 significantly alleviated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in STZ-induced diabetic mice. RNA-seq analysis of heart tissues revealed that DCLK1 regulated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated inflammatory response in DCM. In vitro, DCLK1 activated NF-κB and the inflammatory response by inducing the IKKβ phosphorylation in high-concentration glucose (HG)-challenged cardiomyocytes. DCLK1-IN-1 also prevented HG-induced IKKβ/NF-κB activation and inflammatory injuries in cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, this study highlights the novel role of cardiomyocyte DCLK1 in regulating IKKβ/NF-κB, which aggravates inflammation to promote the pathogenesis of DCM. DCLK1 may serve as a new target for DCM treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health issue in the twenty-first century, and there are numerous challenges in preventing and alleviating its chronic complications. The herb Epimedium has beneficial therapeutic effects on various human diseases, including DM. Its major flavonoid component, icariin, has significant anti-DM activity and may help improve pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Furthermore, preclinical evidence has shown that icariin and its in vivo bioactive form, icariside II, have preventive and therapeutic effects on several diabetic complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic vascular endothelial disorder, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic erectile dysfunction. In this review, we present the general and toxicological information concerning icariin and icariside II and review the anti-DM effects of icariin from a molecular perspective. Additionally, we discuss the potential benefits of icariin and icariside II on the important pathological mechanisms of various diabetic complications. Despite positive preclinical evidence, additional investigations are needed before relevant clinical studies can be conducted. Therefore, we conclude with suggestions for future research. Hopefully, this review will provide a comprehensive molecular perspective for future research and product development related to icariin and icariside II in treating DM and diabetic complications.