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Tick-borne infections are increasing in the United States and around the world. The most common tick-borne disease in the United States is Lyme disease caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), and pathogenesis varies from subclinical to severe. Bb infection is transmitted by Ixodes ticks, which can carry multiple other microbial pathogens, including Ehrlichia species. To address how the simultaneous inoculation of a distinct pathogen impacted the course of Bb-induced disease, we used C57BL/6 (B6) mice which are susceptible to Bb infection but develop only mild joint pathology. While infection of B6 mice with Bb alone resulted in minimal inflammatory responses, mice co-infected with both Bb and the obligate intracellular pathogen Ehrlichia muris (Em) displayed hematologic changes, inflammatory cytokine production, and emergency myelopoiesis similar to what was observed in mice infected only with Em. Moreover, infection of B6 mice with Bb alone resulted in no detectable joint inflammation, whereas mice co-infected with both Em and Bb exhibited significant inflammation of the ankle joint. Our findings support the concept that co-infection with Ehrlichia can exacerbate inflammation, resulting in more severe Bb-induced disease.

Tick-borne infections are increasing in the United States and around the world. The most common tick-borne disease in the United States is Lyme disease caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), and pathogenesis varies from subclinical to severe. Bb infection is transmitted by Ixodes ticks, which can carry multiple other microbial pathogens, including Ehrlichia species. To address how the simultaneous inoculation of a distinct pathogen impacted the course of Bb-induced disease, we used C57BL/6 (B6) mice which are susceptible to Bb infection but develop only mild joint pathology. While infection of B6 mice with Bb alone resulted in minimal inflammatory responses, mice co-infected with both Bb and the obligate intracellular pathogen Ehrlichia muris (Em) displayed hematologic changes, inflammatory cytokine production, and emergency myelopoiesis similar to what was observed in mice infected only with Em. Moreover, infection of B6 mice with Bb alone resulted in no detectable joint inflammation, whereas mice co-infected with both Em and Bb exhibited significant inflammation of the ankle joint. Our findings support the concept that co-infection with Ehrlichia can exacerbate inflammation, resulting in more severe Bb-induced disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical‐resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR‐PAM) has been increasingly utilized for in vivo imaging of biological tissues, offering structural, functional, and molecular information. In OR‐PAM, it is often necessary to make a trade‐off between imaging depth, lateral resolution, field of view, and imaging speed. To improve the lateral resolution without sacrificing other performance metrics, we developed a virtual‐point‐based deconvolution algorithm for OR‐PAM (VP‐PAM). VP‐PAM has achieved a resolution improvement ranging from 43% to 62.5% on a single‐line target. In addition, it has outperformed Richardson‐Lucy deconvolution with 15 iterations in both structural similarity index and peak signal‐to‐noise ratio on an OR‐PAM image of mouse brain vasculature. When applied to an in vivo glass frog image obtained by a deep‐penetrating OR‐PAM system with compromised lateral resolution, VP‐PAM yielded enhanced resolution and contrast with better‐resolved microvessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]