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Purpose: Reducing childhood blindness and vision impairment (BVI) remains a global health priority. Our purpose was to summarize the peer-reviewed literature to date on measuring and reporting childhood BVI using population-based surveys and vision examinations., Methods: We conducted a scoping review of published studies that aimed to report BVI prevalence in children or studies that aimed to report BVI prevalence in the general population but which also included children. There were 201 articles identified for abstract review, and 86 studies were included in the final review., Results: There were 52 studies (60%) that specifically aimed to investigate prevalence of blindness and/or vision impairment among child populations, while the remaining 34 studies aimed to study BVI in the general population but still reported data for age ranges that included children. The majority of researchers used the WHO criteria for blindness and vision impairment, sometimes with modifications. Age definitions for children varied considerably, with maximum cutoffs ranging from 3 to 20 years., Conclusion: The available literature on childhood blindness indicates that while there has been substantial progress towards establishing an evidence base, more remains to be accomplished in terms of addressing gaps in understanding of the true prevalence and impacts of childhood blindness and vision loss. All studies in this review cited the need for improved vision care services, either for all ages or for the childhood years in particular.

Context: The ongoing opioid epidemic and associated adverse effects impart a large burden on our current healthcare system. The annual economic and noneconomic cost of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose is currently estimated at $1 trillion., Objective: This review presents the prevalence, frequency of use, need, and effectiveness of opioid analgesia in the youth and adolescent athlete population. It identifies current indications for opioid versus nonopioid analgesic use in the setting of acute orthopaedic injuries, postoperative management, concussion, and chronic pain. Current knowledge of youth athlete opioid use, risks related to use, misuse, diversion, and addiction are reviewed., Data Sources: A PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library search was conducted in February 2023 to review opioid pain management strategies in the pediatric athlete population from 2000 to present., Study Selection: Searches were restricted to English language articles and human subjects. Initial reviews of titles and abstracts were performed by all authors and relevant full-text articles were selected. Priority was given to systematic and narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and prospective studies., Study Design: Narrative review., Level of Evidence: Level 3., Data Extraction: First author name, publication year, study design, study country, subject demographics, and data on the frequency, type, and duration of analgesic treatments for musculoskeletal injuries, postsurgical care, chronic pain disorders, and concussion were extracted., Results: Pediatric athletes comprise a high-risk population seeking analgesic relief for injury-related pain. Participation in high school sports is associated with increased risk of opioid use. An average of 28% to 46% of high school athletes have used opioids in their lifetime. Participation in ≥1 high school sport puts adolescents at 30% greater odds of future opioid misuse., Conclusion: The use of opioids in the pediatric athlete population is common and associated with both short- and long-term risks of misuse and addiction., Competing Interests: The authors report no potential conflicts of interest in the development and publication of this article.